Partitioning of trace metals between particulate,colloidal and truly dissolved fractions in a polluted river: the Upper Vistula River (Poland)

Metal partitioning depends on the physical–chemical conditions of a system and can be affected by anthropogenic inputs. In this study, the authors report the results of trace metal partitioning between particulate (>1.2 μm), colloidal (1.2 μm–1 kDa) and truly dissolved (<1 kDa) fractions in the polluted section of the Upper Vistula River compared with the non-polluted headwaters. It was found that the salt input in the Vistula River induced a decrease of colloid concentration and the increase of suspended particulate matter. Compared with upstream from the polluted section, the metal concentrations (Co, Cu, Cr, Mn and Zn) in the colloidal fraction were lower. It was mainly due to the rapid colloid coagulation at increased salinity, the competition with ligands and major ions (Ca and Mg) and the weak mobility of metals associated with particles at the pollution sources.     

Geochemistry of dissolved and particulate elements in the major rivers of China (The Huanghe,Changjiang, and Zhunjiang rivers)

The relationship between the geochemistry of dissolved and particulate materials and geographic conditions was investigated. Samples of water and suspended particulate matter were collected from five locations in three of the major rivers of China (the Huanghe, Changjiang, and Zhunjiang rivers). Because these rivers generally flow parallel to latitudes and flow through diverse geologic and climate zones, they provide excellent opportunities for comparisons of solute transport. The geochemistry of these rivers is influenced strongly by climate. The low discharge of the Huanghe River influences the character of the major ionic materials (Cl^?+SO₄ ^2? and Na⁺+K⁺) as well as the high degree of mineralization within the system. Dissolved concentrations of both major ions and trace elements are lower in the southern reaches of the rivers. The highly mobile ions, such as, Na⁺ and Ca²⁺, are depleted from the suspended particulate material in the southern regions, while the relatively immobile ions of Al, Fe, Ti, Mn, and trace metals are concentrated within the suspended mateiral. The relative mobility of some elements as measured by the Dissolved Transport Index (DTI) changes with climate. The geology of the area drained by the rivers has a major influence on the geochemistry in areas of similar climate. Lowest leaching rates in the southern climates occur in areas dominated by granite, which is resistant to weathering. The composition of both cations and anions among the three tributaries of the Zhujiang River are dependent on the rocks that dominate each eregion. Some particulate forms of the rare earth elements are present in the highest concentrations in regions dominated by granite. The DTI calculated for the major rivers in China are much smaller than those computed for other major rivers of the world. The low concentration of heavy metals in the particulate material suggests that pollution in the rivers of China is less serious than in rivers of other industrialized countries.     

Rare earth elements (REE) of dissolved and suspended loads in the Xijiang River, South China

The Xijiang River is the main channel of the Zhujiang (Pearl River), the second largest river in China in terms of water discharge, and flows through one of the largest carbonate provinces in the world. The rare earth element (REE) concentrations of the dissolved load and the suspended particulate matter (SPM) load were measured in the Xijiang River system during the high-flow season. The low dissolved REE concentration in the Xijiang River is attributed to the interaction of high pH and low DOC concentration. The PAAS-normalized REE patterns for the dissolved load show some common features: negative Ce anomaly, progressively heavy REE (HREE) enrichment relative to light REE (LREE). Similar to the world’s major rivers the absolute concentration of the dissolved REE in the Xijiang River are mainly pH controlled. The degree of REE partitioning between the dissolved load and SPM load is also strongly pH dependent. The negative Ce anomaly is progressively developed with increasing pH, being consistent with the oxidation of Ce (III) to Ce (IV) in the alkaline river waters, and the lack of Ce anomalies in several DOC-rich waters is presumably due to both Ce (III) and Ce (IV) being strongly bound by organic matter. The PAAS-normalized REE patterns for the dissolved load and the SPM load in rivers draining the carbonate rock area exhibit middle REE (MREE) enrichment and a distinct maximum at Eu, indicating the preferential dissolution of phosphatic minerals during weathering of host lithologies. Compared to the Xijiang River waters, the MREE enrichment with a maximum at Eu disappeared and light REE were more depleted in the South China Sea (SCS) waters, suggesting that the REE sourced from the Xijiang River must be further fractionated and modified on entering the SCS. The river fluxes of individual dissolved REE introduced by the Xijiang River into the SCS vary from 0.04 to 4.36 × 10⁴ mol a⁻¹.     

