Diagnosis of the Medium-Range Variation of the Subtropical High over the Western Pacific during a Meiyu Process by Three-Dimensional E－P Flux

In this paper, using the daily grid data (2.5 × 2.5) of the ECMWF / WMO, we have computed respectively the three-dimensional wave activity flux in the stages of pre-onset, prevailing and post ending of Meiyu from 1 to 31 July 1982. The potential vorticity field is taken as the physical quantity relating the wave activity flux to the variation of the subtropical high over the Western Pacific. It is found that the three-dimensional wave activity flux is a powerful means for diagnosis of the variation of the subtropical high over the Western Pacific: The region of the subtropical high is just the confluence area of wave energy, whose changes in intensity and range decide the variation of the subtropical high. The confluence of wave energy comes from the monsoon flow in low latitudes, the Meiyu rain belts in middle latitudes and the heating fields on the eastern side of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. The relation between these sources and the subtropical high displays the self-adjusting mechanism among member     

High and low latitude types of the downstream influences of the North Atlantic Oscillation

Using reanalysis data, we find that the downstream-propagating quasi-stationary Rossby wave train associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) generally propagates along a high (low)-latitude pathway during warm (cold) El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) boreal winters. Consistent with the different propagation directions of the NAO-related downstream wave train, during the warm (cold) ENSO winters, the NAO is associated with significant 300 hPa geopotential height anomalies over eastern Siberia (the Arabian Sea, the east coast of Asia at around 40°N, and the North Pacific), and the near-surface air temperature perturbations associated with the NAO over the high latitudes of Asia are relatively strong (weak). Based on these differences, we argue that the NAO has two distinct types of downstream influence: a high-latitude type and a low-latitude type. Furthermore, we argue that the two types of NAO’s downstream influence are modulated by the intensity of the subtropical potential vorticity (PV) meridional gradient over Africa. When this gradient is weak (strong), as in the warm (cold) ENSO winters, the NAO’s downstream influence tends to be of the high (low)-latitude type. These results are further supported by analysis of intraseasonal NAO events. We separate NAO events into two categories in terms of the intensity of the subtropical PV gradient over Africa. Composites of the NAO events accompanied by a weak (strong) subtropical PV gradient show that the NAO-related downstream wave train tends to propagate along a high (low)-latitude pathway.     

Influence of Low-frequency Solar Forcing on the East Asian Winter Monsoon Based on HadCM3 and Observations

In this study, we investigate the influence of low-frequency solar forcing on the East Asian winter monsoon(EAWM)by analyzing a four-member ensemble of 600-year simulations performed with Had CM3(Hadley Centre Coupled Model,version 3). We find that the EAWM is strengthened when total solar irradiance(TSI) increases on the multidecadal time scale. The model results indicate that positive TSI anomalies can result in the weakening of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, causing negative sea surface temperature(SST) anomalies in the North Atlantic. Especially for the subtropical North Atlantic, the negative SST anomalies can excite an anomalous Rossby wave train that moves from the subtropical North Atlantic to the Greenland Sea and finally to Siberia. In this process, the positive sea-ice feedback over the Greenland Sea further enhances the Rossby wave. The wave train can reach the Siberian region, and strengthen the Siberian high. As a result, low-level East Asian winter circulation is strengthened and the surface air temperature in East Asia decreases. Overall,when solar forcing is stronger on the multidecadal time scale, the EAWM is typically stronger than normal. Finally, a similar linkage can be observed between the EAWM and solar forcing during the period 1850–1970.     

西太平洋副热带高压的气候振动

本文根据1951—1984年逐月副高面积指数和赤道东太平洋海面温度资料，研究了副高的长期变化特征及其与海面温度和太阳活动的关系。发现:副高的强弱有明显的阶段性和3.2、3.8、11.3和22.5年的周期性，周期的长度随着阶段的转变而变化；副高的3—4年振荡主要受海面温度的支配，在副高由弱转强时，海温的变化在先，副高由强转弱时，海温的变化在后；副高的11.3年和22.5年的周期可能受太阳活动的影响，副高阶段的转折年份大都在太阳黑子11年周期的极值年前后，而且在太阳活动奇数周期中副高偏强，偶数周期中副高偏弱。这些结果为副高的气候预报提供了某些依据。     

玉林夏季高温天气气候特征与环流形势分析

利用近50年（1961～2010年）广西玉林站的气温、风、相对湿度、日照等地面观测资料及历史天气图、NCEP／NCAR再分析资料,统计分析了玉林夏季高温天气的气候特征并探讨出现高温天气的大气环流形势。结果表明：（1）玉林高温天气主要出现在6-9月,3d以上的持续高温主要出现在7～8月,且高温日数的年际差异很大。玉林高温...     

