秋季红沿河核电站海域水龄分布及其对水母丰度分布的影响

本研究调查了秋季红沿河核电站海域镭、氡同位素的活度水平及分布情况,结合镭同位素表观年龄模型计算该海域的水体年龄,进而得出研究区域的水体运移方向,初步探讨了水母丰度分布与水体运移的相关关系。得到结论如下:(1)红沿河核电站海域表层水体中224Ra、226Ra及222Rn的活度水平分别为2.9～62.4 dpm/(100 L),11.9～57.4 dpm/(100 L)及0.1～1.3 dpm/L,镭同位素活度呈现出近岸高、远岸低的分布趋势,氡同位素的分布则更大程度上受水温控制;(2)通过224Ra/226Ra表观年龄模型计算得出红沿河海域表层水体年龄范围介于0～16 d,平均年龄(10.9±3.6) d,水体主体流向为北偏东方向,流速为7.2 cm/s;(3)水母丰度分布与水体流向呈现出较为一致的对应关系,在主体流向方向上,水体年龄较大的海域水母丰度最高。     

调水调沙对黄河下游溶解铀浓度及入海通量的影响

为研究调水调沙对黄河下游溶解铀浓度及其入海通量的影响,于2014年调水调沙期间在黄河小浪底站及利津站进行了连续同步观测。结果发现,调水调沙期间,小浪底站溶解铀浓度的平均值在调水阶段为（4.28±0.33）μg/L,调沙阶段为（4.19±0.29）μg/L;利津站溶解铀浓度的平均值在调水阶段为（4.55±0.22）μg/L,调沙阶段为（4.87±0.40）μg/L。无论是调水阶段还是调沙阶段,利津站溶解铀浓度的平均值均比小浪底站高,且调沙阶段溶解铀增加量显著高于调水阶段。进一步分析讨论得出调水调沙期间氧化还原条件的变化以及悬浮颗粒物粒径的变化是影响黄河下游溶解铀化学行为的主要因素。2014年调水调沙的运行使得黄河下游利津站的溶解铀入海通量比河流正常输运状态下增加了8.3×102 kg;而2015年在只进行了调水的情况下,从小浪底站到利津站溶解铀通量减少了4.1×103 kg,说明不同模式下的调水调沙对溶解态铀入海通量的影响是不同的。由于在黄河口咸淡水混合带存在着悬浮颗粒物向水体释放溶解铀的现象,根据调水调沙期间悬浮颗粒物的增加量及溶解铀的释放系数估算得到2010年、2012年、2013年、2014年调水调沙期间在河口混合带释放的溶解铀分别为1.57×104 kg、0.739×104 kg、0.690×104 kg和8.25×102 kg,分别占各自年份全年溶解铀入海通量的15%、7.7%、5.3%和1.3%。     

2011—2020年调水调沙前后黄河口海域浮游动物年间变化及影响因子

依据2011—2020年(2016年中断)黄河调水调沙工程实施前、后黄河口海域18个站位野外调查数据, 研究浮游动物种类组成和丰度变化及优势种更替, 以查明黄河口海域浮游动物的年间变动规律及调水调沙工程的影响。结果显示: 共记录浮游动物82种类(包括浮游幼体16类), 其中刺胞动物种类数最多, 共记录26种, 其次是桡足类出现23种。浮游动物种类组成的年间变化差异显著(P < 0.05), 2017年(未进行调水调沙)最低; 调水调沙前、后分别记录浮游动物69种和75种, 调水调沙前后种类数呈正相关(r=0.684, P=0.042); 调水调沙前后优势种更替率较高; 浮游动物丰度在2011—2015年较高, 2017—2020年相对较低, 调水调沙后浮游动物丰度年间变化达极显著水平(P < 0.01), 而调水调沙前后没有显著差异; 浮游动物丰度水平分布总体呈现从黄河口近岸到离岸递减趋势, 密集区位于黄河口北部近岸海域, 调水调沙后密集中心较调水调沙前向离岸海域略有推移。冗余分析表明, 对黄河口浮游动物年间变化影响较大的因子是叶绿素a浓度、溶解氧浓度和水温。研究表明: 2011—2020年调水调沙期间黄河口海域浮游动物丰度年间变动大于调水调沙前后变动, 调水调沙实施对浮游动物影响持续时间较短。     