Rare and Rare Earth Elements in Lateritized Bauxites of the Chadobets Uplift (Siberian Platform)

Doklady Earth Sciences - The mineral and chemical composition of bauxites from the Chadobets uplift of the Siberian Platform is the total product of laterites on aluminosilicate rocks (source of...     

Rare Earth Element Concentrations in the Natural Water Reference Materials (NRCC) NASS-5, CASS-4 and SLEW-3

The rare earth element and yttrium concentrations of the NRCC reference materials North Atlantic Surface seawater, NASS-5; Coastal Atlantic Surface Seawater, CASS-4; and the estuarine water, SLEW-3 have been precisely determined by ICP-MS after ca. 1:8 preconcentration following a triple chelation using HDEHP (phosphoric acid 2-ethylhexyl ester -mono and di ester mixture) in heptane, and back extraction in nitric acid. We propose reference values with uncertainties for all naturally occurring lanthanides and yttrium.     

利用ICP-MS研究桂林寨底地下河系统中碳酸盐岩稀土元素特征及其形成环境

氢化物发生与ICP-MS联用(HG-ICP-MS)可降低基体效应和多原子离子干扰,本文自制了一种与ICP-MS联用的氢化物发生装置,该装置采用三通将酸、碱和试样引入多接头的混合反应器中,再经自行设计的气液分离器随载气进入等离子体中,据此建立了HG-ICP-MS测定地质样品中稀散元素锗和碲的分析方法。实验中以20%盐酸+2%硼氢化钾(0.1%氢氧化钾介质)作为最佳氢化物发生反应体系,0.95 L/min为最佳载气流量,获得分析信号的灵敏度和稳定性较高,连续测定20次Ge和Te信号强度的相对标准偏差分别8.3%和2.1%,残余在ICP-MS中的Ge和Te信号强度在200 s内基本清洗完毕。Ge和Te检出限分别为0.007 μg/g和0.006 μg/g,其中Te检出限比采用敞口四酸溶样ICP-MS直接测定的检出限(0.1 μg/g)更低,应用于分析实际样品可给出准确结果。     

A Compilation of Silicon,Rare Earth Element and Twenty‐One other Trace Element Concentrations in the Natural River Water Reference Material SLRS‐5 (NRC‐CNRC)

The natural river water certified reference material SLRS‐5 (NRC‐CNRC) was routinely analysed in this study for major and trace elements by ten French laboratories. Most of the measurements were made using ICP‐MS. Because no certified values are assigned by NRC‐CNRC for silicon and 35 trace element concentrations (rare earth elements, Ag, B, Bi, Cs, Ga, Ge, Li, Nb, P, Rb, Rh, Re, S, Sc, Sn, Th, Ti, Tl, W, Y and Zr), or for isotopic ratios, we provide a compilation of the concentrations and related uncertainties obtained by the participating laboratories. Strontium isotopic ratios are also given.     

A comparative study of the Rare Earth Element (REE) distributions within the Lower Cretaceous dolomites and limestones of Central Tunisia

