基于MapServer的地图信息发布与查询——以洞庭湖湿地为例

地图信息的发布和查询是webGIS最重要的功能之一,地图插件和开发平台的选用以及地图信息的组织,对于满足系统功能要求和提高系统建设效率具有重要作用。经过对现行WebGIS应用情况的分析,进行了系统的设计和数据组织;采用B／S结构,利用．NET技术结合MapServer地图插件进行系统研发和功能实现;开发出洞庭湖区湿地资源信息系统,实现了地图的发布、查询和显示等功能。该系统兼容性好、数据维护方便。利用．NET技术和MapServer平台开发的湿地WebGIS比传统用PHP语言开发的WebGIS执行速度更快,代码的安全性更高,而且其属性库和图形库的分离式设计提高了程序的可扩展性和数据库的稳定性。MapServer湿地信息系统的开发,实现了湿地资源信息的共享,满足了系统设计要求,达到预定目标,为湿地WebGIS开发和应用奠定了基础。     

基于WebGIS技术的湖泊信息资源共享

采用Browser/Server系统架构,使用ArcIMS作为网络地图发布平台,结合先进的ASP技术,开发网络湖泊数据库,实现湖泊信息资源的共享.湖泊信息资源包括湖泊的物理、化学、生物特性,以及湖泊的地图、遥感影像和风景照片等.基于WebGIS的湖泊信息系统,其功能有湖泊数据库的基本管理功能和基本空间分析功能,它们主要是空间与属性数据的编辑与更新,信息的检索与查询,矢量数据的显示、缩放、漫游,缓冲区分析,以及专题图制作等.     

辽河三角洲湿地资源与区域持续发展

辽河三角洲湿地面积在、类型多、景观结构复杂多样，在该区经济发展中发挥巨大作用，利用遥感和ＧＩＳ技术，在建立辽河三角洲湿地资源分类系统基础上，对该区湿地资源现状与分布特征进行研究，该区现有湿地３１４８５７ｈｍ＾２，占全市总面积的７９．５％。其中天然湿地１５９９１９ｈｍ＾２，占总湿地面积的５０．８％，人工湿地１５４８３８ｈｍ＾２，占总湿地面积的４９．２％，多年来的区域资源开发活动，使该区湿地面积和景观结构发生很大变化，湿地生态功能变受到严重影响和威胁，本文结合区域湿地资源与景观结构的动态变化状况，系统分析了区域湿地生态系统功能及受影响状况，并进一步提出区域资源开发与湿地保护及可持续发展对策。     

利用雨洪资源恢复北京市房山区水景观湿地研究

北京市城市水资源极度匮乏。同时,近年来北京多次受城市洪水侵袭,其中,房山区因2012年7月21日暴雨事件备受关注。利用遥感和地理信息系统技术及方法,从1991年6月17日和2014年9月4日遥感影像数据中,提取房山区水景观湿地信息;以2012年7月21日暴雨事件中死亡人员遇难地点和各种实证数据,推算潜在北京市城市雨洪资源分布特征,利用区域地貌—水文—湿地空间耦合分析方法,提出面向城市雨洪资源利用与城市水景观湿地恢复重建的新途径。研究结果表明,1991~2014年期间,房山区水景观湿地面积约减少了1/3;房山区潜在可利用雨洪资源主要分布在山前河网密集地区;结合现实问题,提出了良乡和靠近燕房2个关键区域水景观湿地恢复重建的科学策略。研究雨洪资源利用于水景观湿地恢复,对于维护城市水生态安全和城市生态文明建设具有重要意义。     

闽江口湿地资源保护利用评估

本文运用卫星遥感影像信息解译与地面实地调查相结合的方法，获取闽江口湿地基础数据；通过数学建模等手段，设计了湿地资源层进式评估法，对闽江口湿地进行科学评估，将之分为生态保护类、适度开发类、开发利用类3个层次，为湿地保护管理及合理利用提供科学的决策依据。     

