Optimal ice routing of a ship with icebreaker assistance

Offshore development and growing prospects of commercial shipping in the Arctic pose the challenge of optimal ship routing in ice. Route selection in spatially distributed ice conditions significantly affects the voyage time and determines the efficiency of shipping. Most of the applied methods of ice routing solve the problem of a single vessel route selection without considering icebreaker support. At the same time, the real practice of ice navigation is closely connected with icebreaker assistance. It allows reducing the voyage time and fuel consumption, while having additional costs for icebreaker services. Such opposite trends set an optimization task that has not been studied in detail before. In this article, we presented the formulation of a Single Vessel and Icebreaker Assisted Ice Routing optimization problem in non-stationary ice conditions. We considered the icebreaker assistance as an integral part of the overall route optimization problem, and used the economic criterion to optimize both ship route and amount of icebreaker involvement. The article contains the adapted mathematical formulations of classical graph-based and wave-based routing problems in order to consider icebreaker assistance. To prove the practical applicability of these formulations, we developed special subject-oriented research software and implemented there both graph-based (Dijkstra, A*) and the wave-based ice routing methods. Using this developments, we conducted several case studies and made the analysis of strengthens and weaknesses of the alternative routing methods in case of ice operation. The results of the study may serve an additional step to the practical implementation of ice routing technologies and planning of icebreaker resources.     

Managing coastal zone fisheries: A Mediterranean case study

Coastal fisheries are complex ecological and social systems, evolving in time with a shift from commercial towards recreational effort. We describe the coastal fisheries of Mallorca (W Mediterranean) and the management policies implemented to show the challenges faced at regional level to handle the different management tools used to conserve biodiversity and the social fabric in the coastal zone. Our example provides evidence of the complexity of fishing rights and how they can be adapted into practical fisheries management by combining fishing rights, open access recreational fishery, community-based management and biodiversity conservation.     

Fuzzy MCDM-based GIS model for subsea oil pipeline route optimization: An integrated approach

Proper pipeline route selection is an integral component of a typical oil exploration and transportation project. Improperly selected routes could have severe consequences including pipe failures, oil spillage, and environmental disasters. Consequently, technologies like geographic information systems (GIS) are increasingly being used to facilitate the oil pipeline route selection procedure—especially for onshore routing projects. Surprisingly, not much has been documented on the application of GIS to offshore pipeline routing. With recent discoveries on the merits of offshore oil exploration, it is necessary to extend the analytical capabilities of GIS to the unique offshore domain. However, concerns have been raised regarding the limitations of GIS in accurately prioritizing diverse selection criteria in typical multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems like route selection. Consequently, this paper addresses the offshore/subsea pipeline routing constraint using a hybrid decision support system (DSS), which integrates a GIS and fuzzy logic-based approximate reasoning (AR) models for optimal performance. The resultant spatial decision support system (SDSS) was successfully applied to a case study in Malaysia. The AR algorithm calculated the significance level of the multiple criteria using various fuzzy linguistic variables and membership functions. The aggregated priority ranking from different pipeline routing experts showed that the overall influence of the environmental criteria (61.4%) significantly exceeded that of other equally important criteria in the study area. These rankings were inputted into the SDSS to simulate various probable routes. Final results accurately highlighted an optimal route, which places a premium on the protection of environmental features in the subsea study area—in alignment with the preferences of majority of the experts.     

模糊多属性决策法在海底电缆路由方案比选中的应用

海底电缆预选路由方案的比选需要参考多种指标,这些指标包含定量和定性两种,但各指标间的不可公度性,给路由方案的选择提出挑战。文章提出了一种基于离差思想和模糊向量投影的多属性决策法。首先引入三角模糊数,将定性指标合理量化,构建决策矩阵,规范化后运用离差思想求解各指标权重,然后计算各方案在正理想方案和负理想方案上的投影,最后求出相对贴近度,依据其大小比选出最佳方案。     

Seasonal and spatial variations of kinematic parameters of internal solitary waves in the Andaman Sea

The horizontally variable density stratification and background currents are taken into the variable-coefficent extended Korteweg-de Vries(evKdV) theory to obtain the geographical and seasonal distribution of kinematic parameters of internal solitary waves in the Andaman Sea(AS). The kinematic parameters include phase speed,dispersion parameter, quadratic and cubic nonlinear parameters. It shows that the phase speed and dispersion parameter are mainly determined by the topographic feature and ha...     

