Earthquake detection capability of North Indian seismological stations

Summary The relative detection capability of nine seismological stations situated north of 20°N in India has been studied. The best stations were the WWSSN stations NDI and SHL, followed by CHA, DDI, BOK and BHK. The remaining stations CAL, SEH and TOC are inferior in their detection capability.     

基于萤石云API的测震台站视频监视系统

为了提高测震台站运维工作效率,设计一套视频监视系统,实现地震台网中心对测震台站的远程、实时视频监视,数据流监视与中断告警,入侵侦测与告警以及市电中断告警等功能。系统分为台站端子系统和中心端子系统,其中,台站端子系统集成萤石网络摄像机、市电监控装置和4G路由器等设备,可以将台站视频截图通过4G信道近实时传输至中心端子系统;中心端子系统是一套应用程序,基于萤石云API开发。该系统为无人值守台站的视频监视提供了完整解决方案,在承德中心台的应用证明,可提高台网运维工作效率。     

Attenuation in the uppermost inner core from PKP recordings at African seismological stations

The attenuation factor Q_P at the top of the inner core is evaluated by using the amplitude spectral ratio of PKPdf and PKPbc phases observed at African stations (BGCA mostly), from strong deep earthquakes in the Pacific Ocean area. The maximum depth of penetration of the PKPdf phase into the inner core (IC) is roughly 377 km, and the sampled region of IC is centered beneath the Southern Indian Ocean. The derived mean value of Q_P is 249 ± 31 (95% confidence level) in the frequency range 0.2–2 Hz, where no frequency dependence of attenuation has been reliably observed. By using Student’s t-test, we show that the value is statistically significantly different (with a probability greater than 95%) from other mean values of Q derived by using the same method, for both the western (180 °W to 40 °E) and eastern (40 °E to 180 °E) hemispheres of the IC. The decrease of Q with the radius of the turning point (denoted by r^TP), according to Q_P = 840 − 0.62 r^TP, has a moderate statistical support (the R-squared value is 38%). A slightly increase of Q as a function of the angle of the PKPdf path within the inner core with respect to the Earth’s spin axis is observed, in agreement with various investigations performed in the time domain. However, the value of the anisotropy, if any, is suggested to be around 3%.     

核试验监测的地震学研究综述

侦察探测核爆事件,评估核爆信息等核试验监测工作,对评估核爆威力、研究核爆炸现象以及各种破坏因素的变化规律有着重要意义.地震学提供了核试验监测中关键的研究手段.核试验地震学监测研究主要包括核试验识别、定位、埋深、震级和当量的估计等内容.根据近半个世纪以来核试验方式的变化和技术的发展,介绍和总结了核试验监测中相关研究进展状况,主要包括事件定位、判别、震级测定、当量和埋深估计等地震学观测、理论和方法.

     

测震学综合应用软件系统在地震监测工作中的应用

简要说明了测震学综合应用软件系统的系统特点;详细介绍了该软件系统的功能;重点分析了该软件系统在地震监测工作中的应用,如在地震编目、序列自动编目、测震台网控制震级能力评定、辅助台网布设方案设计及地震现场应急等方面的应用。用户反馈的信息表明,测震学综合应用软件系统可以在地震监测中发挥重要作用。     

地震监测设施建设定额标准体系分析研究

文中在清理和分析地震监测设施各项建设标准和实际案例的基础上,系统总结了当前建立地震监测设施标准体系架构的主要依据,提出了建立地震监测设施标准体系架构的基本原则.遵照国家相关编制标准的规范要求,在主要依据和基本原则的基础上,研究提出测震、重力、地磁、形变、地电和地下流体等地震观测手段的专业建设内容的定额标准体系架构,指导地震监测设施建设定额标准编制.     

Simultaneous simulation of the three components of seismic accelerograms at locations around seismological stations

Journal of Seismology - This paper proposes a new numerical procedure, based on an evolutionary optimization algorithm, for the simultaneous generation of the three components of the seismic ground...     

邯郸数字台网监测范围评估

利用震级公式通过最大振幅和量规函数反推单台控制距离的方法，计算出邯郸数字化遥测台网的理论监测范围，并与模拟台网监测范围相比较，结果认为邯郸数字化监测台网比模拟台网的监测能力有较大的提高。     

Joint analysis of seismological data by the USSO and DSS stations in the Caucasus region

This paper deals with a procedure of a joint analysis of seismic data from earthquakes and those obtained by DSS. The DSS data are used as a first approximation to construct a two-dimensional model of the medium made up of individual blocks. These models serve as a basis when constructing specific three-dimensional travel-time curves. These travel-time curves are further used for the calculation of hypocenter parameters in a laterally inhomogeneous block medium.The hypocenter field and the travel times obtained are input data for the computation of three-dimensional fields of velocities in earthquake focal zones. Results of applying the proposed procedure to the Caucasus region are presented.     

