花鲈仔、稚、幼鱼摄食习性与生长的研究

分析了花鲈仔、稚、幼鱼的摄食习性与生长.结果表明,在水温为15.5～16.5℃时,花妒仔鱼孵出约140h左右开口摄食,开口饵料为小型臂尾轮虫.全长10mm左右的仔鱼可摄食卤虫幼体,全长11mm左右的个体可摄食枝角类.对431尾仔、稚、幼鱼观察结果,在实验条件下其摄食率高达99.1%,胃饱满系数波动于2.38%～16.48%之间,日摄食指数在45%～60%.其摄食强度具明显的昼夜节律,以16:00～20:00胃饱满度最高.仔、稚鱼夜间基本不摄食,部分幼鱼个体少量摄食.仔、稚、幼鱼个体间生长速度具有一定的差异性.其体重与摄食量的关系符合直线方程y=0.1018+8.3261×10-2x;全长与体重的相关关系可用ω=1.6473×10-3L3.4743表示,全长与日龄的关系式为L_t=5.5242e1.9681×10-2D;体重与日龄的回归方程为ω=0.5836e6.9208×10-2D.     

双棘黄姑鱼早期发育阶段的摄食习性与生长特性

2002年5~6月,在集美大学水产学院水产试验场,采用生态学方法对人工培育的双棘黄姑鱼(Nibeadiacanthus(Lacpde))仔、稚、幼鱼的摄食习性与生长特性进行分析。结果表明,在人工培育条件下,双刺黄姑鱼仔、稚、幼鱼的摄食率达93.1%,摄食量占体质量的4.09%~21.07%,日摄食量占体质量的23.67%~57.24%;摄食具明显的昼夜节律,黄昏为摄食高峰。摄食量与体质量的关系式为y=0.1267x0.7878,全长与日龄的关系式为L=1.8603e0.0723D,体质量与日龄的回归方程为M=0.0203e0.2484D。全长与体质量的回归方程为M=0.0024L3.4633。     

花尾胡椒鲷早期发育阶段的摄食与生长特性

１９９８年４～６月份在集美大学水产学院海水育苗试验场对人工培育的花尾胡椒鲷早期发育阶段的摄食和生长特性进行分析。结果表明,在水温为２５℃时,仔鱼约经６０～７０h 左右开口摄食,开口饵料为经１２０目筛网过滤的褶皱臂尾轮虫,以后随着鱼体的生长,依次投喂卤虫无节幼体和桡足类。对３７２尾仔、幼鱼解剖观察结果,摄食率达９７．０％,摄食量占体重的６．４％～２３．４％,日摄食量占休重的２４．８％～８３．７％,摄取     

海洋养殖鱼类仔稚鱼摄食和营养研究的进展

海洋鱼类人工育苗常出现仔稚鱼死亡率高的情况，它涉及到亲鱼培育、卵子质量、仔稚鱼营养需求、生物饵料供应和配合饲料取代等问题.本文就海洋鱼类仔稚鱼培育的饵料系列、亲鱼和早期发育中的脂类代谢和氨基酸作用、生物饵料的营养强化以及微粒、微囊饲料等研究进展作了概述.     

湛江硇洲岛文昌鱼(Branchiostoma belcheri)的食性研究

于2006年4~7月在湛江硇洲岛海域采集文昌鱼,进行春夏季节不同性别、不同体长组等的胃含物观察分析。结果表明,湛江硇洲岛文昌鱼消化道残留食物成分以泥沙碎屑为主,可辨生物成分有34种,大部分为底栖硅藻,占58.8%,也有少量甲藻、瓣鳃类幼虫、底栖桡足类幼虫和原生动物等。春夏季节的文昌鱼的摄食喜好不尽相同,饵料生物的出现率随着季节的变化有所变化。不同性别文昌鱼的摄食喜好比较相近。文昌鱼到了性腺成熟后才开始进食动物性食物。研究结果表明,文昌鱼摄食藻类、微生物等而自身转化为其他动物的较高营养层次食物,在海洋食物网中具有一定的重要作用。     