REE distribution, strontium content and oxygen isotopic composition have been studied in the Lower Cretaceous dolomites and their interbedded and/or parental limestones of Central Tunisia. Dolomites, as indicated by previous sedimentologic, geochemical and isotopic study, are different in origin. Environments of dolomite formation include: evaporitic sabkha, deep phreatic, karst and lacustrine. With the exception of the sabkha environment, dolomitizing fluids presumably have been essentially meteoric. The comparison between REE distributions in dolomites and limestones clearly suggests that the general shapes of the REE patterns are preserved during dolomitization. Nevertheless, the total REE amounts are somewhat lowered in dolomites comparatively to parental limestones. Moreover, within the dolomites, the total REE contents are positively correlated to the Sr and δ¹⁸O contents; thus indicating that the decrease in REE, Sr, and δ¹⁸O contents is related to a decrease in the salinity of dolomitizing fluids. In addition, dolomites associated with emergence surfaces (karst) are the most impoverished in REE. Furthermore, they are relatively enriched in light REE, indicating a more or less important fractionation with the REE distributions. This enrichment has been related to the influence of the inorganic complexes which favours the greatest solubility of the heavy REE in basic solution with respect to the lightest members of the REE group.     

Specific Features of the Rare Earth Element Distribution in Rocks and Ores of the Porozhinsk Manganese Deposit (Yenisei Ridge,Krasnoyarsk Region)

Lithology and Mineral Resources - The rare earth element (REE) composition of host rocks (dolomites, Neoproterozoic Pod’’emsk Formation) and manganese ores (manganese oxides and...     

Implication of Apatite and Anhydrite for Formation of an Iron‐Oxide‐Apatite (IOA) Rare Earth Element Prospect,Benjamin River,Canada

The Benjamin River apatite prospect in northern New Brunswick, Canada, is hosted by the Late Silurian Dickie Brook plutonic complex, which is made up of intrusive units represented by monzogranite, diorite and gabbro. The IOA ores, composed mainly of apatite, augite, and magnetite at Benjamin River form pegmatitic pods and lenses in the host igneous rocks, the largest of which is 100 m long and 10–20 m wide in the diorite and gabbro units. In this study, 28 IOA ore and rock samples were collected from the diorite and gabbro units. Mineralogical observations show that the apatite–augite–magnetite ores are variable in the amounts of apatite, augite, and magnetite and are associated with minor amounts of epidote‐group minerals (allanite, REE‐rich epidote and epidte) and trace amounts of albite, titanite, ilmenite, titanomagnetite, pyrite, chlorite, calcite, and quartz. Apatite and augite grains contain small anhydrite inclusions. This suggests that the magma that crystallized apatite and augite had high oxygen fugacity. In back scattered electron (BSE) images, apatite grains in the ores have two zones of different appearance: (i) primary REE‐rich zone; and (ii) porous REE‐poor zone. The porous REE‐poor zones mainly appear in rims and/or inside of the apatite grains, in addition to the presence of apatite grains which totally consist of a porous REE‐poor apatite. This porous REE‐poor apatite is characterized by low REE (<0.84 wt%), Si (<0.28 wt%), and Cl (<0.17 wt%) contents. Epidote‐group minerals mainly occur in grain boundary between the porous REE‐poor apatite and augite. These indicate that REE leached from primary REE‐rich apatite crystallized as allanite and REE‐rich epidote. Magnetite in the ores often occurs as veinlets that cut apatite grains or as anhedral grains that replace a part of augite. These textures suggest that magnetite crystallized in the late stage. Pyrite veins occur in the ores, including a large amount of quartz and calcite veins. Pyrite veins mainly occur with quartz veins in augite. These textures indicate pyrite veins are the latest phase. Apatite–augite–magnetite ore, gabbro–quartz diorite and feldspar dike collected from the Benjamin River prospect contain dirty pure albite (Ab₉₈Or₂–Ab₁₀₀) under the microscope. The feldspar dikes mainly consist of dirty pure albite. Occurrences of the dirty pure albite suggest remarkable albitization (sodic alteration) of original plagioclase (An_25.3–An₆₀ in Pilote et al., 2012) associating with intrusion of monzogranite into gabbro and diorite. SO₄^2? bearing magma crystallized primary REE‐rich apatite, augite and anhydrite reacted with Fe in the sodic fluids, which result in oxidation of Fe²⁺ and release of S^2? into the sodic fluids. REE, Ca and Fe from primary REE‐rich apatite, augite and plagioclase altered by the sodic fluids were released into the fluids. Then Fe³⁺ in the sodic fluids precipitated as Fe oxides and epidote‐group minerals in apatite–augite–magnetite ores. Finally, residual S^2? in sodic fluids crystallized as latest pyrite veins. In conclusion, mineralization in Benjamin River IOA prospect are divided into four stages: (1) oxidized magmatic stage that crystallized apatite, augite and anhydrite; (2) sodic metasomatic stage accompanying alteration of magmatic minerals; (3) oxidized fluid stage (magnetite–epidote group minerals mineralization); and (4) reduced fluid stage (pyrite mineralization).     

