饮用天然矿泉水与饮用纯净水差异探讨

本文从基本特征、水处理工艺、产品对人体的作用３个方面对饮用天然矿泉水和饮用纯净水的差异进行了探讨,指出矿泉水的保健作用已得到医学研究证实,是可以依赖的饮料。但几乎不含任务矿物质的纯净水,在补充人体水分的同时,也迅速溶解了体内的微量元素,因而对人体的作用的待于进一步研究。     

Influence of ignimbrite on the chemistry of river water in Shirasu plateau,Japan

River, rain and spring water samples from a region covered in “Shirasu” ignimbrite were collected on Kyushu Island, Japan. The analytical results were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis and stoichiometric calculation to understand the geographical distribution of chemical components in water and to extract geochemical underlying factors. The multivariate statistical analysis showed that the river-water chemistry is only slightly influenced by hot springs or polluted waters, but is highly controlled by weathering of ignimbrite. On the basis of the stoichiometric calculation based on water–rock interaction, the water chemistry was successfully estimated by a simple equation:\({\left[ {{\text{Si}}} \right]}{\text{ = 2}}{\left[ {{\text{Na}}^{{\text{ + }}} } \right]}{\text{ + }}{\left[ {{\text{Mg}}^{{{\text{2 + }}}} } \right]}\) in the upstream area, complemented by \({\left[ {{\text{Si}}} \right]}{\text{ = }}{\left[ {{\text{Na}}^{{\text{ + }}} } \right]}{\text{ - 3}}{\left[ {{\text{K}}^{{\text{ + }}} } \right]}{\text{ + }}{\left[ {{\text{Mg}}^{{{\text{2 + }}}} } \right]}{\text{ - 2}}{\left[ {{\text{Ca}}^{{{\text{2 + }}}} } \right]}\) in the downstream area.     

Surface water chemistry and nitrate pollution in Shimabara,Nagasaki, Japan

Groundwater is a finite resource that is threatened by pollution all over the world. Shimabara City, Nagasaki, Japan, uses groundwater for its main water supply. During recent years, the city has experienced severe nitrate pollution in its groundwater. For better understanding of origin and impact of the pollution, chemical effects and surface–groundwater interactions need to be examined. For this purpose, we developed a methodology that builds on joint geochemical analyses and advanced statistical treatment. Water samples were collected at 42 sampling points in Shimabara including a part of Unzen City. Spatial distribution of water chemistry constituents was assessed by describing Stiff and Piper diagrams using major ions concentrations. The nitrate (NO₃?+?NO₂–N) concentration in 45% of water samples exceeded permissible Japanese drinking level of 10 mg L^??1. Most of the samples showed Ca–HCO₃ or Ca–(NO₃?+?SO₄) water types. Some samples were classified into characteristic water types such as Na–Cl, (Na?+?K)–HCO₃, (Na?+?K)–(SO₄?+?NO₃), and Ca–Cl. Thus, results indicated salt water intrusion from the sea and anthropogenic pollution. At the upstream of Nishi River, although water chemistry was characterized as Ca–HCO₃, ion concentrations were higher than those of other rivers. This is probably an effect of disinfection in livestock farming using slaked lime. Positive correlation between NO₃^? and SO₄^2?, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl^? (r?=?0.32–0.64) is evidence that nitrate pollution sources are chemical fertilizers and livestock waste. Principal component analysis showed that chemistry of water samples can be explained by three main components (PCs). PC1 depicts general ion concentration. PC2 and PC3 share influence from chemical fertilizer and livestock waste. Cluster analyses grouped water samples into four main clusters. One of these is the general river chemistry mainly affected by PC1. The others reflect anthropogenic activities and are identified by the combination of the three PCs.     

吉林省辉南县饮用天然矿泉水资源浅析

介绍了吉林省辉南县饮用天然矿泉水资分布,其中已完成勘查评价6处,大椅山镇13处、抚民镇12处、金川镇18处,总计49处。根据化学成分确定了天然矿泉水类型,在已发现的泉点中,偏硅酸质量浓度大于30 mg/l的泉（井）点40余处,占总数95%以上,个别为偏硅酸—锶复合型。分析了矿泉水形成的地球化学条件和地质构造条件及其水源补给径流条件。最后对矿泉水进行了评价并展望了其开发利用前景。     

Land-use change versus natural controls on stream water chemistry in the Subandean Amazon,Peru