黄河调水调沙影响下河口入海泥沙扩散及沉积效应

基于2013年黄河调水调沙期间四条断面连续25h的温度、盐度、含沙量资料,分析了黄河调水调沙影响下河口入海水沙的扩散的范围。结合2010年调水调沙期间(7月)和调水调沙前后(5、9月)黄河口底质沉积物粒度的变化特征,探讨了黄河调水调沙工程对黄河输沙的影响以及河口沉积效应。结果表明:调水调沙期间,入海泥沙以粗颗粒为主,快速沉积在河口口门附近,扩散范围有限,而河口冲淡水则能够扩散至离岸较远的距离,入海水沙扩散范围不一致。黄河口沿岸悬浮泥沙主要向东北及偏东北方向扩散,最大通量可达2000kg/cm/s,但在距离河口10km以外区域通量锐减。黄河调水调沙期间,入海沉积物源由调水调沙前期粗颗粒的河床沉积物转变为后期小浪底水库排放的细颗粒沉积物,沉积物在河口附近快速堆积,导致河口区沉积环境短期内急剧改变。     

调水调沙影响下黄河口泥沙异重流过程

利用黄河干流大型水库进行调水调沙,在短期内将大量沉积物快速输送入海,是河口泥沙异重流触发的重要窗口期。根据2010年调水调沙期间黄河口沉积动力现场观测资料,建立覆盖整个渤海海域的ROMS数学模型,以黄河利津站逐日水沙数据和海域潮汐、风场数据作为模型驱动条件,模拟调水调沙期间的河口泥沙异重流发育过程。模拟结果显示,在没有大风扰动的情况下,河流入海悬沙浓度29.0 kg/m~3时会在河口产生高密度泥沙异重流。黄河冲淡水携带大量悬浮物从河口流出后,与海水迅速混合,在潮流影响下,冲淡水舌随时间由西北向东南偏转,输运至莱州湾西侧。淡水和沉积物主要以表层羽状流和底层异重流形式输运:表层羽状流扩展范围较大,输运路径为河口西北方向-远岸(河口东北区域)-莱州湾西侧;底层异重流扩散范围较小,输运路径为河口西北方向-河口沿岸(东)-莱州湾西侧。河口泥沙异重流生消和水体垂向结构存在周期性变化特征:落潮时段异重流发育较好,水体层化增强;涨潮时段异重流逐渐消亡,水体混合增强。估算出黄河口清水沟清8叉流路主泓区内水体由河口径流、潮汐应变和潮汐搅动引起的势能变化率,其中潮汐应变和潮汐搅动起主导作用,比河口径流引起的势能变化率高出2～3个数量级(102～103)。     

调水调沙后黄河口邻近海域浮游植物群落响应特征

为研究黄河调水调沙对邻近海域浮游植物群落的影响,2013年7月在黄河第16次调水调沙事件后,开展了水文、化学与生物综合调查。研究结果表明,黄河口邻近海域温度、营养盐浓度整体呈现由河口向离岸区域逐渐递减的分布趋势,盐度呈现由河口向离岸区域逐渐递增的分布趋势,显示了黄河水输入的影响程度。叶绿素a与营养盐浓度在空间分布上呈现出较好的对应关系,在黄河口偏渤海湾侧明显高于偏莱州湾侧,且近河口区明显高于离岸区。营养盐结构分析表明,黄河口邻近海域普遍存在磷酸盐(DIP)的绝对和相对限制;但黄河水沙输入在局部站位缓解了硅(DSi)限制。浮游植物群落结构的空间变化显著受到盐度的影响,在受黄河水输入影响显著的C、D、E断面,蓝藻与绿藻的生物量比例明显增高;影响相对较弱的断面则以硅藻、甲藻为主。浮游植物群落结构与环境因子的主成分分析结果表明,DSi、DIP和盐度是影响该海域浮游植物空间变化的关键环境因子。甲藻、蓝藻与绿藻群落受盐度变化的影响程度明显大于硅藻群落;但甲藻群落对营养盐结构的敏感性低于硅藻、蓝藻和绿藻群落。     