矿物表征自动定量分析系统(AMICS)技术在稀土稀有矿物鉴定中的应用

云南武定迤纳厂铁-铜-稀土矿床是我国扬子地块西南缘具有代表性的元古代铁-铜-稀土矿床之一,矿床中除Fe、Cu外,还伴生REEs、Nb、Co、Mo、Au、U等元素。由于矿石矿物组成复杂,并且稀土、稀有矿物结晶粒度细小、嵌布特征复杂,使用传统的测试技术很难准确地识别鉴定,因此该矿床中稀土、稀有(铌)矿物的赋存状态研究一直较为薄弱。本文应用目前国际上矿物与地质行业先进的矿物自动分析系统——矿物表征自动定量分析系统(AMICS),结合扫描电镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)显微结构原位分析技术,实现了常规岩矿鉴定手段难以完成的矿物定量识别和鉴定,准确地测定了武定迤纳厂铁-铜-稀土矿床脉状矿石中矿物种类及其含量,在脉状矿石发现了含量可观的氟碳钙铈矿(0.82%)和少量的含铌金红石(0.02%)等稀土稀有矿物。研究表明,除了铁氧化物成矿阶段,在铜硫化物成矿阶段也伴随有稀土成矿作用,因此可将主矿化期划分为铁氧化物-稀土矿化阶段(Ⅱ-1)和铜硫化物(-金)-稀土矿化阶段(Ⅱ-2)。研究成果为矿石中稀土、稀有金属等战略矿产资源的综合利用及矿床的进一步研究提供了可靠的数据,同时建立了一套先进、实用的岩石矿物鉴定技术,可望在地质、勘探、资源的有效利用等领域得到更广泛应用。     

我国三稀(稀有稀土稀散)矿产资源调查研究成果综述

三稀资源是稀土、稀有和稀散资源的统称,是新一代尖端武器、信息技术、节能环保、医药和医疗设备、高端装备制造、新材料、新能源汽车等所需要的功能材料、结构材料和关键性原料。在国土资源部和中国地质调查局的统一领导和部署下,中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所自2011年组织全国33个单位220余人开展了我国三稀金属资源战略调查工作。在五年时间里,初步建立了全国三稀调查研究的专业队伍,研究分析了国内外三稀资源的分布、产出特征及其开发现状、选冶技术与市场供需状况,编制了稀土矿产地、价格等多项数据库(涵盖全球);在稀土矿山开采和建设用地压覆资源调查等多方面为矿政管理提供了技术支撑和专业服务;在南方离子吸附型稀土开发监管和储量动态估算等技术方面取得了重要进展;在四川甲基卡、福建永定大坪等多个地区取得了重要找矿突破;在三稀成矿规律和赋存状态研究尤其是离子吸附型稀土成矿规律和勘查技术等方面取得了重要的理论创新和方法创新。该项工作提升了我国三稀矿产资源的理论、技术研究水平,为通过矿产地质供给侧调查研究引导我国新兴产业的发展提供了示范。     

西藏墨竹工卡县邦铺钼(铜)矿床辉钼矿稀土—微量元素特征及对成矿流体性质的指示

文章以西藏墨竹工卡县邦铺钼(铜)矿床辉钼矿为研究对象,采用高精度电感耦合等离子质谱( ICPMS)对辉钼矿进行了稀土和微量元素测试.测试结果显示辉钼矿具有轻稀土富集的右倾配分模式,轻重稀土内部分馏明显.辉钼矿稀土元素不同程度地出现铕负异常和铈负异常现象,分析得出其铕负异常可能是继承了成矿流体自身铕亏损的特征,而铈负异常...     