MED路由策略研究

边界网关协议是目前用于广域网中最主要的域间分布式动态路由协议,具有丰富的路由控制机制。MED属性的使用不当通常会引起热土豆路由和MED振荡。介绍热土豆路由和MED振荡,总结分析了避免热土豆路由和MED振荡的方法,并针对广域网和专网分别提出了整体的MED路由策略,最后利用仿真软件加以验证。     

Joint statistical distribution of two-point sea surface elevations in finite water depth

Based on the second-order random wave solutions of water wave equations in finite water depth, a joint statistical distribution of two-point sea surface elevations is derived by using the characteristic function expansion method. It is found that the joint distribution depends on five parameters. These five parameters can all be determined by the water depth, the relative position of two points and the wave-number spectrum of ocean waves. As an illustrative example, for fully developed wind-generated sea, the parameters that appeared in the joint distribution are calculated for various wind speeds, water depths and relative positions of two points by using the Donelan and Pierson spectrum and the nonlinear effects of sea waves on the joint distribution are studied.     

基于AHP法和灰色模式识别理论的海底管道系统路由定量风险评估

根据海底管道路由潜在风险的特点及风险类型,提出了一种将层次分析法（AHP法）和灰色模式识别理论相结合的海底管道系统路由定量风险评估方法,该方法利用AHP确定风险评价指标体系,运用灰色模式识别理论,建立识别结果标准,并结合实际工程进行计算,计算结果表明该方法是可行的.     

A comparison of the main methods for estimating probabilities of extreme still water levels

Sea-level return periods are estimated at 18 sites around the English Channel using: (i) the annual maxima method; (ii) the r-largest method; (iii) the joint probability method; and (iv) the revised joint probability method. Tests are undertaken to determine how sensitive these four methods are to three factors which may significantly influence the results; (a) the treatment of the long-term trends in extreme sea level; (b) the relative magnitudes of the tidal and non-tidal components of sea level; and (c) the frequency, length and completeness of the available data. Results show that unless sea-level records with lengths of at least 50 years are used, the way in which the long-term trends is handled in the different methods can lead to significant differences in the estimated return levels. The direct methods (i.e. methods i and ii) underestimate the long (> 20 years) period return levels when the astronomical tidal variations of sea level (relative to a mean of zero) are about twice that of the non-tidal variations. The performance of each of the four methods is assessed using prediction errors (the difference between the return periods of the observed maximum level at each site and the corresponding data range). Finally, return periods, estimated using the four methods, are compared with estimates from the spatial revised joint probability method along the UK south coast and are found to be significantly larger at most sites along this coast, due to the comparatively short records originally used to calibrate the model in this area. The revised joint probability method is found to have the lowest prediction errors at most sites analysed and this method is recommended for application wherever possible. However, no method can compensate for poor data.     

阿拉伯海淡水输运量的季节变化特征研究

本文利用简单海洋模式同化再分析产品等资料,阐述了阿拉伯海与赤道西印度洋,阿拉伯海与阿曼湾之间淡水输运量的季节变化特征,揭示了阿拉伯海淡水输运量的基本平衡和季节变化特征。结果表明,阿拉伯海得到的淡水输运量(包括来自赤道西印度洋、河流)和失去的淡水输运量(包括降水量减蒸发量、向阿曼湾输运)基本相当。阿拉伯海通过海气交换失去的淡水(降水量减蒸发量)主要由来自赤道西印度洋(包括孟加拉湾)的淡水输运来补偿,赤道西印度洋向阿拉伯海的淡水输运对维持阿拉伯海的盐度基本平衡起到至关重要的作用。阿拉伯海的淡水输运量在1?6月和12月为负值,失去淡水;7?11月为正值,9月最大,得到淡水。阿拉伯海的净淡水输运量的季节变化特征表现为单峰现象。阿拉伯海与赤道西印度洋(9°N断面）的淡水输运量主要出现在表层至约200 m层,多年平均约为0.1×106 m3/s,向阿拉伯海输运。从10月至翌年3月,来自孟加拉湾的低盐水向阿拉伯海输运,该输运主要出现在印度半岛西南端近海约60 m层以浅区域。夏季和秋季,出现在索马里半岛东部海域的涡旋(大回旋)引起的输运(涡旋的西部低盐水向北输运,东部高盐水向南输运),不仅输运量是一年当中最大的,而且影响的深度可达约300 m。该输运从6月开始形成,8?9月最强,11月迅速减弱。阿拉伯海与阿曼湾的淡水输运量较小,其垂直分布呈现3层结构,表层至10 m层,高盐水向阿拉伯海输运;15～170 m层,低盐水向阿曼湾输运;175～400 m层,高盐水向阿拉伯海输运。阿曼湾湾口断面多年平均淡水输运量约为0.39×104 m3/s,向阿曼湾输运。     

Coastal resort development in Malaysia: A review of policy use in the pre-construction and post-construction phase

Tourism is a major source of income in Malaysia, and coastal development for tourism is greatly encouraged. This study reviews the policies that affect the development of coastal resorts, hotels and tourism-related infrastructure in Malaysia from the pre-construction phase to the post-construction operational phase. Problems in coastal protection policies have deep roots including a lack of public support and awareness for environmental issues, inadequate governmental agency coordination and lack of funding which is necessary for successful implementation. A review of studies assessing the usefulness of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) in Malaysia was conducted to determine whether potential impacts were well understood prior to starting development, and highlighted the issue of poor Environmental Management Plans during the operations phase of most coastal resorts. At the current level of fiscal, governmental and public support it is difficult to enforce policies aimed at minimizing environmental impacts from coastal resort developers.     

