Application of multi-dimensional discrimination diagrams and probability calculations to Paleoproterozoic acid rocks from Brazilian cratons and provinces to infer tectonic settings

In present work, we applied two sets of new multi-dimensional geochemical diagrams (Verma et al., 2013) obtained from linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of natural logarithm-transformed ratios of major elements and immobile major and trace elements in acid magmas to decipher plate tectonic settings and corresponding probability estimates for Paleoproterozoic rocks from Amazonian craton, São Francisco craton, São Luís craton, and Borborema province of Brazil. The robustness of LDA minimizes the effects of petrogenetic processes and maximizes the separation among the different tectonic groups. The probability based boundaries further provide a better objective statistical method in comparison to the commonly used subjective method of determining the boundaries by eye judgment. The use of readjusted major element data to 100% on an anhydrous basis from SINCLAS computer program, also helps to minimize the effects of post-emplacement compositional changes and analytical errors on these tectonic discrimination diagrams. Fifteen case studies of acid suites highlighted the application of these diagrams and probability calculations. The first case study on Jamon and Musa granites, Carajás area (Central Amazonian Province, Amazonian craton) shows a collision setting (previously thought anorogenic). A collision setting was clearly inferred for Bom Jardim granite, Xingú area (Central Amazonian Province, Amazonian craton) The third case study on Older São Jorge, Younger São Jorge and Maloquinha granites Tapajós area (Ventuari-Tapajós Province, Amazonian craton) indicated a within-plate setting (previously transitional between volcanic arc and within-plate). We also recognized a within-plate setting for the next three case studies on Aripuanã and Teles Pires granites (SW Amazonian craton), and Pitinga area granites (Mapuera Suite, NW Amazonian craton), which were all previously suggested to have been emplaced in post-collision to within-plate settings. The seventh case studies on Cassiterita-Tabuões, Ritápolis, São Tiago-Rezende Costa (south of São Francisco craton, Minas Gerais) showed a collision setting, which agrees fairly reasonably with a syn-collision tectonic setting indicated in the literature. A within-plate setting is suggested for the Serrinha magmatic suite, Mineiro belt (south of São Francisco craton, Minas Gerais), contrasting markedly with the arc setting suggested in the literature. The ninth case study on Rio Itapicuru granites and Rio Capim dacites (north of São Francisco craton, Serrinha block, Bahia) showed a continental arc setting. The tenth case study indicated within-plate setting for Rio dos Remédios volcanic rocks (São Francisco craton, Bahia), which is compatible with these rocks being the initial, rift-related igneous activity associated with the Chapada Diamantina cratonic cover. The eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth case studies on Bom Jesus-Areal granites, Rio Diamante-Rosilha dacite–rhyolite and Timbozal-Cantão granites (São Luís craton) showed continental arc, within-plate and collision settings, respectively. Finally, the last two case studies, fourteenth and fifteenth showed a collision setting for Caicó Complex and continental arc setting for Algodões (Borborema province).     

Application of 55 multi-dimensional tectonomagmatic discrimination diagrams to Precambrian belts

Fifty-five new multi-dimensional diagrams, mostly based on log-ratio transformations, were used to decipher tectonic settings for 17 cases of Precambrian belts in Canada, the USA, Poland, Finland, Jordan, Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia, China, and India. The results of different sets of diagrams for basic-ultrabasic, intermediate, and acid magmas were generally internally consistent. Possible reasons for some inconsistencies may be related to the use of a sample group of mixed ages because of their uncertainties, extreme element mobility caused by metamorphism especially of high-grade type, analytical data quality, different petrogenetic processes for basic to acid magmas such as mantle versus crustal origin, and some deficiencies that still exist in the multi-dimensional diagrams. To partly overcome the last problem, one new multi-dimensional diagram is proposed and used to discriminate mid-ocean ridge and oceanic plateau settings.     