东太湖不同水域浮游生物周年变化及鲢、鳙食性的研究

2012 年2～11 月对东太湖不同水域浮游生物组成、数量、水质情况及水生植物密度进行了调查, 并对9 月份太湖鲢、鳙的食性进行了研究。结果表明: 浮游动物和浮游植物多样性指数均为保护区＞余山＞老鼠山＞漫山岛。水体浮游生物数量和综合营养状态指数均为漫山岛＞老鼠山＞余山＞保护区。浮游植物总数量与蓝藻总数量、浮游动物总数量、富营养化因子呈正相关, 与水生植物密度呈负相关。9 月份太湖鲢、鳙的肠内含物中浮游植物和浮游动物分别占食物数量的89.1%、70.6%和10.9%、29.4%,其中蓝藻分别占74.5%、56%, 枝角类和轮虫分别占3.7%、13.4%和1.5%、11.5%; 鲢、鳙对蓝藻的选择性指数分别为1.42 和1.07, 对轮虫和原生动物的选择性指数分别为0.13、1.27 和1.30、0.40。本研究结果对揭示影响太湖浮游生物周年变化的环境因素以及通过鲢、鳙控制蓝藻具有一定的理论价值和指导意义。     

Food and feeding of small fish in the Rakaia River,New Zealand

Benthic macroinvertebrates and fish species were collected at monthly intervals during a 12‐month period, from 3 areas of the lower Rakaia River. The composition and abundance of the benthos and stomach contents of the fish were analysed for seasonal trends, food niche breadth and overlap between pairs of fish species, and overlap between the benthos and the diet of each fish species. The diets of bluegilled bully (Gobiomorphus hubbsi), upland bully (G. breviceps), juvenile longfinned eel (Anguilla dieffenbachii), Galaxias brevipinnis, G. paucispondylus, and juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) were similar to the proportions of prey species in the benthos. Deleatidium and chironomid larvae dominated the benthos in all seasons and formed the majority of food items in the diet of these species. Food niche overlap between these species was high, indicating potential competition, but preferred habitat and feeding habit differences plus low fish population density and abundance of main prey items probably eliminate the occurrence of any serious competition. The diet of the other fish species differed from this pattern. The common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus) ate proportionally more chironomid larvae and fish eggs than occurred in the benthos; torrentfish (Cheimarrichthys fosteri) ate proportionally more chironomid larvae than occurred in the benthos; and quinnat salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) depended largely upon prey species of terrestial origin, such as adult Deleatidium and dipterans.     

Differential feeding rates of native and alien predators on the invasive Asian date mussel Arcuatula senhousia (Benson in cantor, 1842) in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon

The alien Asian date mussel Arcuatula senhousia inhabits several coastal environments worldwide. This species can form dense mats where individuals attach through byssus threads, thus altering the structure, functioning and biodiversity of the native communities. We investigated the feeding preference of different predators on this alien species in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon. To do this, a mesocosm experiment was conducted using two crab species (the Mediterranean green crab Carcinus aestuarii) and the Say mud crab Dyspanopeus sayi, and one gastropod, the banded dye-murex Hexaplex trunculus as predators of A. senhousia with or without byssus mats. Our data suggest that C. aestuarii is a more effective predator against A. senhousia than D. sayi, and that H. trunculus is almost ineffective. A possible implication of this result is the potential use of the native crab C. aestuarii for limit the formation of the byssus mats, thus mitigating their potential negative effects on the native communities.     