Morphology and recent history of the Rhone River Delta in Lake Geneva (Switzerland)

The current topographic maps of the Rhone Delta—and of Lake Geneva in general—are mainly based on hydrographic data that were acquired during the time of F.-A. Forel at the end of the nineteenth century. In this paper we present results of a new bathymetric survey, based on single- and multi-beam echosounder data. The new data, presented as a digital terrain model, show a well-structured lake bottom morphology, reflecting depositional and erosional processes that shape the lake floor. As a major geomorphologic element, the sub-aquatic Rhone Delta extends from the coastal platform to the depositional fans of the central plain of the lake at 310 m depth. 9 canyons cut the platform edge of the delta. These are sinuous (“meandering”) channels formed by erosional and depositional processes, as indicated by the steep erosional canyon walls and the depositional levees on the canyon shoulders. Ripples or dune-like morphologies wrinkle the canyon bottoms and some slope areas. Subaquatic mass movements are apparently missing on the delta and are of minor importance on the lateral lake slopes. Morphologies of the underlying bedrock and small local river deltas are located along the lateral slopes of Lake Geneva. Based on historical maps, the recent history of the Rhone River connection to the sub-aquatic delta and the canyons is reconstructed. The transition from three to two river branches dates to 1830–1840, when the river branch to the Le Bouveret lake bay was cut. The transition from two to one river branch corresponds to the achievement of the correction and dam construction work on the modern Rhone River channel between 1870 and 1880.     

Distribution of polycyclic musks in water and particulate matter of the Lippe River (Germany)

The occurrence and distribution of polycyclic musks in the Lippe River system (a tributary of the Rhine River, Germany) was investigated in order to observe the dynamic transport and partitioning of these compounds between aqueous and particulate phases after their discharge into the river by sewage effluents. 1,3,4,6,7,8-Hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[g]-2-benzopyrane (HHCB), 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN), 6-acetyl-1,1,2,3,3,5-hexamethylindane (AHMI) and 4-acetyl-1,1-dimethyl-6-tert.-butylindane (ADBI) concentrations were determined in 19 water and surface sediment samples which were taken from a longitudinal section of the river. HHCB and AHTN were present in each of the water samples at concentrations ranging from <10 to 180 ng l⁻¹ and <10 to 70 ng l⁻¹, respectively. The load of dissolved HHCB and AHTN was calculated on the basis of compound concentrations in water and the corresponding river runoff data and ranged from 3 to 293 g day⁻¹ and from 1 to 108 g day⁻¹, respectively. Increasing loads of HHCB and AHTN along the river reflect a high input of sewage effluents to the densely populated areas along the central part of the river. Decreasing loads at the lower reaches indicate that in the corresponding river sections the rate of removal of musks was higher than the rate of input. Degradation and/or adsorption to particulate matter are processes that might explain this phenomenon. Consequently, high concentrations of HHCB and AHTN were detected in surface sediments from the Lippe River (from 5 to 191 μg kg⁻¹ and from 2 to 1399 μg kg⁻¹, respectively). HHCB/AHTN ratios in sediment samples were lower (average 1.2) than in water samples (average 2.9), suggesting the preferential adsorption of AHTN to particulate matter.     

Delta progradation and chenier formation in the Huanghe (Yellow River) delta,China