Evaluation of two multidimensional discrimination diagrams from beach and deep-sea sediments from the Gulf of Mexico and their application to Precambrian clastic sedimentary rocks

Two discriminant-function-based multidimensional major-element diagrams for the tectonic discrimination of siliciclastic sediments were recently published from a coherent statistical methodology of log_e-ratio transformation and linear discriminant analysis. These diagrams were constructed based on worldwide examples of Neogene–Quaternary siliciclastic sediments from known tectonic settings. In this work, these two tectonic discrimination diagrams were first successfully tested from Holocene (<0.0117–0 Ma) beach and deep-sea sediments from the Gulf of Mexico. These diagrams were used to decipher tectonic settings of 11 case studies of the Precambrian clastic sedimentary rocks (~512–2800 Ma) from Argentina, USA, Ghana, Spain, Norway, India, China, and Australia. The test and application results obtained from these discrimination diagrams were generally consistent with the geology of the Precambrian source areas. Therefore, the two multidimensional diagrams can be considered as a useful tool for successfully discriminating the tectonic setting of older sedimentary basins, which may consist of one or more tectonic assemblages. Comparison of results of this study with the previously published tectonic discrimination diagrams is illustrated and the probable reasons for some inconsistent inferences were also discussed.     

Plate tectonic settings for Precambrian basic rocks from Brazil by multidimensional tectonomagmatic discrimination diagrams and their limitations

Multidimensional discrimination diagrams (2006–2011) for basic and ultrabasic igneous rocks were applied to Precambrian rock suites from the Amazonian and São Francisco cratons, and the Tocantins Province, Brazil, to infer their possible tectonic settings. The chosen study cases in the Amazonian craton include the ca. 3.0 Ga metabasalts of the Identidade greenstone belt, 1.87–1.80 Ga Parauapebas anorogenic basalt-rhyolite dikes, 1.86–1.82 Ga Rio Branco anorogenic gabbro-basalt association, ca. 1.76–1.74 Ga Aripuanã and Teles Pires intracratonic basalt-felsic volcanic associations, and 1.76–1.74 Ga Jamari and 1.60–1.53 Ga Serra da Providência arc-related gabbroic rocks. In the São Francisco craton, we selected 1.48 Ga arc-related amphibolites of the Rio Capim greenstone belt, continental mafic dikes of Uauá (2.6 Ga), Curaçá and Chapada Diamantina (1.5 Ga), and Espinhaço (ca. 1.0 Ga). In the Tocantins Province, ca. 3.0 Ga komatiites associated with oceanic basalts of the Crixás and Guarinos greenstone belts were studied. The application of the diagrams generally provided consistent results with the authors’ proposed tectonic settings based on field relationships and geochemical data. The exceptions are some within-plate (continental) mafic dikes and basalts for which our diagrams do not work well. For comparison, we also used two ternary and two bivariate traditional discrimination diagrams for the data from the Amazonian craton, whose results were poorer than the newer multidimensional diagrams.     

Statistical evaluation of tectonomagmatic discrimination diagrams for granitic rocks and proposal of new discriminant-function-based multi-dimensional diagrams for acid rocks