青藏高原地区地气系统太阳辐射能收支的研究

本文利用1982年8月—1983年7月Nimbus-7的月平均行星反射率资料和根据卫星资料得到的地面总辐射、地表反射率的估算结果,分析了青藏高原地区地气系统(大气顶)的太阳辐射能收支和地表、大气对太阳辐射吸收的时空变化特征,给出了表征太阳辐射能收支的一些基本参数,讨论了以行星反射率为基本参数表征大气、地表对太阳辐射吸收的参数化方法。分析表明:过渡季节5月份的行星反射率极小值的出现对青藏高原地区太阳辐射能收支有重要调节作用;全年平均而言,青藏高原地区被地气系统反射和被大气、地表吸收的太阳辐射的比例为37:18:45。     

春季西太平洋海表面温度对我国江南春雨的影响

利用NCAR提供的第5代全球大气环流模式CAM3.1探讨了春季西太平洋副热带地区海表面温度对我国江南春雨的影响。数值试验结果表明:春季西太平洋副热带地区海表面温度升高可引起同期东亚—西太平洋副热带纬向海陆热力差异减弱,进而引起3—4月青藏高原东南侧的低涡强度减弱,该低涡与西太平洋副热带高压之间的位势梯度减小,中低纬度西太平洋副热带高压强度减弱,其北侧的850 hPa西南风强度相应减弱,因此西南暖湿气流输送也随之减弱,造成江南地区的水汽通量辐合强度明显减弱,这种环流分布状况将不利于出现较强的江南春雨,导致江南春雨强度明显减小。     

全球副热带高压和赤道辐合带演变规律的分析和应用

根据卫星观测的OLR(射出长波辐射)资料,分析了全球副热带高压和赤道辐合带的演变规律,探讨了长江流域出现特大洪涝年的异常特征及持续性。结果表明,密切关注11月—2月全球副热带高压的异常分布特征和3—6月赤道辐合带南侧低纬洋面积云对流的强弱,是预报长江流域特大洪涝发生的重要着眼点。     

Natural forcing of climate during the last millennium: fingerprint of solar variability

The variability of the climate during the last millennium is partly forced by changes in total solar irradiance (TSI). Nevertheless, the amplitude of these TSI changes is very small so that recent reconstruction data suggest that low frequency variations in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and in the thermohaline circulation may have amplified, in the North Atlantic sector and mostly in winter, the radiative changes due to TSI variations. In this study we use a state-of-the-art climate model to simulate the last millennium. We find that modelled variations of surface temperature in the Northern Hemisphere are coherent with existing reconstructions. Moreover, in the model, the low frequency variability of this mean hemispheric temperature is found to be correlated at 0.74 with the solar forcing for the period 1001?C1860. Then, we focus on the regional climatic fingerprint of solar forcing in winter and find a significant relationship between the low frequency TSI forcing and the NAO with a time lag of more than 40?years for the response of the NAO. Such a lag is larger than the around 20-year lag suggested in other studies. We argue that this lag is due, in the model, to a northward shift of the tropical atmospheric convection in the Pacific Ocean, which is maximum more than four decades after the solar forcing increase. This shift then forces a positive NAO through an atmospheric wave connection related to the jet-stream wave guide. The shift of the tropical convection is due to the persistence of anomalous warm SST forcing the anomalous precipitation, associated with the advection of warm SST by the North Pacific subtropical gyre in a few decades. Finally, we analyse the response of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation to solar forcing and find that the former is weakened when the latter increases. Changes in wind stress, notably due to the NAO, modify the barotropic streamfunction in the Atlantic 50?years after solar variations. This implies a wind-driven modification of the oceanic circulation in the Atlantic sector in response to changes in solar forcing, in addition to the variations of the thermohaline circulation.     