Integrated Coastal Zone Management: commitments and developments from an International,European, and United Kingdom perspective

The paper looks at recent developments in Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). It considers the influence of global and international instruments on national policies and it takes the United Kingdom as an illustration of contemporary commitments of a European country to ICZM. It further reflects on how recent initiatives may change the perception of the role of coastal sciences and management in decision making. It looks at the entanglement of legal frameworks at various levels, including the role of government departments and agencies and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). NGOs are considered, here, as important agents on the international stage. The availability and the reliability of scientific information are recognised to be the critical factor, which can influence public opinion. In particular, it is shown that there is a great need for ecological interdisciplinary studies, which would provide material for rational action. Despite new policies, it is made clear that concrete actions are still to be taken in order to achieve sustainable development and avoid natural resources destruction or degradation. The need for a holistic approach to ICZM, including education and the dissemination of scientific information, is emphasised.     

Metal pollution of estuarine sediments caused by leaching of acid sulphate soils

This study tracks changes in metal distribution in estuarine sediments as a result of leakage from acid sulphate (AS) soil landscapes in the Boreal Zone (Finland). The main objective was to identify the impact of these nasty soils on sediment geochemistry in a biologically sensitive and shallow brackish-water estuary. In order to do this four sediment cores were sampled in a profile extending seawards from the mouth of the Vörå River, which is one of the most heavily AS soil-impacted rivers in Finland and Europe. Two of the cores were rather deep (2.5 m and 4.0 m) and the others were shallow (0.4 m and 0.8 m). The results showed that an appreciable amount of aluminium (Al), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) were elevated in the surface and sub-surface of the sampled bottom sediments compared to the deeper sediment background levels. These metals are all known to be abundantly leached from the AS soils. At the site approximately 4 km away from the river mouth, the concentrations of Cd, Co, Mn, Ni and Zn were elevated 5–100 times as compared to the background levels and showed an intriguing cyclic pattern, most likely reflecting seasonal leaching dynamics in the AS soil landscapes. In contrast, metals that are not abundantly leached from AS soils, i.e. chromium (Cr), iron (Fe) and vanadium (V) had consistently low concentrations throughout all sediment cores. The elevated metal concentrations in the top layers of the sediments in the estuary are alarming. The continuous land uplift of the region combined with the episodic rapid declines in pH may result in short and long term extensive release of metals. This, in turn, may have significant effects on the trace-metal contents in the Gulf of Bothnia and the entire Baltic Sea.     

受损结构余度评估的半概率方法

本文给出了一种结构系统余度的度量定义，基于结构系统机构化失效概念和相当可靠性指数。本文提出了对受损结构安全评做的半概率方法。所示算例表明了本方法的有效性。     

广西钦州湾晚全新世红树林演变及对海平面变化的响应

Mangroves, widely distributed along the coasts of tropical China, are influenced by Asia monsoon, relative sea level change and enhanced human activity. To predict the impacts of future climate change on mangrove ecosystems, it can be understood by reconstructing past mangrove dynamics using proxies preserved in coastal sediments. In this study, we quantitatively partitioned buried organic matter(OM) sources, collected from a vulnerable mangrove swamp in the Qinzhou Bay of northwestern South China Sea, using a ternary end-member mixing model of δ~(13)C and C:N values. Mangrove-derived OM(MOM) contribution was used as a tracer for mangrove development since 2.34 cal ka BP. This information, together with paleoclimate records(i.e.,speleothem δ~(18)O values, sea level change, grain size parameters) and human activity, was used to divide mangrove development into three stages during the late Holocene: relative flourish(2.34–1.13 cal ka BP), relative degradation(1.13–0.15 cal ka BP) and further degradation(0.15–0 cal ka BP). Before 1.13 cal ka BP, mangroves flourished with a high MOM contribution((88.9±10.6)%), corresponding to stable and high sea level under a warm and humid climate. After 1.13 cal ka BP, rapid fall in relative sea level coupled with the strengthening of the Asian winter monsoon, resulted in mangrove degradation and MOM reduction((62.4±18.9)%). Compared with air temperature and precipitation, the relative sea level fall was the main controlling factor in mangrove development before entering the Anthropocene(the time of the Industrial Revolution). After ～150 cal a BP, reclamation of mangrove swamps to shrimp ponds is the main factor causing mangrove degradation and MOM reduction.     