The four tectonic discrimination diagrams of Pearce et al. [Journal of Petrology, v. 25, p. 956–983] for granitic rocks were first evaluated using the literature cited by these authors as well as from our new database. The first diagram (Y?Nb) cannot discriminate volcanic-arc and collision settings. Both Y?Nb and Yb?Ta diagrams have an overlapping field for within-plate and ocean-ridge granitoids. The remaining two diagrams (Y?+?Nb?Rb and Yb?+?Ta?Rb) use a mobile element (Rb) in their y-axis. Although these diagrams successfully discriminate volcanic-arc and within-plate granites, they perform less well for collision tectonics. Besides, felsic or acid rocks are scarce in ocean-ridge settings, which limits the usefulness of these diagrams for this geological environment. Therefore, using an extensive database, we proposed a set of five new discriminant-function-based multi-dimensional diagrams for acid magmas from four tectonic settings (island arc, continental arc, continental rift, and collision). The very similar tectonic settings of island and continental arcs are discriminated for the first time. These diagrams are based on correct statistical treatment of compositional data, because they use natural logarithm transformation of major-element ratios and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The use of discordant outlier-free samples prior to LDA improved the success rates by about 3–5%. Success rates of these diagrams as inferred from a testing set were between 76% and 88% for island arc, 60% and 92% for continental arc, and 72% and 84% for both continental rift and collision settings. Finally, application of these new diagrams to case studies not compiled in our initial database used for constructing these diagrams provided the following results: a collision setting for the Himalayas at about 30 Ma; an island arc setting for Quaternary acid rocks from geothermal boreholes in El Salvador; an island- or continental-arc setting for northern Italy at 35–52 Ma; a continental-arc setting for the Italy–Austria border at about 30 Ma; either a rift or a collision setting for northern Nigeria at about 164 Ma; a collision setting for central Nigeria at about 144 Ma and for the Cretaceous Masirah ophiolites of Oman; and an island arc setting for the Cretaceous Semail ophiolites of Oman. In spite of the relative mobility of major elements, these applications suggest utility of the new discrimination diagrams for all four tectonic settings.     

Application of 50 multi-dimensional discrimination diagrams and significance tests: deciphering compositional similarities and differences between Hawaiian and Icelandic volcanism

As an innovative approach, I use multi-dimensional diagrams presented by our group during 2004–2013 and respective probability estimates for the newer diagrams to evaluate similarities and differences between the same magma types (subalkaline basalt, basic magma other than subalkaline basalt, and intermediate magma) from the Hawaiian Islands and Iceland. The known ocean island setting of the Hawaiian Islands was reproduced from these 50 multi-dimensional diagrams for basic, intermediate, and acid magmas. The possible influence of the mid-ocean ridge system on Icelandic magmas was also confirmed from the diagrams for basic rocks. Evaluating magma compositional similarities and differences between the Hawaiian Islands and Iceland was complemented by the application of significance tests. Statistical inferences for the chemical elements and, more importantly, their log-ratios, successfully explained the similarities and differences in the tectonic settings for these two regions.     

Tectonomagmatic origin of some volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks from the Lower Benue rift, Nigeria

Petrological and geochemical studies on some volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks from the Lower Benue rift indicate that they are basalts, basaltic and doleritic sills, trachybasalt and trachyte which generally belong to the alkali basalt series. The alkaline affinity is clearly evident in both their normative and modal mineral compositions, as well as their chemical compositions. The generally high fractionation indices [(La/Yb)N] are 7.06 to 17.65 for the basaltic rocks and 23.59 to 135. 35 for the trachytic ...     

Tectonomagmatic origin of some volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks from the Lower Benue rift,Nigeria

Petrological and geochemical studies on some volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks from the Lower Benue rift indicate that they are basalts, basaltic and doleritic sills, trachybasalt and trachyte which generally belong to the alkali basalt series. The alkaline affinity is clearly evident in both their normative and modal mineral compositions, as well as their chemical compositions. The generally high fractionation indices [(La/Yb)N] are 7.06 to 17.65 for the basaltic rocks and 23.59 to 135. 35 for the trachytic rocks, against low values commonly seen in subalkaline (tholeiitic) series, with strong enrichments in the incompatible elements. All this strongly supports their alkaline affinity. The basaltic rocks are generally fine-grained and porphyritic, consisting of phenocrysts of clinopyroxene and olivine in the groundmass of the same minerals together with plagioclase. The clinopyroxene is either diopside or clinoenstatite. The trachyte consists of oligoclase, orthoclase, biotite, quartz and exhibits typical trachytic, flow structure. The basaltic and doleritic sills are commonly altered, with calcite and epidote as common alteration prod-ucts. This alteration, which is reflected in the erratic behaviour of K2O, MnO and P2O5 on Harker variation diagrams, high values of LOI, strong depletions in the more mobile LILE (Rb, K, Ba and Sr) and high Th/Ta ratios, is attributed to the effects of an aqueous fluid phase and crustal contamination. On the whole, the mineralogical, as well as major-, trace-elements and REE data suggest that the rocks are co-genetic and most likely derived from differentiation of an alkali olivine-basalt magma, generating through variable low degrees of partial melting of probably an enriched lithospheric (upper) mantle following an asthenospheric uplift (mantle plume or intumescence) with HIMU signa-tures in a within-plate continental rift tectonic setting. This corroborates earlier results obtained for the intrusive rocks in the region.     