黄河口羽状流对调水调沙的响应

本文基于2010年MODIS卫星遥感数据,研究了黄河口海域海表温度(SST)的季节性变化,分析了调水调沙期间黄河口羽状流向海扩展的时空变化,揭示了黄河口羽状流对调水调沙的响应。研究结果表明:海表温度主要受太阳辐射和临近大陆气候的影响,夏季秋季高,春季冬季低,四个季节羽状流扩散范围都较小。调水调沙期间,羽状流向海传输方向发生摆动,由北向逐渐向东偏转至正东方向,最后又转为北向。随着径流量的增加,羽状流扩散范围和传输距离也迅速增大,传输距离与径流量呈较好的对数线性关系。此外,潮汐变化也会影响羽状流的传输方向和输运距离。     

2020年黄河水量调度对河口水文特征的影响及沉积效应

由于水利工程的影响，黄河的调水调沙通常都集中在较短的时间内进行，大量的泥沙与淡水输入到黄河口海域，使得该区域成为水文要素特征和地貌变化最为剧烈的区域之一。根据2020年大量的水文实测和地形资料，分析了黄河口海域温度、盐度时空分布变化规律和水下地形冲淤演变特征，探讨了黄河入海水沙对黄河口海域盐度分布和水下地形的影响。研究发现，2020年黄河水量调度极大改变了河口盐度及其分布，低流量时期盐度整体较高，低盐区分布范围有限；高流量时期盐度显著降低，低盐区水体范围明显扩大，满足了河口环境水流需求。黄河口海域2019-2021年整体呈淤积状态，现行河口区出现淤积，而孤东近岸、老河口区及离岸较深的海域呈冲刷状态，入海泥沙情势的变化对河口及毗邻海域的冲淤特征起着主导作用。     

长江口海域悬浮颗粒有机物的稳定氮同位素季节分布与关键生物地球化学过程

对2010年2、5、8、11月份长江口海域水体中的悬浮颗粒物进行稳定氮同位素分析。根据不同季节、不同区域内悬浮颗粒有机物的稳定氮同位素组成(δ15 Np)值的变化研究水体中氮的迁移、转化等生物地球化学过程,揭示其环境行为,从而对该海域的氮循环机制进行探索。研究发现:长江口海域悬浮颗粒物的稳定氮同位素组成具有较宽的分布范围,δ15 Np值分布范围为-1.1‰~8.6‰,具有明显的时空分布特点,反映了不同程度的陆源输入和氮的生物地球化学过程的影响。其中,2月份生物反应较弱,δ15 Np分布体现了陆源和海源的混合特征;5月和11月份上层水体δ15 Np随叶绿素a升高而降低,指示了生物的同化吸收作用;8月和11月δ15 Np和总溶解无机氮呈现极显著正相关关系,说明该海域发生了氮的矿化再生。     

苏北浅滩海底地下水排放及其对海域营养盐通量的贡献

海底地下水排放(SGD)是近海海域的一个重要的营养盐来源。本研究借助多种天然镭同位素对春季苏北浅滩海域的SGD及其携带入海的营养盐通量进行量化评估。研究发现:苏北浅滩海域的~(224)Ra、~(223)Ra和~(226)Ra等镭同位素的浓度水平较高,呈现近岸高、远岸低的分布趋势;根据~(224)Ra/~(226)Ra的"表观年龄模型"估算的水龄的分布情况推断,春季该海域表层水体主体流向为东北向,流速约为0.1m/s,这与前人物理海洋数值模拟结果一致;最终利用226Ra质量平衡模型发现海域的SGD通量为(46±29)cm/d,由其携带入海的溶解态无机氮、磷、硅营养盐(DIN、 DIP、 DSi)等的通量分别为(2.6±3.1)×1~09、(3.0±2.5)×10~6和(5.5±4.2)×10~8mol/d。     

Factors controlling excess radium in the Nakdong River estuary,Korea: submarine groundwater discharge versus desorption from riverine particles

