天津蓟县中元古界雾迷山组微指状叠层石及其对1250 Ma±叠层石衰减事件的响应

天津蓟县中元古界雾迷山组是一套厚度超过3000,m的叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,在该序列中潮下相叠层石生物层、凝块石生物丘与潮坪相泥晶白云岩、潟湖相白云质泥页岩一起构成若干个环潮坪型米级旋回——"雾迷山旋回层"。在雾迷山组下部发育微指状叠层石,并被古生物学家定义为"Pseudogymnosolen mo-panyuensis-Scuphus-Yangzhuang columnaris"组合,即假裸枝叠层石科叠层石,沉积学家将其解释为元古代文石(灰华)海底沉淀物所构成的叠层石,代表从太古代海底结壳状文石沉淀物组成的叠层石到新元古代碎屑结构相的泥晶碳酸盐岩叠层石过渡时期的特殊产物。因此,雾迷山组巨厚的叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,记录了元古代文石(灰华)海底沉淀物所构成的特殊的叠层石大规模消亡的层位,为研究前寒武纪以叠层石为代表的微生物碳酸盐岩所经历的漫长而复杂的地质历史演变提供了宝贵的材料。     

震旦系灯影组核形石白云岩成因机制及其意义：以柳湾剖面为例

震旦系灯影组核形石白云岩作为典型的前寒武纪微生物碳酸盐岩,是我国古老深层油气勘探的岩石类型之一.核形石成因模式的研究,对研究古水体、恢复古环境及其成储模式有重要指导意义.根据核形石结构特征和成因机制将灯影组核形石分为6类,结合岩石学、沉积学和地球化学等研究手段,开展了四川盆地北缘核形石分布特征和沉积过程的综合研究.结果显示：灯影组二段核形石发育于潮下带-潮间坪环境下,水动力和微生物条件的差异影响着微生物生长、自身钙化作用、微生物膜粘结和捕获作用、化学沉淀作用4种核形石纹层形成机理;进一步体现在水动力条件控制着核形石纹层发育厚度、形态特征和伴生岩石类型,而微生物活动习性控制影响着核形石主微量、稀土元素分异特征：贫藻纹层较富藻纹层有较高的Fe/Mn比、实体藻较非实体藻有较高Cu/Zn比,纹层稀土元素富集度一般低于核心.综上所述,灯二段核形石的形成存在4种机理,且它们被海平面变化下的微生物和水动力条件联合控制.     

天津蓟县中元古界雾迷山组微指状叠层石及其对1250 Ma±叠层石衰减事件的响应

天津蓟县中元古界雾迷山组是一套厚度超过3 000 m的叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,在该序列中潮下相叠层石生物层、凝块石生物丘与潮坪相泥晶白云岩、泻湖相白云质泥页岩一起构成若干个环潮坪型米级旋回--“雾迷山旋回层”。在雾迷山组下部发育微指状叠层石,并被古生物学家定义为“Pseudogymnosolen mopanyuensis-Scuphus-Yangzhuang columnaris”组合,即假裸枝叠层石科叠层石,沉积学家将其解释为元古代文石（灰华）海底沉淀物所构成的叠层石,代表从太古代海底结壳状文石沉淀物叠层石到新元古代碎屑结构相、富泥碳酸盐叠层石过渡时期的特殊产物。因此,雾迷山组巨厚的叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,记录了元古代文石灰华海底沉淀物所构成的特殊的叠层石大规模消亡的层位,为研究前寒武纪以叠层石为代表的微生物碳酸盐岩所经历的漫长而复杂的地质历史演变提供了宝贵的材料。     

湘南香花岭地区泥盆系白云岩的成因

湘南香花岭地区泥盆系层状、似层状白云岩主要分布于海退层序中的潮间粒屑滩相和潮下缓坡相。根据白云岩的分布、结构构造、主成分(CaO和MgO)和白云石的有序度、痕量元素(Sr、Na)含量和氧同位素组成等特征，认为白云岩是成岩作用期间，由混合水交代原沉积物而形成的，而白云石的形成机理类似于文石成岩转变为方解石的机理。     