滇中水稻冷害的强低温长期预报

本文分析了昆明(能代表滇中地区)3—8月月积温及8月平均气温对水稻产量的影响,提出了水稻冷害的低温指标。 本文得到:3—8月500毫巴西太平洋副高的强弱是影响昆明同期气温高低的重要因素,而该副高的强度有较好的持续性,故可据该副高1—2月的强度,预报滇中水稻冷害低温的有无。 另外得出:西太平洋副高春夏季的强度,在上年11月已有反映,故可更早作出有无水稻冷害低温的估计。     

探测环境对北京气象站气温观测值的影响分析

为深入了解气象探测环境对气温观测数据的影响,利用2017年北京市观象台（54511）与南海子站（A1274）逐小时地面气象要素数据,分析两站气温差异以及因站点探测环境导致的日照、风速和降水对两站气温差异的影响。结果表明：2017年两站气温差异较明显,年平均气温54511站比A1274站高0.75℃;两站逐月平均气温54511站全年高于A1274站,两站差值7月最低为0.60℃,9月最高为1.09℃;两站平均日最高气温较接近,平均日最低气温差异较大,54511站较A1274站高1.24℃;两站气温的日变化特征相似,呈单峰分布,54511站气温日较差低于A1274站。两站小时气温差值随着日照时长和强度的增加而增加,短波辐射效应最强的10-14时和长波辐射效应最强的19-23时两站气温差值与当日白天直接辐射曝辐量的相关系数分别为0.459和0.601;水平风速对两站气温差值的影响较大。水平风速超过5 m·s^-1时,两站气温差小于0.1℃;当水平风速不超过1 m·s^-1时,两站观测气温差值达到1.28℃;降水天气下两站的气温差值小于非降水天气,出现降水时次54511站平均气温仅比A1274站高0.2℃。两站相距4.3 km,气候均一,测站周边2 km范围内建设用地占比54511站比A1274站高约30%,植被占比低28%,水体占比相差不大。另外,54511站附近的五环路具有低反射率和高热容的特征,白天能够吸收太阳辐射储存较多的热量,这些热量在夜间释放,可能是两站探测环境对太阳辐射吸收的差异决定了两站温差受太阳辐射和风速的影响较大,而受降水影响较小。     

全球变暖背景下西太平洋副热带高压变化的探讨

为去除全球变暖等压面抬升的影响、客观地反映西太平洋副热带高压的真实变化,本研究使用了1951~2017年NCEP/NCAR的月平均500hPa高度场再分析资料以及国家气候中心提供6~8月的大气环流指数,基于去除全球变暖影响的西太平洋副热带高压表征线,研究探讨了全球变暖背景下西太平洋副热带高压的变化。研究表明,去除全球变暖影响前(后)西太平洋副热带高压有面积指数增大(减小)、强度指数增强(减弱)和西伸脊点指数西伸(东退)的演变特征。可见,全球变暖可能是西太平洋副热带高压面积、强度和东西位置发生变化的原因之一。     

Reduced soil moisture contributes to more intense and more frequent heat waves in northern China

Heat waves have attracted increasing attention in recent years due to their frequent occurrence. The present study investigates the heat wave intensity and duration in China using daily maximum temperature from 753 weather stations from 1960 to 2010. In addition, its relationships with soil moisture local forcing on the ten-day period and monthly scales in spring and summer are analyzed using soil moisture data from weather stations and ERA40 reanalysis data. And finally, a mechanistic analysis is carried out using CAM5.1 (Community Atmosphere Model, version 5.1) coupled with CLM2 (Community Land Model, version 2). It is found that the heat wave frequency and duration show a sandwich distribution across China, with high occurrence rates in Southeast China and Northwest China, where the maximum frequency and duration exceeded 2.1 times and 9 days per year, respectively. The increasing trends in both duration and intensity occurred to the north of 35°N. The relationships between heat wave frequency in northern China in July (having peak distribution) and soil moisture in the earlier stage (from March to June) and corresponding period (July) are further analyzed, revealing a strong negative correlation in March, June and July, and thus showing that soil moisture in spring and early summer could be an important contributor to heat waves in July via positive subtropical high anomalies. However, the time scales of influence were relatively short in the semi-humid and humid regions, and longer in the arid region. The contribution in the corresponding period took place via positive subtropical high anomalies and positive surface skin temperature and sensible heat flux anomalies.     