郯庐断裂带辽河段始新世中基性火山岩成因与构造背景:地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素证据

研究区位于郯庐断裂南、北两段过渡带构造蜂腰部位,其内充填厚达7000m的古近纪火山-沉积岩系。本文选取火山岩最发育的沙河街组7口代表性钻井进行研究。结果表明,这些始新世火山岩主要为玄武质岩石和粗面质岩石,Si O_2含量为45.20%~59.55%,以碱性系列为主。玄武质岩石弱富集大离子亲石元素和Ti,不亏损Nb、Ta等高场强元素。粗面质岩石具有与玄武质岩石相似的地球化学特征,但Sr、P和Ti明显亏损。玄武质岩石的I_(Sr)=0.7033~0.7042、ε_(Nd)(t)=3.56~5.86,粗面质岩石的I_(Sr)=0.7035~0.7045、ε_(Nd)(t)=3.25~4.46,二者的Sr-Nd同位素组成一致,均与OIB相似。综合研究认为,始新世火山岩是弧后拉张环境下,曾遭受俯冲板片流体交代的地幔岩石部分熔融的产物。岩浆在岩浆房内分异演化形成了两种不同类型的岩石。郯庐断裂辽河段从中生代的板缘环境到古近纪陆内裂谷带,其控制因素可能来源于欧亚大陆板块和太平洋板块间的相互作用。在此过程中郯庐断裂系活化并发生大规模走滑运动,导致辽河裂谷盆地同期地幔来源的火山岩浆活动。     

西天山伊犁地区石炭纪火山岩地球化学特征及构造环境

伊犁板块南北缘广泛发育石炭纪火山岩.其中阿希、巩乃斯和恰西石炭纪火山岩主要由玄武岩、安山玄武岩、玄武粗安岩、粗安岩和粗面岩组成,为基性-中性-酸性连续岩系,以中基性岩为主;它们多为钙碱性岩;轻稀土较重稀土元素富集,富集大离子亲石元素Rb,Ba,Th,U,K,相对亏损高场强元素Nb,Ta,Ti,具有大陆边缘火山岛弧火山岩亲缘性.其可能形成于准噶尔洋向南俯冲于伊犁板块之下的大陆边缘岛弧环境,伊犁板块南缘火山岩也有可能产出于南天山洋向伊犁-中天山板块之下俯冲的岛弧环境.     

大陆板内玄武岩数据挖掘:成分多样性及在判别图中的表现

通常认为,大陆溢流玄武岩(CFB)、裂谷玄武岩(CRB)、板内玄武岩(WPB)均产于板内构造环境,其地球化学特征与OIB类似,源于富集的下地幔,与地幔柱的活动有关。本文利用GEOROC数据库对全球CFB、CRB和WPB数据进行挖掘,发现上述三类玄武岩判别图投图几乎落入了全部的构造环境域,有些甚至主要落入MORB和IAB区,而不是落入WPB区。结果表明原先的玄武岩判别图的判别功能值得商榷,尤其对大陆玄武岩来说,许多判别图都存在问题。全体CFB、CRB和WPB的地球化学成分变化巨大,暗示其源区具有强烈的不均一性:部分CFB、CRB和WPB来自富集的地幔柱,仍然具有经典的OIB的特征;部分来自MORB的源区,与MORB的再循环作用有关;部分来自岛弧岩石圈之下的亏损地幔源区,以强烈亏损Nb-Ta为特征,类似岛弧玄武岩的地球化学特征。许多地区的大陆玄武岩可分为低钛和高钛两类,低钛玄武岩大多是亏损或强烈亏损的,而高钛玄武岩通常是富集型的。本文的研究表明,富集型大陆玄武岩可能来自富集的下地幔,而亏损的和强烈亏损的玄武岩可能来自具有MORB或岛弧特征的软流圈地幔。进一步指出,源区性质可能是大陆玄武岩多样性的主控因素,其次为部分熔融程度、熔融深度、结晶分离、陆壳混染以及AFC过程。     