生物成因与无机成因文石的FTIR光谱区别

对16种贝壳交叉页片层中生物成因文石的FT IR谱进行测量,并与无机成因文石进行对比和统计分析后,首次发现生物成因与无机成因文石的FT IR光谱有明显可区分的特征,生物成因文石2ν带(面外弯曲振动)频率平均值为863.4 cm-1,而无机成因文石该带的平均值为855.5 cm-1,两者频率位移达7.9 cm-1。因此文石的2ν带可作为指纹带鉴别生物和无机成因文石。     

钙质结砾岩及其与迭层石的区别

钙质结砾岩是土壤剖面中细粒碳酸盐(典型的隐晶方解石)形成的次生堆积物。许多钙质结砾岩的构造和结构类似于迭层石的构造和结构,特别是类似于具扁平状隐晶质纹层、侧向连接的半椭球体沉积物(hemispheroids)和核形石。最重要的是区别这两种类型的沉积物,隐晶质沉积物是典型的潮汐带沉积物,也是范围狭小的潮下带沉积物,而钙质结砾岩是陆相风化作用的产物,经常与不整合相伴生。(钅监)定纹层状和豆状钙质结砾岩的常见特征有下列几方面:     

甘肃永登石灰沟中堡群及马营沟群的笔石层位

甘肃省永登石灰沟中奥陶统中堡群 (OZ)中的笔石群属兰代洛阶至卡拉多克阶早期 ,共 3个笔石层位 ,其中包括 2个笔石带 :(1)Glyptograptusteretiusculus带 ,(2 )Nemagraptusgracilis带 ;1个笔石层 :(3)ClimacograptusstyloidesLapworth -C .antiquuslineatusEllesetWood层。下志留统马营沟群 (S1my)笔石群属兰多维利阶中期 ,1个笔石层是RastritesapproximatusGeinitzi(Tornquist)层。     

白云岩化研究的新进展一火山作用与白云岩化的关系

白云岩的成因在沉积学界历来是一个有争议的问题,此方面的研究还在继续,新模式不断涌现。 由于在常温常压下,实验室不能合成有序白云石,过去许多沉积学家否认在地表条件下白云石可以直接从水体中沉淀出来。然而到了60年代,在苏联的巴尔喀什湖东部阿拉库司湾的浅水沉积物中发现了现代白云石。以后,Mckenzie(1981)在研究波斯湾的现代潮坪沉积时,发现自形针状文石晶体在白云石晶体上生长,而晚期白云石又围绕文石晶体生长,没有交代     

辽宁兴城夹山地区中元古界团山子组叠层石的发现及其地层学意义

辽宁省兴城市夹山地区中元古界长城系白云岩中首次发现叠层石,其产出层位为前人在这一地区划分的"常州沟组"顶部,自下而上为Stratifera sp.层叠层石(未定种),Cryptozoon sp.卷心菜叠层石(未定种),Eucapsiphora sp.叠球藻叠层石(未定种)。该组合以及邻区葫芦岛等地团山子组中的叠层石类型均属于燕山、太行地区团山子组叠层石组合带分子。上述叠层石的发现为夹山地区划分出团山子组提供了重要的生物地层学证据。根据岩石组合特征、叠层石形态垂向分布规律及其与古环境演化的关系分析,认为兴城地区团山子组沉积环境演化为海退沉积序列(浅滩到潮间、潮上带)到海侵沉积序列(潮间、潮上带到潮间、潮下带)。     