This study evaluates the effects of deforestation and land-use change, as compared to natural controls, on stream water chemistry in the Subandean Amazon. Dissolved major and trace elements were determined near the stream outlet of 48 independent watersheds with varying morphology, bed rock composition and intactness of forest cover (pristine to highly exploited). Geomorphological characteristics were derived from a digital elevation model, geological formations from digitalized maps and forest cover from digital classification of SPOT satellite images. Partial least square regression and multiple linear regression showed that watershed average elevation, which ranged between 396 and 1649 m, was the strongest control on stream water chemistry, explaining >70% of the variation in K and a considerable part also for Mn, U, Mg and HCO₃ with near exponential concentration increases down the altitude gradient. Forest cover, which ranged between 7% and 99%, correlated strongly with average elevation (Spearman correlation coefficient, r_s = 0.8), but had no statistically significant impact on stream solute concentrations. Thus, in the studied Subandean region, watershed scale deforestation has not resulted in measurable impacts on stream water chemistry which is dominated by the spatial variation in natural controls.     

吉林长白山饮用天然矿泉水形成条件与资源保护

本文在介绍长白山饮用天然矿泉水资源特点及分布规律的基础上,分析了矿泉水的形成条件,并据此提出了保护好长白山自然生态环境,防止生态环境遭受破坏和水体污染,是保护长白山饮用天然矿泉水资源的关键因素,对长白山天然矿泉水产业基地建设和资源保护具有参考价值.     

Influence of microbial photosynthesis on tufa stromatolite formation and ambient water chemistry, SW Japan

Photosynthetic influences on tufa stromatolite formation and ambient water chemistry were investigated at two well-studied streams depositing tufa in Southwestern Japan (Shirokawa and Shimokuraida). The tufa stromatolites in both streams are composed of fine-grained calcite crystals showing annual lamination, and colonized by a number of filamentous cyanobacteria as well as non-phototrophic bacteria. Microelectrode measurements of pH, O₂, and Ca²⁺ near the stromatolite surface (the diffusive boundary layer; DBL) revealed that the investigated tufa stromatolites are formed by photosynthesis-induced CaCO₃ precipitation (PCP): cyanobacterial photosynthesis induces calcite precipitation under light conditions, while respiration of cyanobacteria and non-phototrophic bacteria inhibits precipitation in the dark. The bulk water chemistry at the lower sites of the investigated streams showed the daytime decreases of Ca²⁺ concentration and alkalinity that was expected for significant influence of PCP, while the other expected change, increased pH, was not observed. In order to examine this discrepancy, a novel approach using semi-in situ microelectrode measurements was applied to perform precise quantitative calculations. The calculation results demonstrated that the observed Ca²⁺ concentration and alkalinity decreases were caused by PCP, and that the concomitant pH increase was expected to be under the detection level of a conventional pH meter. Although the amount of PCP is supposed to be significantly affected by light intensity, observations in Shimokuraida revealed that the amount of PCP on cloudy day nonetheless accounted for about 80% of that on sunny day. Despite the significant role of PCP for tufa stromatolite formation, PCP accounted for only about 10% of the precipitated calcite in the investigated streams, which indicates that tufa stromatolites, the characteristic deposits in the streams, are responsible for only a small portion of calcite precipitation, and the rest is considered to precipitate inorganically at biofilm-free substrates.     

N-nitrodimethlyamine in natural and drinking water of high cancer incidence regions of Guangdong,China

The Guangdong province of China contains the most clearly described high-incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) areas in the world. The geographical heterogeneity of cancer incidence in the region suggests that many carcinogenic risk factors might be present in the regional geochemical environment. This paper presents the concentrations of a wide range of known carcinogens in two high cancer incidence areas in Guangdong and compared them to a low cancer incidence area in the same province. N-Nitrosamines, NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻, and ammonium were detected in groundwater, surface water, and drinking-water. The concentrations of the 7 trace metal and metalloid elements As, Cd, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Hg were determined in surface soil samples and all water samples. The results show that, compared with the guidelines or limit values for drinking-water quality in the world, the high cancer incidence areas have hazardous high levels of N-nitrodimethlyamine (NDMA) in all kinds of water. Oppositely, the low cancer incidence area has a safe low level of NDMA in water bodies. The levels of NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻, and ammonium in water have the same character, although they have different expression between the two high-risk areas. The distribution of the 7 tested trace elements in surface soil has no significant correlation with cancer incidence. On the other hand, high concentrations of carcinogenic N-Nitrosamines in drinking-water and natural water bodies were identified for the first time in the high NPC and HCC incidence area.     