Mineralogy,geochemistry, and radiocarbon ages of deep sea sediments from the Gulf of Mexico,Mexico

The mineralogy, geochemistry, and radiocarbon ages of two sediment cores (GMX1 and GMX2) collected from the deep sea area of the Southwestern Gulf of Mexico (∼876–1752 m water depth) were studied to infer the sedimentation rate, provenance, heavy metal contamination, and depositional environment. The sediments are dominated by silt and clay fractions. The mineralogy determined by X-Ray diffractometry for the sediment cores reveals that montmorillonite and muscovite are the dominant clay minerals. The sections between 100 and 210 cm of the sediment cores GMX1 and GMX2, respectively, are characterized by the G. menardii group and G. Inflata planktonic foraminiferal species, which represent the Holocene and Pleistocene, respectively. The radiocarbon-age measurements of mixed planktonic foraminifera varied from ∼268 to 45,738 cal. years B.P and ∼104 to 25,705 cal. years B.P, for the sediment cores GMX1 and GMX2, respectively. The variation in age between the two sediment cores is due to a change in sediment accumulation rate, which was lowest at the location GMX1 (0.006 cm/yr) and highest at the location GMX2 (0.017 cm/yr).The chemical index of alteration (CIA), chemical index of weathering (CIW), and index of chemical maturity (ICV) values indicated a moderate intensity of weathering in the source area. The total rare earth element concentrations (∑REE) in the cores GMX1 and GMX2 vary from ∼94 to 171 and ∼78 to 151, respectively. The North American Shale Composite (NASC) normalized REE patterns showed flat low REE (LREE), heavy REE (HREE) depletion with low negative to positive Eu anomalies, which suggested that the sediments were likely derived from intermediate source rocks.The enrichment factor of heavy metals indicated that the Cd and Zn concentrations in the sediment cores were impacted by an anthropogenic source. The redox-proxy trace element ratios such as V/Cr, Ni/Co, Cu/Zn, (Cu + Mo)/Zn, and Ce/Ce* indicated that the sediments were deposited under an oxic depositional environment. The similarity in major element concentrations, REE content, and the NASC normalised REE patterns between the cores GMX1 and GMX2 revealed that the provenance of sediments remained relatively uniform or constant during deposition for ∼4.5 Ma. The major and trace element based multidimensional discrimination diagrams showed a rift setting for the core sediments, which is consistent with the geology of the Gulf of Mexico.     

新疆伊宁地块晚泥盆世火山岩的确认及其地质意义

最新发现的泥盆纪火山岩位于西天山伊犁地块北缘,主要岩石组成为流纹岩,英安岩夹少量安山岩。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果显示,尼勒克北流纹岩类的形成时代一致,分别为369.7±4.9Ma,363.4±2.5Ma,均为晚泥盆世。岩石SiO₂含量较高且变化范围较宽,Al₂O₃含量较高,富碱,贫镁和钙,高FeO^T/MgO+FeO^T比值,低TiO₂,里特曼指数δ较小(1.09~2.88),A/CNK值变化较大(0.8~1.46),属于钙碱性过铝-准铝质低钛流纹岩类。稀土元素总量(∑REE)变化较大(80.66×10^-6~241.8×10^-6),稀土配分模式为轻稀土富集右倾((La/Yb)_N=5.96~7.82),铕负异常明显(Eu/Eu^*=0.47~0.86),相对富集Rb、Th、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,较高的Rb/Sr、Nb/Ta和Th/Ta比值(分别为0.18~5.15,11.18~13.96,3.54~9.5),较低的Ti/Zr、Ti/Y及Ta/Yb比值(分别为4.95~25.79,43.7~295.5,0.45~1.29),这些地球化学特征表明其可能为上地壳部分熔融的产物,源区残留物组成可能为斜长石和角闪石,同时显示其具有大陆边缘弧亲缘性,这与西天山在早石炭世处于岛弧环境相匹配,即在晚泥盆世-早石炭世期间,准噶尔洋向伊犁-中天山地块之下发生俯冲,形成了伊犁地块北缘的大陆边缘弧岩浆带。尼勒克北晚泥盆世流纹岩类成岩时代的确定及构造环境分析为进一步认识伊犁地块北缘地区的构造演化提供了新的证据。     