华北中元古代浅海碳酸盐沉淀方式变化:海水氧化还原条件波动的响应?*

海相碳酸盐的沉淀方式被认为与水体氧化还原条件密切相关,即太古宙至古元古代缺氧的铁化海水中碳酸盐沉淀抑制剂Fe²⁺和Mn²⁺强力抑制灰泥在水柱中成核,但允许文石直接在海底生长,从而导致大量文石以海底沉淀方式产出,而新元古代适度的氧化海水则有利于灰泥以水柱沉淀方式形成。然而,碳酸盐沉淀方式的长期变化还可能受控于其他因素,其与海水氧化还原条件之间的关系还需要通过大量具体实例来验证。针对上述科学问题,笔者选择碳酸盐沉淀方式尚处于过渡时期的华北中元古界碳酸盐岩为研究对象,开展碳酸盐沉淀方式及与之对应的氧化还原条件研究。结果表明,华北高于庄组三段(约1.56 Ga)、雾迷山组四段下部(约1.48 Ga)和铁岭组二段(约1.44 Ga)发育大量灰泥水柱沉淀,其Ⅰ/(Ca+Mg)值较高(普遍大于0.5 μmol/mol)、Ce负异常(低至0.8),指示适度氧化的条件;而高于庄组四段下部(约1.55 Ga)和雾迷山组二段中部(约1.50 Ga)则发育大量纤维状文石海底沉淀,其Ⅰ/(Ca+Mg)值约为0,指示次氧化至缺氧的环境。因此,本研究首次用大量实例证实了前寒武纪海水氧化还原条件对碳酸盐沉淀方式的重要调控作用,并且后者可作为海水氧化还原条件分析的重要指标,适用于高效开展长序列、多剖面的低氧背景下前寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层的氧化还原条件分析。     

燕山冀北凹陷雾迷山组沉积相研究

在收集前人及野外采集资料基础上,利用薄片鉴定、岩石密度分析,对冀北坳陷中新元古界雾迷山组的岩石类型与特征、沉积相标志、剖面相研究了其沉积相类型。结果认为研究区属于典型的陆表海碳酸盐台地沉积环境,根据岩性及叠层石特征可细分为潮下、潮间和潮上带。其中一、二段由近35个小型韵律层组成了一个完整的由海侵到海退的沉积序列,具有自潮下至潮间再至潮上的潮坪相为主的沉积样式,为典型的雾迷山韵律沉积。第三段小型叠层石只见于三段的下部,而从第12层开始出现大型叠层石。第四段灰质白云岩中含沥青质块体,层理一般平直,或微波状,有时可见斜层理和波痕,为潮间带一潮下带沉积。     

华北地台中元古代碳酸盐岩中的微生物成因构造及其生烃潜力

华北地台中元古界主要由环潮坪石英砂岩、浅海碳酸盐岩和浅海—泻湖相暗色页岩3种沉积相组合构成,以陆表海浅水碳酸盐岩占主导。碳酸盐岩中除含有丰富的微古植物、宏观藻类和微生物建隆外,还发育大量的微生物成因构造(MISS)和微生物诱发的碳酸盐沉淀(MMCP)。微生物席和MISS构造在高于庄组上部(约1.6 Ga)和雾迷山组下部(约1.45 Ga)碳酸盐岩中尤为发育,表明活跃的微生物活动和高有机质产量。在石化微生物席中,发现有丝状、球状细菌化石和草莓状黄铁矿;围岩中发现有针状文石、花瓣状重晶石、放射状菱铁矿、铁白云石和葡萄状碳酸盐胶结物等多种自生碳酸盐矿物,指示甲烷厌氧氧化(AOM)导致的自生碳酸盐沉淀。中元古代的温暖气候和海洋分层、缺氧、硫化条件有利于微生物的高生产量和高有机质埋藏率。气隆构造和核形石状碳酸盐结核反映浅埋藏条件下活跃的成烷作用和甲烷排放,围岩和MMCP中富沥青质。华北地台中元古界富微生物席碳酸盐岩有良好的生烃潜力,有可能形成重要的烃源岩。据微生物席、MISS构造及MMCP的研究,初步估算华北地台中元古代碳酸盐岩的概略生烃潜力约为10×108t石油当量。     

Microbial Mats in the Mesoproterozoic Carbonates of the North China Platform and Their Potential for Hydrocarbon Generation