吉林省抚松县上清泉饮用天然矿泉水开发利用方案

上清泉天然矿泉水位于吉林省的抚松县露水河镇清水河村,出露于新生界第四系下更新统军舰山组玄武岩喷发旋回层面上.气孔状玄武岩孔洞间无充填物,相互间连通性好,为地下水赋存和运移提供了空间环境.通过分析地质构造、水文地质和矿泉水形成机制以及对上清泉饮用天然矿泉水进行化学分析,确定了水化学类型为重碳酸镁钙型水.阴离子以重碳酸根为...     

湘南泥盆系碳酸盐岩区富锶饮用天然矿泉水成矿规律

湘南地区泥盆系碳酸盐岩分布广泛,文章在分析湖南省新田县新圩富锶饮用天然矿泉水形成的岩性、构造、水文地质条件、水文地球化学成因的基础上,通过探究影响锶富集的因素,揭示出泥盆系碳酸盐岩分布区富锶饮用天然矿泉水的成矿规律:泥盆系佘田桥组泥灰岩中锶的高丰度、相对封闭的地下水循环交替条件和弱的水动力条件是形成富锶饮用天然矿泉水的根本条件,循环深度和水温是锶富集的重要影响因素。湘南地区台盆相佘田桥组泥灰岩分布区是寻找富锶饮用天然矿泉水的首选靶区,特别是平缓的溶丘岗地地区的阻水断裂上盘以及靠近岩浆岩岩体和区域导热断裂附近是寻找富锶饮用天然矿泉水的有利地段。      

Impact of regional geology, land use and flow path on stream water chemistry in a small watershed

Stream water chemistry is dependent on the physical, chemical and biological processes occurring in the watershed. Understanding the governing mechanism of the stream water chemistry in a watershed is the first step for the water quality management. The study area drains a total catchment area of 1.46 km^2 and consists of forest （80%）, upland （15%） and rice paddy field （5%）. The studied area has two distinctive bedrocks, quartzite and schist. We periodically collected the stream water samples at mainstream and tributaries and the pH, electrical conductivity （EC）, alkalinity and the concentrations of cations and anions of the collected stream water samples were determined in the field and laboratory. The all collected water samples were nearly neutral and the EC and concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Sr, Si and HCO3 of the stream water samples collected from the schist terrain had greater values than those from the quartzite terrain. The mainstream running along the boundary of schist and quartzite terrains had the intermediate values of the tributaries. The stream water samples collected in and near the upland showed a high concentration of NO3^- than those of forest regardless the lithology. The stream pathway was also directly reflected on the chemistry of stream water. The stream water drained in the forest of quartzite terrain had the lowest values of alkalinity, EC and concentrations of cations and anions but the stream water drain in the upland of schist terrain had the highest values of EC and concentrations of cations and anions, especially NO3^-.     

Removal of organic matter from reservoir water: mechanisms underpinning surface chemistry of natural adsorbents

One of the key challenges in water treatment industry is the removal of organic compounds by cost-effective methods. This study evaluated the adsorptive removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from reservoir water using fuller’s earth (FE) in comparison with natural (SQ) and modified quartz (MSQ) sands. The removal capacities of FE at different contact times, pH levels, adsorbent dosages and initial DOC concentrations were compared with both the quartz sands. The optimum DOC removals by FE and SQs were achieved at contact time of 60 and 30 min, pH level of 6 and 4, and at adsorbent dose of 1.5 g/150 mL and 10 g/100 mL, respectively. The adsorption capacity of FE (1.05 mg/g) was much higher compared to the MSQ (0.04 mg/g) and SQ (0.01 mg/g). Adsorption equilibrium data better fitted to the Freundlich model than to the Langmuir model, suggesting that adsorption occurred primarily through multilayer formation onto the surfaces of FE and SQ. The pseudo-second-order model described the uptake kinetics more effectively than the pseudo-first-order and intra-particle diffusion models, indicating that the mechanism was primarily governed by chemisorption. These observations were well supported by the physiochemical characteristics and charge behaviour of the adsorbents. In mass-transfer study, the results of liquid film diffusion model showed that the adsorption of DOC on FE was not controlled by film diffusion, but other mechanisms also played an essential role. This study demonstrates that FE is an effective adsorbent for the removal of DOC in surface water treatment.     