南海盆海山火山碎屑岩的发现及其地质意义

海山火山碎屑岩是水下爆发性火山作用的产物.南海盆两座海山上发现火山碎屑岩表明海山顶部曾经一度高于PCL(压力补偿深度).岩相学特征显示这些火山碎屑岩的胶结物主要为一混合相,包括粘土矿物和黑色铁质矿物等,这从一个侧面反映海山的正地形限制了粗粒外生碎屑到达海山顶部.岩石的单矿物组分、主量元素化学特征与同海山玄武质熔岩具有可比性,属碱性岩浆系列.计算获得海山平均最小下沉速率为0.06mm/年,最大可能达0.30mm/年.海山岩石的机械风化产物对周围海盆的沉积作用作出重要贡献.     

Identification of Archaean plate tectonic processes from multidimensional discrimination diagrams and probability calculations

We applied our group's previously published multidimensional diagrams in 2006–2012 and corresponding probability estimates in 2011–2012 to geochemical data for Archaean rocks compiled from cratons in Australia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and India. Tectonic processes similar to present-day plate tectonics evidently were active at least since the Palaeoarchaean (?3570 Ma). This seems to be true in spite of a presumably hotter Earth at that time. For the eastern part of the Pilbara craton (Australia), a Palaeoarchaean (3570–3450 Ma) and Mesoarchaean (2900 Ma) continental arc setting apparently evolved to a collision (Col) setting during the Neoarchaean (2600 Ma). We infer an island arc (IA) environment for Kambalda (Australia) during the Neoarchaean (2700 Ma). For the Barberton belt (South Africa), a transition from a mid-ocean ridge regime during the older part of the Palaeoarchaean (3470 Ma) to an IA setting during the younger part (3300–3260 Ma) is likely. We inferred an arc environment for the São Francisco craton (Brazil) and the Rio Maria terrane (Brazil) during the Mesoarchaean (3085–2983 Ma and 2870 Ma, respectively), whereas a within-plate setting is clearly indicated for the Carajás metallogenic province (Brazil) during the Neoarchaean (2740–2700 Ma). We also recognize an IA regime for the Mesoarchaean (3000 Ma) North Caribou and Neoarchaean (2700 Ma) Abitibi greenstone belts (Canada), and for the Gadwal greenstone belt (India) during the Neoarchaean (2700–2500 Ma). A Col setting was inferred for the Archaean sanukitoid suite (Canada) and the Kolar suture zone (India) during the Neoarchaean (2700–2660 Ma and 2630–2520 Ma, respectively).     

阿尔泰造山带南缘基性杂岩的形成背景及其动力学含义

新疆北部阿尔泰造山带南缘出露-套基性杂岩,它们呈透镜状存在于晚古生代片麻状花岗岩中。阿拉尕克基性杂岩的~40Ar/39~Ar坪年龄为262．7±1．1Ma。基性杂岩的地球化学分析结果显示阿勒泰阿拉尕克、塔尔浪乡样品的轻、重稀土元素基本上没有发生分异,富蕴县乌恰沟基性岩的轻、重稀土元素发生了中一弱的分异；在微量元素特征方面,富集Th、Rb。通过地球化学图件判别,认为该基性杂岩形成于海山的构造环境。结合前人获得的花岗岩锆石SHRIMP的年代集中在400～410Ma左右,而花岗岩~40Ar/39~Ar坪年龄为240Ma左右,作者认为基性杂岩的~40Ar/39Ar坪年龄代表了晚二叠世时期的一次构造事件的年龄,基性杂岩寄生于花岗岩中是通过构造混杂作用实现的。在此基础上,提出了形成过程的两个阶段,即：晚古生代早期的俯冲阶段,为花岗岩与含海山玄武岩的增生楔形成阶段,晚二叠世的强烈碰撞阶段,导致花岗岩和增生楔物质的变形和构造混杂。     