越赤道气流对副高脊线北抬至25°N的影响

副高脊线北抬至25°N的时间早晚是福建前汛期结束和开始进入夏季的重要环流背景。应用850hPa月平均风场、500hPa环流场和西太平洋副热带高压脊线北抬至25°N日期及福建省25个代表站(县)6—7月的降水为基本分析资料,首先标定副高北抬至25°N的标准与年例,其次采用合成分析法揭示异常年例6月850hPa风场的基本特征,进而探讨了索马里越赤道气流强度变化对副高北抬至25°N的影响关系,最后对2005年进行诊断。其主要结果有:(1)6月索马里越赤道气流强劲(不够明显),较常年偏强(偏弱),有利于副高北抬至25°N提早(推迟);(2)5—6月索马里越赤道气流强度与500hPa东亚至西太平洋中纬度区域的高度场呈现正相关关系,该区域高度场高(低)有(不)利于副高主体北抬,为副高北抬25°N时间提早(推迟)提供有利环流背景;(3)索马里越赤道气流强度为副高北抬至25°N提供了一个较强的预报预测信号;诊断2005年副高北抬至25°N提早,实况与诊断相符。     

北半球E-P通量分析及其与副热带高压的关系

利用北半球1951－2000年冬季（1月）200hPa,500hPa的月平均资料，计算出E－P通量，并根据平均环流的E－P通量剖面图，研究了北半球冬季在大地形作用下，波动对基本气流的作用，以及波流相互作用下行星波的传播。北半球冬季平均E－P通量的辐合辐散与地形作用形成的大槽大脊相对应，其强度也与槽脊的强度相一致。另外，根据多年夏季（7月）的月平均高度场、风场及降水资料得到E－P通量和副热带高压的关系，进一步得到E－P通量与异常天气的关系。     

东亚副热带西风急流位置异常对长江中下游夏季降水的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR 200 hPa月平均风场再分析资料,定义东亚大陆对流层上层不同经度上最大西风所在位置的平均纬度为东亚副热带西风急流轴线指数,该指数能准确反映东亚副热带西风急流位置的南北变化及其对长江中下游降水的影响,并能较好地体现东亚夏季风盛行期间对流层低层与高层的纬向风场变化特征。分析表明,该指数的时间变化具有与长江中下游夏季降水较一致的年代际变化及年际振荡特征。对东亚副热带西风急流位置异常年的大气环流差异分析表明,急流异常偏北时,南亚高压偏弱,位置偏北偏西,呈伊朗高压型;西太平洋副热带高压(下称西太副高)偏弱、位置偏东偏北;气流的辐合上升区北移至华北一带,而长江流域低层风场为辐散异常,上升气流较常年偏弱,降水偏少。急流异常偏南时,南亚高压偏强,位置偏南偏东,呈青藏高压型;西太副高偏强、位置偏西偏南;长江流域地区上空低层有较强辐合上升气流,高层有较强的气流辐散,对流旺盛,雨带在此维持,容易引发洪涝。     

WINTERTIME MIDDLE EAST SUBTROPICAL WESTERLY JET STREAM INTERANNUAL VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS POSSIBLE PHYSICAL FACTORS