The comparative study of trihalomethanes in drinking water

The purpose of this study was to assess exposure of four trihalomethanes (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform) in drinking water of Okinawa Island and Samoa. Trihalomethanes compounds were determined in the drinking water samples that were collected from the selected consumption sites and treatment plants of both Okinawa and Samoa in 2003–2004. The Chatan and Nishihara Water Treatment Plants (Okinawa) uses both ozonation and chlorination for primary and secondary disinfection. For Samoa Water Treatment Plants only chlorination is used as primary disinfection. Results showed that the mean concentration of trihalomethanes from treatment plants in Okinawa ranged from 0.30 ± 1.81 ?g/L to 11 ± 2.68 ?g/L and from the consumption sites ranged from 2.08 ± 0.32?g/L to 19.39 ± 100 ?g/L. In comparison, the mean concentration of trihalomethanes from the treatment plants in Samoa ranged from 226 ± 81.2 ?g/L to 267 ± 92.3 ?g/L and from the consumption sites were in the ranges 212 ± 101 ?g/L to 387 ± 125 ?g/L. Brominated compounds were commonly seen in all samples collected in Okinawa. Among the trihalomethanes compounds, chloroform was the common detected trihalomethanes in the samples collected from Samoa. The trihalomethanes levels in all samples collected in Okinawa and Samoa were generally below the guideline values in Japan, but some samples displayed levels which exceeded the level of Japan Water Quality and WHO Standards for chlorinated and brominated compounds.     

Substantial pollution of drinking and river water in Beijing,China: serious threat for public health and local ecology

The decline of the water quality in fast developing Asian megacities has become a matter of public concern. We analyzed a number of tap and river water samples collected in Beijing urban area on selected inorganic pollutants, such as specific anions(Cl-, NO-3, SO2-4, F-), heavy metals,and trace elements(Al, As, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, V, Zn). 27% of the analyzed tap water samples show one or more constituents above the national guideline limits. 9% of the samples reveal concentrations above the official threshold value for NO-3, while 5% exceed the standard value for As, which makes this tap water unsuitable for daily consumption due to the serious health risk, especially for children and babies. Multiple stable isotopes(δ15N1nitrate, δ8Onitrate, δ34Ssulfate, δ18Osulfate, Δ33Ssulfate) of tap water indicate urban sewage as the major origin of anthropogenic pollutants probably released in large amount by pipe wastewater leaking to the local groundwater. Substantial pollution by urban sewage and industrial emissions could be also detected in Beijing rivers. 13% of the river water samples in the wet season(summer) and 30% in the dry season(winter) show class IV quality, whereas 8% of the summer samples and 21% of the winter samples do not even comply with the lowest category class V. The latter river water can be regarded as toxic waste, which is hazardous for human health and highly destructive for the water ecology in the respective rivers. Both drinking and river water are most affected by urban pollution in the highly industrialized areas of Beijing. The results of this combined geochemical and multiple stable isotope study point to a critical status of the local rivers and aquifers, caused by the rapid growth of Beijing accompanied by an irresponsible handling of urban effluents.     

CP-MS测定饮用水中Fe的方法

通过实验确定了ICP-MS检测饮用水中Fe的质量质量浓度方法。检测方法的检出限(DL)和精密度(RSD)分别达到3.29ng/mL和4.49%(n=12)。     

蒙脱石降氟作用的实验研究

实验表明蒙脱石吸附氟的能力与溶液的PH值呈显著的负相关关系：在较低PH值条件下，蒙脱石的吸氟量较大，具有显著的降氟作用；而对中性—碱性溶液来说，蒙脱石对氟的吸附能力则大大降低，基本不具吸氟能力。蒙脱石的吸氟量还与其用量及含氟溶液的浓度有关。吸附原因一方面是由于体系PH值降低，导致其表面带正电荷而吸附F^-；另一方面，随着NaF浓度升高，蒙脱石的双电层变薄，体系ξ电势减少，发生絮凝作用，并携带F^-沉淀下来。另外，F^-与OH^-的离子交换作用也是酸性条件下蒙脱石吸氟的一个重要原因。     

Fluoride occurrence in publicly supplied drinking water in Estonia

A study was undertaken to examine the content and spatial distribution of fluoride in drinking water. Water samples (735) from public water systems covering all Estonian territory were analysed using SPADNS method. In order to specify the natural source of fluoride, the chemistry data from five aquifer systems utilised for water supply were included into the study. Fluoride concentrations in tap water, to a great extent, ranged from 0.01 to 6.95 mg/l. Drinking water in southern Estonia, where terrigenous Middle-Devonian aquifer system is exploited, has a fluoride concentration lower than recommended level (0.5 mg/l), thus promoting susceptibility to dental caries. The western part of the country is supplied by water with excess fluoride content (1.5–6.9 mg/l). Groundwater abstracted for drinking purposes originates from Ordovician and Silurian carbonate rocks. The content of fluoride in Silurian–Ordovician aquifer system is associated with the groundwater abstraction depth and the main controlling factors of dissolved fluoride are the pH value and the chemical type of water.