The well-preserved Mesoproterozoic succession in the North China platform consists mainly of three llthological associations including peritidal quartz sandstone, shallow marine and lagoonai dark to black shales, and shallow epeiric carbonates, with a total thickness of up to 8 000 m. In addition to well-documented microplants, macroalgae, and microbial buildups, abundant microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) and mat-related sediments have been recognized in these rocks. Intensive microbial mat layers and MISS are especially well preserved in the carbonates of the upper Gaoyuzhuang (高于庄) (ca. 1.5 Ga) and lower Wumishan (雾迷山) (ca. 1.45 Ga) formations, Indicating diversified microbial activities and a high organic production. In these petrified blomats, putative microbial fossils (both coccoidal and filamentous) and framboidal pyrites have been identified. The abundance of authigenic carbonate minerals in the host rocks, such as, acicular aragnnites, rosette barites, radial siderites, ankerites, and botryoidai carbonate cements, suggests authigenlc carbonate precipitation from anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) under anoxic/euxinic conditions. Warm climate and anoxic/euxinic conditions in the Mesoproterozoic oceans may have facilitated high microbial productivity and organic burial in sediments. Although authigenic carbonate cements may record carbonate precipitation from anaerobic methane oxidation, gas blister (or dome) structures may indicate gas release from active methanogenesls during shallow burial Bituminous fragments in mat-related carbonates also provide evidence for hydrocarbon generation. Under proper conditions, the Mesoproterozoic mat-rich carbonates will have the potential for hydrocarbon generation and serve as source rocks. On the basis of petrified biomats, a rough estimation suggests that the Mesoproterozoic carbonates of the North China platform might have a hydrocarbon production potential in theorder of 10×108t.     

Sedimentary Features and Their Implications of Microdigital Stromatolites from the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation at the Jixian Section in North China

<正>The Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation at the Jixian section in Tianjin is a set of more than 3000-m-thick stromatolitic carbonate succession.In this succession,several lithofacies units,that is,the subtidal stromatolitic biostrome,the thrombolitic bioherm,tidal-flat micritic dolomite and lagoon dolomitic shale,make up many meter-scale cycles of the peritidal carbonate type that have been nominated as the Wumishan cycles.Importantly,many microdigital stromatolites make up the stromatolitic biostrome unit of the Wumishan cycles in the lower part of the Wumishan Formation. These microdigital stromatolites have been grouped as a stromatolitic assemblage by paleontologists, that is,"Pseudogymnosolen mopanyuensis-Scuphus-Yangzhuang columnaris"assemblage.These microdigital stromatolites had also been interpreted as the aragonite(tufa) sea-floor precipitates by sedimentologists,and has further been thought as the special products of the transitional period from the sea-floor aragonite precipitates of the Archean to the clastic and muddy carbonates of the Neoproterozoic.Although there are some restrictions for the stratigraphic meaning of the concept of the stromatolitic assemblage,detailed studies on classification by paleontologists provide an important clue to understand the sedimentological meaning of the microdigital stromatolites.Furthermore,an important and obvious horizon for the end of the microdigital stromatolites was recorded in the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation at the Jixian section,which provides useful information to understand the stromatolite decline occurred at c.1250 Ma and the evolving carbonate world of the Precambrian.     

Mesoproterozoic biogenic thrombolites from the North China platform

Thrombolites are abundant in the subtidal dolostones of the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation (ca 1.50–1.45 Ga) in the North China platform. Three major components are identified within the thrombolites: irregular mesoclots, micritic matrix and spar-filled voids. The mesoclot generally comprises a relatively organic-rich micritic core and a microsparitic outer layer that consists of fibrous aragonite (pseudocrystals) with less organic matter. In the core of mesoclots, abundant fossilized organic remnants, such as putative coccoidal and filamentous bacteria and mucus- to film-like extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), are closely associated with organominerals including nanoglobules and submicron-scale polyhedrons. In exceptionally well-preserved mesoclots, their outer layers commonly contain micropores displaying as bacterial molds and filamentous bacteria fossils. The matrix of mesoclots consists mainly of micropeloids (20–30 μm in diameter) and minor terrigenous detritus. Some mesoclots have denticulate edges and their matrix shows growth laminations that envelope the outlines of mesoclots. These features indicate that the mesoclots are primary and they were mineralized earlier than the surrounding matrix. The mineralization of mesoclots may have proceeded in two stages: (1) organomineralization of the cores through replacement of organic matter by minute organominerals resulting from anaerobic degradation of bacteria and EPS and (2) inorganic precipitation of the outer layers fostered by an increase in carbonate alkalinity in micro-environment due to organic matter decomposition. The thrombolites from the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation may have formed through complex interactions between microbes and environments and represent the earliest known Precambrian biogenic thrombolites.     