基于18S rDNA条形码技术的珊瑚礁区塔形马蹄螺(Tectus pyramis)食性分析

塔形马蹄螺(Tectuspyramis)是一种暖水性较强的海洋贝类,也是一种重要的礁栖生物,研究其自然环境中的食物组成对于认识其生态功能具有重要意义,但由于缺少直接的食物组成信息,对其食性和生态功能定位尚不明确。本研究于2017年春季在南沙珊瑚礁区采集了塔形马蹄螺样品,以18S rDNA可变区(V4)序列为靶标,用高通量测序技术分析了其现场食物组成。共测得41个OTU,分属11个门类,包括节肢动物门(Arthropoda)、子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、丝足虫门(Cercozoa)、刺胞动物门(Cnidaria)、Stramenopiles(不等鞭毛类)、网粘菌门(Labyrinthulomycota)、软体动物门(Mollusca)、多孔动物门(Porifera)、甲藻门(Pyrrophyta)、捕虫霉亚门(Zoopagomycota)。与以往研究不同的是,本研究发现塔形马蹄螺消化道中存在大量沉积物碎屑,其中有孔虫、真菌、后生动物是最重要的类群,占食物序列组成的99.76%,它们主要存在于海洋沉积物、有机碎屑和礁石表生藻类基质(Epilithic algal matrix, EAM)中。研究结果揭示了塔形马蹄螺的食物主要来源于EAM中的小型生物和碎屑以及珊瑚礁石上的有害生物,推测塔形马蹄螺属于沉积物碎屑食性生物,可能在清除珊瑚表面藻类基质、促进珊瑚幼体附着过程中发挥一定的作用,对于维护珊瑚生态系统的健康和稳定具有积极意义。     

Exploring composition and behaviour of fish fauna by in situ observations in the Bari Canyon (Southern Adriatic Sea,Central Mediterranean)

Canyons play a fundamental role in enhancing the abundance and diversity of marine organisms through the transport of organic matter and food resources, the presence of complex physical habitats and the absence of trawl fishing. During four baited lander deployments carried out in the Bari Canyon (Southern Adriatic Sea, Central Mediterranean), at depths of 443–788 m, about 43 h of video records were taken, for a total of 619,200 video frames. A total of 12 benthopelagic fish species (five chondrichthyes and seven osteichthyes) were identified. The blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) was the most often observed fish species. The depth of 787 m represents a new depth record for this fish in the Adriatic Sea. Groups of up to 40 individuals of P. bogaraveo were attracted to the bait and were shown in single frames. The individuals were observed both exploring the area and feeding actively on the bait. The European conger (Conger conger) was recorded at each deployment. Clear scavenger behaviour was also observed in this teleost fish and in the shark Etmopterus spinax. The shark species Centrophorus granulosus and Hexanchus griseus, which are considered ‘vulnerable’ on the published IUCN Mediterranean Regional Red List, were also recorded but, although attracted by the bait, they were never seen feeding on it. Other fish species, harvested on fishing grounds, such as Merluccius merluccius, Helicolenus dactylopterus and Polyprion americanus, were also recorded. This study represents the first in situ documentation, at very low impact, of the fish fauna in the Bari Canyon, providing new insights into its small scale distribution and behaviour, the first in situ direct observation of the variable feeding behaviour of P. bogaraveo and its gregarious habits, as well as indicating that this canyon could act as a refuge area for species that are vulnerable to fishing on the open slope.     

鱼类生长激素的异源表达、应用及安全性评价

鱼类生长激素对鱼的生长发育起着重要的调节作用,能促进鱼体快速生长,提高饵料转化率,在水产养殖业中具有重大应用价值。转生长激素基因鱼具有快速生长效应,可以缩短养殖周期,降低养殖成本和风险。鱼类生长激素基因异源表达体系的建立和发展,使获得大量廉价的鱼类生长激素产品成为可能,为鱼类养殖业新型饵料添加剂的研制开辟了新的途径。本文综述了转生长激素基因鱼和鱼类生长激素基因的异源表达两方面的研究及其安全性评价。     