Variations with time in the detection thresholds of P for seismological stations reporting to the ISC

To determine maximum-likelihood magnitudes for a given seismological network requires estimates of the detection thresholds of short-period P for the individual stations. Ideally the detection threshold of a station with fixed instrumentation and operating procedures would be constant. However, some stations reporting to the International Seismological Centre (ISC) show systematic variations with time. Other stations are unreliable or report amplitudes (A) and periods (T) only intermittently. Ways are therefore needed for choosing stations that have a consistent performance over many years. Two rough measures are described here that can be used to look at variation in the apparent detection thresholds with time: one is the number of A/T observations (at distances greater than 20^∘) and the other , for the P detections associated each month by the ISC; being the average . Some of the factors that control detection thresholds and clearly revealed by these rough measures are: array stations have lower thresholds than conventional observatories; installation of automatic detectors can lower the threshold; and annual variations in noise level are reflected in annual variations in detection thresholds. For some stations an apparent lowering of the threshold appears not to be due to changes at the station, but is a consequence of the lowering of the ISC reporting thresholds in the region around the station. For stations of the Swiss seismological network there is a slow rise in the threshold from the mid-1970s to 1992 which is difficult to explain but seems to be due to a gradual changes in the detail with which the seismograms are analysed.     

基于中国地震台网观测报告的M_L与M_S经验关系

根据1990～2000年《中国地震年报》和2001～2008年《中国数字地震台网观测报告》的大量数据,研究了测定面波震级MS与近震震级ML的不确定性;采用双随机变量的回归方法,用3种不同的数据组,获得二者之间的3组新的转换关系。结果表明,自20世纪70年代使用至今的公式MS=1.13ML-1.08严重偏离数据组,已不适用于新的数据。考虑到测定震级的不确定性及数据的离散性较大等因素,认为采用关系式MS=0.03+0.98ML作为新的经验关系更合理适用。     

电磁监测台站观测的舒曼谐振背景变化

舒曼谐振是由闪电激发的电离层与地面之间的全球电磁震荡,在地球与电离层空腔中传播,由于共振作用,其电磁波能量明显高于其他频率电磁波能量.舒曼谐振具有稳定的频域参数和频谱结构,近几年的研究发现,地震发生前会使这些固有参数发生扰动,因此利用舒曼谐振异常来进行地震短临监测可能是一种行之有效的手段.要判断舒曼谐振地震电磁异常,了解舒曼谐振电磁场背景变化规律是前提.本文利用极低频电磁台站观测的天然电磁场数据,处理和分析了各台站观测的舒曼谐振频率电磁场功率谱随时间的变化,得到了舒曼谐振随季节和纬度的背景变化规律.并提出将舒曼谐振背景变化规律应用到地震短临监测预报中,能够为今后辨别地震监测中的舒曼谐振异常提供物理依据.     

关键路径法在地震监测设施建设定额编制中的应用

从项目管理角度出发,介绍关键路径法在项目管理中应用的基本原则和方法,并在《地震监测设施建设标准定额体系研究》项目管理中实际应用,不仅在计划制定期间求得工期、资源、成本的优化,而且在计划的执行过程中,通过信息反馈,进行有效的监督、控制和调整,保证项目在预定期望中的目标实现,通过识别并严格执行关键路径,提高项目管理的效率,压缩项目实施进度.     

云南省年度地震重点危险区市县监测预报工作调研报告

地市地震监测机构是做好地市防震减灾工作的中坚力量,随着监测预报工作的不断加强,提升地市地震监测机构专业能力迫在眉睫。结合社会功能、职责任务、人员和岗位结构,明确了地市地震监测机构的定位,指出了提升其专业能力的重大意义。在此基础上,分析了地市地震监测机构专业能力的基本要求和现状,提出了提升专业能力的根本途径和保障措施。     

Non-stationary structural response with evolutionary spectra using seismological input model

A recently developed seismological model of ground motion is incorporated into the non-stationary random vibration theory making use of Priestley's evolutionary power spectral density. A general method of computing the input power spectrum is proposed and shown to reduce to the classical method when the input and the output are taken as stationary. Based on the concepts of Yang's non-stationary envelopes and first-passage reliability estimates via extreme point process, a statistical response spectrum for the pseudo-velocity is developed. Comparisons made among the results of non-stationary analysis with different modulating functions, and that of the stationary approximation, on SDOF linear structures with 5 per cent damping show that the type ofmodulating function chosen has little effect on the magnitudes of mean pseudo-velocities, provided the input power spectrum is properly scaled, and that the stationary approximation produces conservative results for structures with natural periods greater than 0.5 sec.     