库鲁克塔格地区新元古代贝义西组的构造环境:来自碎屑岩地球化学的证据

库鲁克塔格位于南天山和塔里木盆地接合部,保留相对较完整的地层记录.其中新元古代贝义西组为一套火山-沉积组合序列,长期以来被认为是Rodinia裂解产物.本文通过对该套组合中的沉积岩(主要是细碎屑岩)地球化学分析,并对该套组合的物源区特征和形成构造环境进行研究,结果并不支持这一结论.研究结果表明,贝义西组砂岩主要为成熟度...     

辽宁辽阳地区辽河群酸性火山岩锆石U-Pb年代学及其地质意义

辽宁省辽阳地区出露有大面积的古元古代辽河群地层,在辽河群里尔峪组及高家峪组中识别出一套酸性火山岩。本文通过对酸性火山岩同位素年代学及地球化学研究,用以限定辽河群形成时代,并进一步探讨其形成的动力学背景。这套酸性火山岩岩性包括流纹岩、变流纹质含角砾凝灰岩、角岩化流纹岩和弱硅化流纹岩,对其中6件样品利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb方法测年。CL图像显示辽河群酸性火山岩中的锆石均具典型的岩浆振荡环带结构和较高的Th/U比值,显示为岩浆锆石。锆石U-Pb年龄可分为3期:2190~2180Ma、2110~2100Ma、1970~1960Ma,结合其中存在继承锆石的结果认为辽河群至少存在3期岩浆活动,将辽河群形成时代限制于2.19~1.96Ga,其形成时代大约持续了230Myr左右。野外接触关系的观察及酸性火山岩的年代学特征从另一个方面揭露辽河群总体为一套无序、局部有序的构造地层,各岩组间不存在上下关系。前人研究表明"辽吉花岗岩"形成年龄为2.16Ga,通过野外观察其与辽河群之间均为构造接触。D1442-1和D1444-2两个样品锆石U-Pb测年结果为2180±12Ma、2190±13Ma,均略早于"辽吉花岗岩",结合其与辽河群野外关系,认为"辽吉花岗岩"应该不是作为沉积基底,而是与辽河群为同一构造运动的产物。辽河群流纹岩Al_2O_3含量16.33%~16.90%,K_2O含量4.62%~4.77%,K_2O+Na_2O含量5.97%~7.54%,含铝指数(A/CNK)比较高为1.27~1.50,为过铝质岩石,显示富铝、高钾特征。此外流纹岩轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,轻重稀土分馏明显,具有明显的负铕异常,亏损Ba、Sr、Ti,较高的Zr及(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)含量、10000Ga/Al比值等特点都显示为A型花岗岩,说明其形成于地壳减薄环境。本文在辽河群中识别出一套酸性火山岩与前人在南辽河群识别出的变质流纹岩组成了酸性端元(2201~1960Ma),同时期存在的基性火成岩(2198~1869Ma)为基性端元,证明了辽河群"双峰式火山岩"的存在,暗示辽河群形成于伸展拉张环境。     