Ontogenetic shifts and temporal changes in the trophic patterns of the deep‐sea red shrimp,Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Decapods: Aristeidae), in the Eastern Ionian Sea (Eastern Mediterranean)

The purpose of this paper is to provide the first detailed data concerning the diet and feeding activity of the giant red shrimp, Aristaeomorpha foliacea, in the Eastern Ionian Sea (Eastern Mediterranean), in relation to season, size class and sex. Feeding activity in A. foliacea was intense, based on its low vacuity index and high prey diversity, with a diet dominated by mesopelagic prey and less frequent occurrence of benthic taxa. Giant red shrimp displayed a highly diversified diet that exhibited slight seasonal fluctuations. The diets of both sexes consisted of 60 different prey categories belonging chiefly to three groups: crustaceans (e.g. decapods, such as Plesionika spp. and Pasiphaeidae, amphipods), cephalopods (mainly Enoploteuthidae) and fishes (Myctophidae, Macrouridae). These three prey categories accounted for 72–82% of the relative abundance and total occurrence for males and 70–88% for females, respectively. Variation in food availability, as well as increased energy demands related to gonad development and breeding activity, appear to be critical factors driving temporal changes in feeding strategy. Feeding activity increased during spring and summer, which coincides with reproductive activities (mating, gonad maturation, egg‐laying). Females seem to be more active predators than males, consuming prey with greater swimming ability. However, ontogenetic shifts in diet were also apparent, despite high dietary overlap among small, medium and large females. Large individuals, which are more efficient predators, selected highly mobile prey (e.g. fishes), whereas small individuals consumed low‐mobility prey (e.g. copepods, ostracods, tanaids and sipunculans).     

鱼类spexin系统鉴定及其生理功能研究

所有脊椎动物生殖均受下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的调控,多种下丘脑神经肽参与了生殖调控过程。大多数神经肽具有促进生殖的功能,例如促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin-releasinghormone,GnRH)、神经激肽B (neurokinin B, NKB)、神经肽Y (neuropeptide Y, NPY)、神经分泌素(secretoneurin, SN)、刺鼠相关蛋白(agouti-related peptide, AgRP)、甘丙肽(galanin, GAL)和吻素(kisspeptin, Kiss)。Spexin (SPX)是一种新型下丘脑神经肽,属于SPX/GAL/Kiss家族成员。SPX的成熟肽由14个氨基酸组成,该氨基酸序列在不同物种间高度保守。SPX可以激活GAL受体2和3 (GALR2/3)参与生殖、摄食等多种生理过程。本文围绕鱼类SPX基因鉴定、进化分析、组织分布、表达调控、生理功能以及信号转导机制等方面,简要总结鱼类SPX及其受体的研究进展,以期为后续深入研究提供参考。     

台湾海峡及邻近海域主要无脊椎动物食性特征及其食物关系研究

对台湾海峡及邻近海域14种主要经济无脊椎动物的胃含物进行了鉴定分析。结果表明：这些无脊椎动物对饵料生物无明显的选择性，均为混合食性。其食性类型可分为：游泳生物食性类型、游泳动物和底栖动物混合食性类型、底栖生物和浮游动物食性类型、底栖生物食性类型、浮游动物和游泳动物食性类型。10种甲壳动物和4种头足类的营养级范围分别为1．64～2．60级和2．04～2．88级。除周氏新对虾(Metapenaeus joyneri)、角突仿对虾(Parapenaeopsis cornuta)和鹰爪虾(Trachypenaeus curdrostris)属第二营养层次的杂食性动物外，其它的均属第三营养层次的肉食性动物。拥剑梭子蟹(Portunus haanii)、秀斑好(Caarybdis feriatus )、哈氏仿对虾(Parapenaeopsis harduickii)和杜氏枪乌贼(Loligo duvaucelii)的食物生境宽度较大，它们对各种饵料生物的利用更趋均衡。4种头足类之间、3种蟹类之间食物重叠显著。长尾类、短尾类、鱼类和腹足类是台湾海峡主要无脊椎动物营养层次能量传递中的关键功能类群。     