单台数字化地震监测系统在地方地震工作中的应用

广州市番禺区地层办公室在全国地方地层工作部门范围内，首先建成了一套单台数字化地层监测系统——TDS单台数字化地震监测处理系统，提高了番禺及其邻近地区的地层监测能力，为政府快速反应提供依据，并配合其他职能部门，在地震应急、解决因爆破引起的纠纷和地震科普宣传等方面得到了很好的应用。     

利用多种地震学参数研究中国大陆地壳应变场

地壳应变场研究是地球动力学研究的一个基础性领域, 以往文献的探索大多集中在地壳形变的测量和研究上, 包括大面积水准测量和GPS观测等。 文中利用多种地震学参数研究中国大陆地壳应变场, 利用哈佛CMT目录和现代中国地震目录得到了中国大陆不同区域面波震级与标量地震矩的统计关系, 进而采用中国大陆历史地震资料研究中国大陆地壳应变场, 给出地震最大剪切应变率场的分布。 研究结果显示, 青藏高原及其周边地区是最大剪切应变率的高值区, 帕米尔和阿萨姆地区的应变率值最大。 与GPS得到的应变场结果进行比较, 两者的结果存在一致趋势。 利用NEIC宽频带地震辐射能量目录研究了中国大陆的地震视应变分布, 显示地震的视应变分布与地壳应变水平存在一定相关关系, 且发生在青藏高原周边地区地震的视应变水平较高。 这些研究结果为地球动力学研究的进一步深入探讨提供了新的科学资料。     

Relationship of ML and magnitudes determined by regional seismological stations in South-Eastern and Central Europe

We show how by comparing M_L^SM (computed from strong motion accelerograms within 150 km from the epicenter) and M_STA (reported by different seismological stations in Yugoslavia, Italy, Albania, Greece, Austria and Czechoslovakia) it is possible to calibrate amplitude-distance attentuation equations used in M_STA definitions. This, more accurate, magnitude determination for regional networks is essential for: (1) better and more accurate integration of the engineering estimates of siesmic risk; and (2) for more accurate and quick estimation of strong motion amplitudes in epicentral region of destructive earthquakes.     

Several questions about using national legal metrological unit in seismological periodicals

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Theory of EM monitoring of sea bottom geothermal areas

Monitoring of geophysical conditions of marine sedimentary basins is necessary for predicting seismic events and for adaptation of geothermal technologies for seismically active (as a rule) sea bottom geothermal areas. These conditions are characterized by seismo-hydro-electromagnetic (EM) geophysical field interaction in the presence of gravity. Based on the main physical principles, geophysical and petrophysical data, we formulate a mathematical model of seismo-hydro-EM interaction in a basin of a marginal sea and calculate the transformation of a seismic excitation in the upper mantle under the central part of the sea of Japan into the low-frequency (0.1 to 10 Hz) EM signals at the top of the sea bottom sedimentary layer, at the sea surface and in the atmosphere up to the lower boundary of the ionosphere. Physics of the EM generation and propagation process is shown including: generation of EM waves in the upper mantle layer M by a seismic wave from under M, spatial modulation of diffusive EM waves by a seismic wave, stopping of the EM wave arrived (before the seismic P wave) from the upper mantle at the top of the sediments because of the high electric conductivity of seawater (3.5 S/m), immediate penetration of the EM wave through the seawater thickness after the delayed seismic P wave shock into the sea bottom, and EM emission from the sea surface into the atmosphere. Let us note that the EM signal in the sea bottom sediments is the first measurable signal of a seismic activation of geological structures beneath the seafloor and this signal is protected by seawater from the influence ionosphere disturbances. Amplitude of the computed magnetic signals (300, 200, 50, and 30 pT at the ocean–atmosphere interface and at the height of 10, 30 and 50 km, respectively), their predominant frequency (0.25 Hz), the delay of the seismic P wave in regard to the magnetic signal for the receivers at the shore (20 s), the amplitude of temperature disturbances in sediments (up to 0.02 K), the parameters of the long (150 km) tsunami wave of a small (up to 20 cm) amplitude far from the shore and other values that characterize the seismo-hydro-EM process are of the orders observed. Recommendations for the EM monitoring of dynamic processes beneath seafloor geothermal areas are given.