To clarify Holocene development of the Huanghe (Yellow River) delta and the relationship between delta progradation and chenier formation, detailed sediment analyses and high-resolution radiocarbon dating were done on borehole samples taken from two sites on the present Huanghe; H9601 (Latitude 37°40.5′N and Longitude 118°28.7′E with an altitude of +5.5 m) and H9602 (Lat. 37°47.8′N and Long. 118°54.3′E, +4.8 m). Downcore changes of sediment facies and accumulation rate show that delta progradation occurred at least twice during ca 2.6–1.2 C-14 yrBP and 1855–present at the two borehole sites. These phases of progradation correlate with Superlobes 6 and 7 and Superlobe 10 respectively, of ten superlobes composing the Holocene Huanghe Delta shown by C. Xue (Historical changes in the Yellow River delta, China, Marine Geology 113, 321–329, 1993). The boundary of these sediments at H9602 is sharp and erosional, and correlates with cheniers located between borehole sites on the delta plain. The diastem period between these phases of progradation almost coincides with the periods when the river mouth of the Huanghe was located in the northwestern part of the Bohai Sea during 1048–1128 AD (Superlobe 8), and the Jiangsu region facing the Yellow Sea during 1128–1855 (Superlobe 9). This suggests that chenier formation and delta progradation are linked, and controlled by sediment supply and river course shifts of the lower reaches of the Huanghe.     

Historical record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals in floodplain sediments from the Rhine River (Hessisches Ried, Germany)

The depth-related content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals was determined for two soil profiles (i.e. one Fluvisol and one Gleyic Cambisol) which developed in sediments from floodplains located at an old meander of the Rhine river. The meander had been cut off from the main river in 1829. The separation of the meander from the main river caused a change in sediment deposition (i.e. from sand to silt) which is clearly visible in the soil-profiles. Since that time, approximately 100 cm of sediments have accumulated due to temporary flooding of the area. Each soil profile was separated into 18 samples. The samples were analysed for their content of PAH after solvent extraction. Additionally, several trace elements (Co, Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr and Cu) were determined in the same sample set, and depth-related concentration profiles for both PAH and trace elements were developed. The distribution patterns of PAH with more than 3 condensed rings did not provide any evidence for PAH biodegradation or vertical transport after deposition of the sediments. Thus, in the case of PAH, the historical record can be derived not only from subhydric sediments but also from floodplain sediments. It was not possible to distinguish between atmospheric and fluvial input of PAH into the sediments from the observed distribution patterns due to the same origin of PAH from pyrolytic processes. A source determination of the PAH was not possible except for perylene, for which biogenic formation can be assumed. A comparison of the results shows that the depth-related PAH and trace element concentrations display similar trends over most of the total profiles. In the uppermost section of the profiles, the concentration of most trace elements declines whereas the PAH concentration remains high. This indicates the presence of different sources for PAH and trace elements in the last decades.     

A New Interlaboratory Characterisation of Silicon,Rare Earth Elements and Twenty‐Two Other Trace Element Concentrations in the Natural River Water Certified Reference Material SLRS‐6 (NRC‐CNRC)

The natural river water reference material SLRS‐6 (NRC‐CNRC) is the newest batch of a quality control material routinely used in many international environmental laboratories. This work presents a nine‐laboratory compilation of measurements of major and trace element concentrations and their related uncertainties, unavailable in the NRC‐CNRC certificate (B, Cs, Li, Ga, Ge, Hf, Nb, P, Rb, Rh, Re, S, Sc, Se, Si, Sn, Th, Ti, Tl, W, Y, Y, Zr and REEs). Measurements were mostly made using inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry. The results are compared with equivalent data for the last batch of the material, SLRS‐5, measured simultaneously with SLRS‐6 in this study. In general, very low concentrations, close to the quantification limits, were found in the new batch. The Sr isotopic ratio is also reported.     

Tectonic Activities and Evolution of the Red River Delta (North Viet Nam) in the Holocene

Geotectonics - The Red River delta with an area of about 12 620 km2 is one of the largest deltas of Viet Nam and it also is one of the remarkable deltas of Asia. The delta was formed during...     

黄河三角洲地区地下淡水(微咸水)的形成与演化

黄河三角洲地区地下淡水(微咸水)资源贫乏,咸水广布.南部冲洪积平原受第二次海侵层位的影响形成大面积咸水,后又被逐渐淡化.近年来由于开采量加大,又使北部咸水南侵.海积冲积平原随着黄河河道的变迁,仅在黄河现行河道两侧和充水的黄河故道带分布有淡水(微咸水).近代、现代黄河三角洲古河道带和决口扇淡水体已被咸化.