The activities of naturally occurring radium isotopes (²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra) in estuarine water were measured downstream of the dam constructed in the Nakdong River, Korea. The sampling of surface waters for radium, silicate, and suspended solid (SS) analyses was conducted at 18 stations during three periods (July 1997, April 1998, and June 1999). In general, radium activities exceeded the value expected from the mixing of two freshwater and seawater endmembers. We characterized the responses of Ra and Si according to three different conditions: (1) when the freshwater discharge and the water level of the dam relative to the sea level at low tide were lower (April 1998), the excess Ra and Si contents were lower in the estuary; (2) when the fresh water discharge was larger following heavy precipitation (July 1997), both excess Ra and Si contents were higher in the estuary with conservative mixing of Si; and (3) when the water level of the dam relative to the sea level at low tide was highest under low freshwater discharge (June 1999), high excess Ra but low Si levels were observed. The occurrence of high Ra activity in June 1999 was likely due to the large submarine brackish groundwater discharge downstream of the estuary. Since brackish groundwater in general contains high concentrations of nutrients, Ba, Ra, etc, our result suggests an important role for the submarine groundwater discharge on the biogeochemistry of estuarine/coastal waters, especially when the water level of the dam (hydraulic head) is high.     

New perspectives on radium behavior within a subterranean estuary

Over the past decade, radium isotopes have been frequently applied as tracers of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). The unique radium signature of SGD is acquired within the subterranean estuary, a mixing zone between fresh groundwater and seawater in coastal aquifers, yet little is known about what controls Ra cycling in this system. The focus of this study was to examine controls on sediment and groundwater radium activities within permeable aquifer sands (Waquoit Bay, MA, USA) through a combination of field and laboratory studies. In the field, a series of sediment cores and corresponding groundwater profiles were collected for analysis of the four radium isotopes, as well as dissolved and sediment associated manganese, iron, and barium. We found that in addition to greater desorption at increasing salinity, radium was also closely tied to manganese and iron redox cycling within these sediments. A series of laboratory adsorption/desorption experiments helped elucidate the importance of 1) contact time between sediment and water, 2) salinity of water in contact with sediment, 3) redox conditions of water in contact with sediment, and 4) the chemical characteristics of sediment on radium adsorption/desorption. We found that these reactions are rapid (on the order of hours), desorption increases with increasing salinity and decreasing pH, and the presence of Fe and Mn (hydr)oxides on the sediment inhibit the release of radium. These sediments have a large capacity to sorb radium from fresh water. Combined with these experimental results, we present evidence from time series groundwater sampling that within this subterranean estuary there are cyclic periods of Ra accumulation and release controlled by changing salinity and redox conditions.     

污水排放影响下平潭近岸海水COD和DIN浓度场的数值模拟

利用Delft3D数学模型建立了平潭综合实验区近岸海域物质输运数学模型,模拟了澳前、海坛海峡北、海坛海峡南、流水、竹屿5个排污口在不同污水排放量下COD、无机氮浓度的分布．结果表明：在污水排放规模为3．0×10^4t／d时,竹屿排污口邻近海域海水COD、无机氮质量浓度分别为3．80、0．51mg／dm3,流水排污口邻近海域海水COD、无机氮质量浓度分别为3．60、0．42mg／dm3,都超过二类海水水质标准值,表明这2个海域水动力条件较弱、污染物扩散缓慢,不是理想的排污口．在污水排放量为1．5×10^5t／d时,海坛海峡北排污口邻近海域海水COD、无机氮质量浓度分别为1．87、0．28mg／dm3,海坛海峡南排污口邻近海域海水COD、无机氮质量浓度分别为1．84、0．27mg／dm3;澳前排污口在污水排放量为5．0×10^5t／d时,其邻近海域海水COD、无机氮质量浓度分别为2．48、0．28mg／dm3,均符合二类海水水质要求,表明上述海域水动力条件良好、纳污能力强、环境容量大,是较好的污水排放口．该研究可为平潭综合实验区海域污水排放口选址优化提供科学依据,为该海域入海污染物总量控制和海洋环境管理提供参考．     

Submarine groundwater discharge and benthic biogeochemical zonation in the Huanghe River Estuary

Submarine groundwater discharge(SGD) has received increasing attention by studies on coastal areas; however,its effects on biogeochemical zonation have not been investigated to date. The Huanghe River Estuary(HRE) is a world class river estuary with high turbidity, and heavy human regulation. This study investigated how SGD is related to the benthic biogeochemistry of the HRE. Based on the distribution of several parameters(e.g., salinity,temperature, dissolved oxygen(DO) levels, p H, radium iso...     