Using National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Department of Energy (NCEP/DOE) monthly reanalysis data and an extended reconstruction of the sea surface temperature data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the basic characteristics of the interannual variation in the wintertime Middle East subtropical westerly jet stream (MEJ) and its possible physical factors are studied. The results show that the climatological mean MEJ axis extends southwestward-northeastward and that its center lies in the northwest part of the Arabian Peninsula. The south-north shift of the MEJ axis and its intensity show obvious interannual variations that are closely related to the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the mid-high latitude atmospheric circulation. The zonal symmetric response of the Asian jet to the ENSO-related tropical convective forcing causes the MEJ axis shift, and the Arctic Oscillation (AO) causes the middle-western MEJ axis shift. Due to the influences of both the zonal symmetric response of the Asian jet to the ENSO-related tropical convective forcing and the dynamical role of the AO, an east-west out-of-phase MEJ axis shift is observed. Furthermore, the zonal asymmetric response to the ENSO-related tropical convective forcing can lead to an anomalous Mediterranean convergence (MC) in the high troposphere. The MC anomaly excites a zonal wave train along the Afro-Asian jet, which causes the middle-western MEJ axis shift. Under the effects of both the zonal symmetric response to the ENSO-related tropical convective forcing and the wave train along the Afro-Asian jet excited by the MC anomaly, an east-west in-phase MEJ axis shift pattern is expressed. Finally, the AO affects the MEJ intensity, whereas the East Atlantic (EA) teleconnection influences the middle-western MEJ intensity. Under the dynamical roles of the AO and EA, the change in the MEJ intensity is demonstrated.     

青藏高原夏季风对长江中下游气候的影响及与南亚高压的联系

应用1951～2011年NCEP/NCAR第一套逐月再分析资料和国家气候中心提供的全国160站逐月的降水和气温资料.通过相关分析得出该指数与长江中下游的夏季降水（温度）存在正（负）相关（均通过了95％的显著性检验）.高原夏季风存在明显的年际和年代际变化,1979年是其突变点.高原夏季风与副热带高压以及南亚高压的特征参数之间存在较好的相关性.高原夏季风偏强（弱）时,南亚高压出现青藏高原（伊朗高原）模态,强度减弱（增强）且东伸（西退）,副高增强（减弱）且西伸（东退）.南亚高压的各个特征参数都存在共同2～4年周期振荡,且高原夏季风与南亚高压主中心的经度（纬度）在3～5年（3～4年以及5～6年）上的显著关系最好.     

2013年盛夏中国中东部高温天气的成因分析

为了研究2013年盛夏中国中东部地区异常高温天气的成因,根据中国191个站地面观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,利用热力学方程进行了诊断分析。结果表明,非绝热加热(主要是长波净辐散)是夏季中国中东部地区升温最为主要的因子,但2013年盛夏中国中东部地区温度异常偏高(距平)主要是由中低层异常偏强(相对常年平均)的下沉运动造成的,偏强的非绝热加热也有一定的贡献,而异常的温度平流(冷平流)则起着负贡献。结合天气形势分析发现,500 hPa西太平洋副热带高压(西太副高)偏强、偏西、偏北和200 hPa南亚高压偏强、偏东、偏北是造成2013年盛夏中国中东部地区中低层下沉运动偏强的主要原因,偏强的下沉运动又会使空中云雨减少,地表吸收的太阳短波辐射偏强,地表温度偏高,地表向上的感热通量和长波辐射也随之增大。结合海表温度的分析发现,2013年盛夏西太副高偏强、偏西、偏北主要是由赤道西太平洋地区、黑潮地区和北半球西风漂流区海面温度异常偏高造成的。     

西风带系统的异常活动对2003年淮河暴雨的作用机制研究

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料, 分析了2003年6—7月亚洲中高纬地区阻塞形势对淮河暴雨的作用。结果表明:亚洲北部阻塞高压的建立和维持, 使得500 hPa高度上西风锋区南压, 引导冷空气南下, 造成中纬度地区冷暖空气和能量交换频繁。尤其在2003年6月20日后, 阻塞高压活动加强, 淮河流域北部维持为大气能量锋区, 低层850 hPa副热带锋区也长期停滞在35°N附近。阻塞高压的异常活动通过对大气动量和热量的一次次向南频散, 造成淮河流域连续发生暴雨天气过程。阻塞高压的强度及位置变化与前部低涡的活动密切相关, 并通过西风带基本气流及长波系统的螺旋结构的变化, 激发Rossby波的经向传播来影响副热带高压的南北进退, 从而决定了雨带的位置。