Diagnostic tools for 3D unstructured oceanographic data

Most ocean models in current use are built upon structured meshes. It follows that most existing tools for extracting diagnostic quantities (volume and surface integrals, for example) from ocean model output are constructed using techniques and software tools which assume structured meshes. The greater complexity inherent in unstructured meshes (especially fully unstructured grids which are unstructured in the vertical as well as the horizontal direction) has left some oceanographers, accustomed to traditional methods, unclear on how to calculate diagnostics on these meshes. In this paper we show that tools for extracting diagnostic data from the new generation of unstructured ocean models can be constructed with relative ease using open source software. Higher level languages such as Python, in conjunction with packages such as NumPy, SciPy, VTK and MayaVi, provide many of the high-level primitives needed to perform 3D visualisation and evaluate diagnostic quantities, e.g. density fluxes. We demonstrate this in the particular case of calculating flux of vector fields through isosurfaces, using flow data obtained from the unstructured mesh finite element ocean code ICOM, however this tool can be applied to model output from any unstructured grid ocean code.     

北部湾广西沿岸全新世海侵过程的区域差异

通过分析北部湾广西沿岸3个地质钻孔的岩性、地球化学和有孔虫含量特征,确定了其沉积相序,在统一的高程坐标内,对各钻地层中沉积相的高程和年代进行了对比,分析了该区全新世以来海侵过程的区域差异;并以东亚全新世海平面波动曲线作为参照,估算了广西沿岸各主要海湾的构造沉降速度。研究表明:全新世以来,广西沿岸的海侵开始时间并不一致,这是由于各海湾构造沉降运动的区域差异造成的,东部的廉州湾构造基本稳定,而廉州湾以西则经历了较大幅度的构造沉降。构造沉降又导致了海平面波动过程的区域差异,进而影响到了地层形成,如海陆过度相沉积只发育于廉州湾以西遭受海侵时间较晚、相对海平面上升速度较低的区域。     

The European Integrated Maritime Policy: The next five years

At the time of writing, the EU has just finished appointing a new cohort of senior representatives for the period 2014–2019. This includes appointing a Commissioner with a newly defined remit for Environment, Maritime Affairs and Fisheries and the members of the various Committees of the European Parliament with competences related to maritime affairs. These individuals will invariably spend at least part of their first months in office identifying their respective priorities for the coming years. This commentary seeks to contribute to these deliberations by making concrete suggestions for priorities that might be considered as regards the future of the EU’s Integrated Maritime Policy (IMP). Seven years since its launch, the IMP remains very much a work in progress. Drawing on recent academic studies of the EU’s various ocean related policies this commentary argues that two of the greatest weaknesses of the IMP are the sectoral nature of priority-setting and strategy-making as well as the lack of a funding tool to implement its aims. Two concrete proposals are made, specifically aimed at the incoming EU leadership, which seek to address these weaknesses and to realize the aims articulated in the IMP.     

Observed characteristics of flow,water mass,and turbulent mixing in the Preparis Channel

Preparis Channel is the very important exchange path of energy and materials between the northern Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea(AS). A set of hydrographic measurements, a microstructure profiler, and a deep mooring were used to determine the characteristics of water masses, turbulent mixing, and flows in the Preparis Channel. The unprecedented short-term mooring data reveal that a deep current in the deep narrow passage(below 400 m) of the Preparis Channel flows toward the Bay of Bengal(BoB) wit...     

不同体系改性粘土对浒苔(Ulva prolifera)微观繁殖体去除及萌发的影响

本文研究了2种无机改性粘土在3种不同改性配比下对浒苔微观繁殖体去除效果及萌发的影响。结果发现,去除率随改性粘土及改性剂用量的增加而升高,相同条件下硫酸铝(AS)改性粘土对浒苔微观繁殖体的去除效果优于聚合氯化铝(PAC)改性粘土,其中1:5 PAC改性粘土在0.5 g/L时去除率为62%,AS改性粘土则可达到80%。添加改性粘土后上层水体中浒苔微观繁殖体相对萌发率随改性粘土及改性剂用量的升高而降低,总体系相对萌发率表现为先升后降趋势,在改性剂浓度为0.1 g/L时相对萌发率达到最高。两种改性体系中微观繁殖体在1:3配比、1.0 g/L浓度下均未能萌发。该结果显示,改性粘土可以有效去除浒苔微观繁殖体并抑制其萌发,这为我国绿潮灾害的防控提供了一种新思路。