Microbially induced cementation of carbonate sands: are micritic meniscus cements good indicators of vadose diagenesis?

Characteristic fabrics such as micrite envelopes, calcified filaments and micritic grain-to-grain bridges are observed in a modern subtidal firmground (Wood Cay, Bahamas) and in a variety of firm- and hardgrounds of Lower Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic platform carbonates (Swiss and French Jura Mountains). Their similarity to microbial fabrics described in grapestones and in intertidal to continental vadose environments suggests that microbial activity played an important role in the initial stabilization and cementation of carbonate sands. 'Meniscus-type cements' (to distinguish them from vadose meniscus cements), which clearly formed in subtidal environments, are related to filament calcification, trapping of percolating micrite and microbially induced carbonate formation. Such meniscus-type cements are commonly micritic, but meniscus-shaped precipitation of fibrous aragonite or sparitic calcite around organic filaments is also observed. Therefore, an interpretation of vadose early diagenesis should not be based on meniscus cements alone. Similarly, subtidally formed filamentous structures can strongly resemble alveolar septal structures and be interpreted incorrectly as related to subaerial exposure.     

Implications for Neoarchaean ocean chemistry from primary carbonate mineralogy of the Campbellrand-Malmani Platform, South Africa

The precipitation of calcite and aragonite as encrustations directly on the seafloor was an important platform‐building process during deposition of the 2560–2520 Ma Campbellrand‐Malmani carbonate platform, South Africa. Aragonite fans and fibrous coatings are common in unrestricted, shallow subtidal to intertidal facies. They are also present in restricted facies, but are absent from deep subtidal facies. Decimetre‐thick fibrous calcite encrustations are present to abundant in all depositional environments except the deepest slope and basinal facies. The proportion of the rock composed of carbonate that precipitated as encrustations or in primary voids ranges from 0% to > 65% depending on the facies. Subtidal facies commonly contain 20–35%in situ precipitated carbonate, demonstrating that Neoarchaean sea water was supersaturated with respect to aragonite, carbonate crystal growth rates were rapid compared with sediment influx rates, and the dynamics of carbonate precipitation were different from those in younger carbonate platforms. The abundance of aragonite pseudomorphs suggests that sea‐water pH was neutral to alkaline, whereas the paucity of micrite suggests the presence of inhibitors to calcite and aragonite nucleation in the mixed zone of the oceans.     

一个最古老的肾形藻泥丘相的首次发现及其地质意义——以滇东北地区震旦系灯影组为例

迄今为至,国内外对肾形藻的研究还很少,而且研究多集中在寒武纪泥丘相(Pratt,1984;James＆Klappa,1983;王剑等,1990)和泥盆纪泥丘相(Mountjoy＆Jull,1978;高健,1991)中,还未涉及到前寒武纪。近年来,通过对滇东北地区震旦纪灯影期中大比例尺岩相古地理研究,作者首次发现表附-肾形藻不仅发育于古生代,而且更发育于震旦纪灯影期(距今约为650Ma)。这是全球范围内发现的最古老的肾形藻生长层位。灯影期肾形藻的发育程度,包括肾形藻的含量及其功能、空间展布和分布于相剖面上的纵向厚度等,均远超过古生代的任何一个时期。一种可能的解释就是震旦纪灯影期缺乏食藻类动物,从而