西埔湾港养黄鳍鲷年龄、生长和食性研究

本文研究了福建省东山县西埔湾港养黄鳍鲷鳞片年轮特征、渔获年龄组成和体长组成,并结合生物学资料,对其体长与鳞长、体长与体重及其食性作了分析。食料生物类群比较广泛,消化器官结构与其食性相互适应,系属于底栖生物食性类型的低级肉食性鱼类。文中还讨论了西埔湾黄鳍鲷资源合理利用和繁殖保护问题。     

Study on the feeding habit and trophic level of main economic invertebrates in the Huanghai Sea

INTRODUCTIONTheHuanghaiSeaisrichwithfisheryspecies.Apartfromfishes,thereisagreatnumberofinvertebrates,ofwhichmanyareofcommercialimportance,playinganimportantroleintheHuanghaiSeafishery.Twogroupsofinvertebrates,CrustaceaandCephalopodawerelandedduringthetrawlsurveysintheHuanghaiSea.CrustaceaincludedPenaeusorientalis,Trachypenaeuscurvirostris,Crangonaffinis,Mitatynaeopsisdalei,Palaemongravieri,Portunustrituberculatus,Charybdisbimaculata,Oratosquillaoratoria,etc.andCephalopodainclucded…     

东海带鱼食性的季节变化

探讨带鱼摄食生态及东海食物网现状。根据2002年12月~2003年11月收集到的带鱼胃含物样品,对其摄食习性的季节变化进行了研究。结果表明,带鱼全年摄食的饵料种类数共有60余种,鱼类和甲壳类为其主要饵料类群。带鱼的食物组成存在季节差异,春季以细条天竺鲷、磷虾和带鱼为主要食物;夏季以带鱼、磷虾、糠虾和刺鲳为主要食物;秋季以口足类幼体、七星底灯鱼和竹荚鱼为主要食物;冬季以带鱼、七星底灯鱼、小带鱼和糠虾为主要食物。摄食强度的季节变化并不明显(P>0.05),秋季最高,夏季最低;各个季节的主要饵料类群组成存在差异,鱼类饵料的重量百分比均最高;饵料多样性指数季节差异并不显著(P>0.05),秋季最高,冬季和夏季较低。通过与历史资料进行比较发现,东海带鱼的食物组成发生了较大的变化,已由过去以磷虾为主转变为以鱼类为主,同时表现出明显的同类相食的现象。     

Life strategies of Halobatrachus didactylus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) in the Tagus estuary: Comparison among different morphotypes

The Lusitanian toadfish, Halobatrachus didactylus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801), is a subtropical sound-producing marine teleost that inhabits estuaries and other brackish water ecosystems in its northern distribution area. The relative isolation of populations within estuaries may cause important modifications in the bio-ecology of this species. The males of this species present two morphotypes which are more accurately distinguishable during the reproductive season. In the Tagus estuary population, the two types of reproductive males were present: type I, the “characteristic” morphotype, and type II, the alternative morphotype. The opportunistic males had more developed testis while type I males had more developed accessory glands. Type I males presented more developed swimbladders and larger body size and live longer than type II males. On the contrary, type II males grew faster and matured earlier. The feeding habits of the two male morphotypes were similar during the reproductive season but differences were found between reproductive specimens and non-reproductive specimens. The diet of reproductive specimens was mainly composed of benthic prey in contrast to predominance of nectobenthic prey in the diet of non-reproductive specimens. The females of H. didactylus generally had an intermediate pattern between the two male morphotypes. The percentage of type II males tended to be higher in denser areas of the estuary. In comparison with populations from different size ecosystems, smaller ecosystems revealed important modifications on the bio-ecology of the species due to the increased competition for nesting sites and mating partners, favouring alternative male tactics.