大庆市湿地退化的生态表征与保护对策研究

应用3S技术对大庆市这一具有短时限人地关系、高强度人为活动影响的典型油气资源城市的湿地资源进行调查,结合地面采集的数据,分析了湿地资源变化的特征与存在的主要问题。针对以石油天然气开发与加工为主的经济活动导致的湿地面积萎缩、污染加剧、生态供水日趋紧张、生态功能全面退化、管理滞后等问题,提出了湿地合理利用与保护对策。     

中国滨海湿地优先保护格局构建

根据中国科学院遥感应用研究所国家重点实验室完成的2008年湿地遥感数据,对中国滨海湿地保护现状进行综合评价。基于滨海湿地生态地理分类体系构建的湿地类型、保护状况和目标保护物种分布,综合考虑国民生产总值和人口密度等社会、经济因素,以滨海湿地生物多样性保护为目标,运用系统保护规划的理论和方法,以Marxan软件作为空间优化模型,构建中国滨海湿地保护优先格局,建立优先保护单元150个,面积共有49 109.24 km2。已有湿地保护体系中的滨海湿地面积仅占不到中国滨海湿地总面积的10%,许多重要滨海湿地生境在已有保护系统之外,需要依据优先保护格局,对已有滨海湿地保护体系进行调整,最终形成合理保护网络,这对中国滨海湿地保护具有重要意义。     

黄河三角洲刁口河流路湿地恢复遥感监测与评价

利用卫星遥感技术对生态调水及湿地恢复进行实时动态监测, 不仅可以及时掌握宏观地表的快速变化, 还可以为长期的区域生态效应评价提供支持。基于国产自主环境一号小卫星遥感数据, 对2010 年黄河三角洲生态调水暨刁口河流路恢复过水试验进行动态监测和初步评价。研究表明, 刁口河流路恢复过水后, 原废弃河道过流条件得到提高, 部分被开发利用的河滩地得到恢复, 水文条件好转, 河流水面面积总体上增加了526 hm², 有利于河道生态条件的改善。通过对湿地引水修复, 自然保护区试验区块共有437 hm²的退化湿地得到了较大程度的改善。同时, 湿地景观多样性提高, 对维持区域景观多样性、改善鸟类栖息地质量具有重要意义。研究结果表明, 国产环境一号卫星遥感数据能提供丰富的地面信息, 其数据具有较高的时间分辨率, 可以作为中国湿地调查和监测的重要数据源。考虑到大尺度调水和湿地恢复对区域生态环境的影响是一个长期的过程, 今后应进一步挖掘环境一号卫星现有波段的光谱信息, 对湿地恢复进行长期跟踪监测, 为湿地恢复生态效应综合评估提供技术支撑。     

中国湿地遥感研究现状与趋势评述

利用网络文献数据库,对1995年以来以CNKI为主的数据库检索的相关文献进行综述,从遥感在湿地分类和制图、湿地监测、湿地生态及技术和方法等方面的应用归纳出目前湿地遥感研究存在如下问题:地理时空分布不均,以中小尺度为主;区域特殊性研究较多,缺少区域共性研究;研究方法可操作性差;学科综合少;湿地信息系统不健全。基于以上问题,湿地遥感研究趋向以下方向:大尺度监测和制图;结合湿地特征,实现区域模块化;建立湿地信息系统平台,加大湿地开放型遥感应用;遵循湿地系统性,加强湿地综合和对比研究;重视学科综合和合作;重视技术交互,实现湿地遥感应用发展。     

基于“3S”技术的滇池湿地效益评估

在获取滇池湿地植物、水质、土壤等数据基础上,结合高分辨率卫星遥感影像数据,应用CIS技术,分析滇池湿地演变规律,并从经济、环境、社会、生态4个方面对滇池湿地进行效益评估。结果表明：2011年湿地和植物群落面积占整个环湖带面积的92．2％,与2007年相比,增长率为141．4％,湿地效益评估总价值增加了34．39亿元,滇池生态环境得到逐步改善。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,