新疆南天山泥盆纪钙碱性侵入岩的形成时代、地球化学特征及构造意义

南天山位于中亚造山带南部,塔里木盆地北缘。长期以来,有关其在古生代时期的演化规律、南天山古洋盆的俯冲方式、俯冲作用规模、持续时间及闭合时限等科学问题研究都是地学界的热点。本研究报道了出露于南天山造山带南缘(塔里木克拉通北缘)的咔拉吾勒及欧西达坂古生代钙碱性侵入岩的锆石U-Pb-Hf同位素及地球化学数据,其中咔拉吾勒细粒闪长岩、欧西达坂花岗闪长岩及钾长花岗岩的年龄分别为413.2±5.5Ma、407.3±5.1Ma及409.3±5.2Ma,都形成于早泥盆世。结合前人对研究区欧西达坂石英闪长岩的年代学(418.4±2.2Ma)及地球化学数据,确定了泥盆纪时期南天山南缘发育一套钙碱性的闪长岩-石英闪长岩-花岗闪长岩-花岗岩的岩石组合,各岩体表现出相近的时空分布及地球化学特征,判断各岩石应为同源岩浆结晶分异的产物。欧西达坂花岗闪长岩的锆石Lu-Hf同位素数据显示出较大范围的176Hf/177Hf比值(0.282185~0.282901)、εHf(t)值(-12.0~12.9)及t DM2模式年龄(573~2149Ma),体现出新老地壳物质混染的特征,指示其母岩浆为混合岩浆。结合各岩石富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)(如:Rb、Ba、Th、Sr),亏损高场强元素(HFSE)(如:Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf)及低Nb/Ta比值等特征,本研究推断该岩石组合为弧岩浆岩系列,其母岩浆可能产生于俯冲消减构造环境下新生玄武质岩浆与老陆壳重熔酸性岩浆的混合,并经历了一定的结晶分异而成岩。进一步的综合分析表明,南天山南缘古生代中期一系列岩浆活动的时代至少从晚奥陶世一直持续到晚石炭世-早二叠世,而南天山古洋盆至少于奥陶纪期间向北(伊犁-中天山地块)发生单向俯冲。晚奥陶世-泥盆纪期间,其东、西两段的俯冲极性或有所不同,西段或为持续的北向俯冲,东部地区为向南北双向俯冲,塔里木北缘在该侧转变为活动大陆边缘。本研究旨在为南天山造山带古生代期间的构造演化提供一定的约束条件。     

内蒙古中部苏尼特左旗地区早古生代火成岩年代学、地球化学、锆石Hf同位素特征及其构造意义

内蒙古中部苏尼特左旗南东地区出露的早古生代花岗岩类岩石和玄武-安山岩序列,对于限定苏尼特左旗岛弧演化以及兴蒙造山带在该地区的构造演化具有重要意义。花岗岩类岩石主要由花岗闪长岩和花岗岩组成,LA-ICP-MS锆石UPb测年结果显示其形成于晚奥陶世-早志留世(441～449Ma)。花岗岩类岩石表现出高硅(Si O2=69. 60%～77. 36%)、铝(Al_2O_3=12. 70%～15. 40%),低镁(MgO=0. 19%～0. 81%)、铁(Fe2O3=0. 94%～3. 49%)的特征。此外,花岗岩类岩石εHf(t)值介于-0. 81～+5. 64之间,且二阶段模式年龄介于1119～1478Ma之间,这表明其主要来源于新生地壳的部分熔融。玄武-安山岩SiO2含量介于49. 13%～57. 82%之间,并具有较高的镁(MgO=3. 31%～6. 57%)、铁(Fe2O3=6. 54%～9. 63%)含量,且Zr/Hf比值(35. 4～37. 6)与原始地幔相应值接近,再结合该火山岩高铝(Al2O3=16. 77%～18. 34%)、高钠(Na2O=3. 46%～5. 05%)、高Th/Ce比值(0. 12～0. 25)以及Sr正异常等特征,表明其来源于俯冲交代的地幔楔的部分熔融。本次研究的所有火成岩样品均属于钙碱性系列,并表现出富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Th、K等)和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti、P等)的特征。此外,其Rb/Zr比值(0. 07～1. 0)以及Nb(4. 24×10-6～15. 17×10-6)含量与正常大陆弧接近,结合前人已报道的年代学以及地球化学资料,表明苏尼特左旗东南地区早古生代火成岩与古亚洲洋向北的俯冲演化有关。