Evaluation of the flushing rates of Apalachicola Bay, Florida via natural geochemical tracers

We used naturally occurring radium isotopes as tracers of water exchange in Apalachicola Bay, a shallow coastal-plain estuary in northwestern Florida. The bay receives fresh water and radium from the Apalachicola River, and mixes with Gulf of Mexico waters through four inlets. We deployed moored buoys with attached Mn-fibers at several stations throughout the estuary during two summer and two winter periods. After deployment for at least one tidal cycle we measured the ratio of the two short-lived radium isotopes ²²³Ra (half-life = 11 d) and ²²⁴Ra (3.6 d) to estimate “radium ages” of the water in the bay.During our four seasonal deployments the river discharge ranged from 338 to 1016 m³ s^− 1. According to our calculations the water turnover time in the bay during these samplings ranged from 6 to 12 days. Age contours in the bay showed that winds and tides as well as river discharge influence the water movement and the residence time of freshwater in the bay. We also calculated the mean age of river water in the bay which was between 5 to 9 days during the studied periods. We suggest that this approach can be used to quantify transport processes of dissolved substances in the bay. For example, soluble nutrient or pollutant transport rates from a point source could be examined. We conclude that the radium age technique is well suited for flushing rate calculations in river dominated shallow estuaries.     

Estimating submarine groundwater discharge at a subtropical river estuary along the Beibu Gulf,China

In certain regions,submarine groundwater discharge(SGD) into the ocean plays a significant role in coastal material fluxes and their biogeochemical cycle;therefore,the impact of SGD on the ecosystem cannot be ignored.In this study,SGD was estimated using naturally occurring radium isotopes(~(223)Ra and ~(224)Ra) in a subtropical estuary along the Beibu Gulf,China.The results showed that the Ra activities of submarine groundwater were approximately 10 times higher than those of surface water.By assuming a steady state and using an Ra mass balance model,the SGD flux in May 2018 was estimated to be 5.98×10~6 m~3/d and 3.60×10~6 m~3/d based on ~(224)Ra and ~(223)Ra,respectively.At the same time,the activities of Ra isotopes fluctuated within a tidal cycle;that is,a lower activity was observed at high tide and a higher activity was seen at low tide.Based on these variations,the average tidal pumping fluxes of SGD were 1.15×10~6 m~3/d and 2.44×10~6 m~3/d with ~(224)Ra and ~(223)Ra,respectively.Tidaldriven SGD accounts for 24%-51% of the total SGD.Therefore,tidal pumping is an important driving force of the SGD in the Dafengjiang River(DFJR) Estuary.Furthermore,the SGD of the DFJR Estuary in the coastal zone contributes significantly to the seawater composition of the Beibu Gulf and the material exchange between land and sea.     

厦门嵩屿附近水域洪水期悬浮泥沙活动的特征

本文根据1984～1986年5次水文泥沙观测资料,研究了福建厦门嵩屿附近水域洪水期悬浮泥沙对河口三角洲和厦门西港东渡以南海域的淤积作用。     

Hydrochemistry of the Tumen River Estuary,Sea of Japan

The hydrological and hydrochemical parameters of the Tumen River estuary were collected at 13 stations in May and October 2015. Vertical temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll fluorescence, and turbidity profiles were obtained. Water was sampled from the surface and bottom layer. The water samples were analyzed for major ions, pH, salinity, concentrations of dissolved oxygen, major nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, humic matter, and δ¹⁸О and δD isotopes. This estuary is attributed to microtidal type with a flushing time of about 10 h. A phytoplakton bloom occurred in the top layer of the estuary. For surface horizons, the hydrochemical parameters show a linear correlation with salinity. In the bottom horizons, all these parameters, except for major ions and δ¹⁸О and δD isotopes, reveal substantial nonconservative behavior. The nonconservative behavior of the hydrochemical parameters in the bottom waters was mainly caused by degradation of the phytoplankton biomass at the water/sediment interface. Hypoxic conditions were established in the bottom waters of the estuary in May.