Protective effects of Ecklonia cava extract on the toxicity and oxidative stress induced by hair dye in in-vitro and in-vivo models

Oxidative hair dyes containingρ-phenylenediamine(PPD)are reported to induce an allergic reaction by promoting oxidative stress when absorbed through the skin.Despite the associated risk,these hair dyes remain popular owing to their convenience and sharpness of color.This makes it important to minimize the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by PPD-containing hair dyes.Ecklonia cava extract has been evaluated in different studies for its protective effects against external stress in fibroblasts and keratinocytes.Our study was aimed at using in-vitro and in-vivo models to investigate the extract’s effects on cytotoxicity of and oxidative stress induced by PPD-containing hair dyes.Analysis of CIEL*a*b*Color space was first used to determine the range of E.cava extract that would not interfere with the coloring ability of the dye upon addition.Subsequently,the set ranges of E.cava extract(5% and 7%)were added to the hair dye and their toxicity assessed by evaluating the viability of fibroblasts and keratinocytes.The effects on developmental phenotypes and induction of oxidative stress by hair dye were evaluated and compared with those of hair dyes containing different contents of E.cava extract using an in-vivo zebrafish model.Our results showed that E.cava extract in hair dye could significantly decrease the cytotoxicity and levels of oxidative stress caused by hair dyes containing PPD in both in-vitro and in-vivo models.These results suggest that the addition of 7% E.cava extract to 250μg/mL hair dye does not interfere with the coloring ability of the dye while showing significant protective eff ects against the hair dye.The study proposes that the use of E.cava extract as an adduct to hair dyes containing PPD reduces the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by these hair dyes.     

光质对海带配子体生长发育影响的研究

以孢子水采苗的海带(Laminaria japonica)配子体为材料,研究了蓝光、绿光、红光对配子体生长,发育的影响.结果表明:蓝光对生长、发育的促进作用最大,绿光其次,红光对生长有促进作用,对发育的促进作用不大;在一定的光强范围内,配子体的生长速度都随着光强的提高而加快,当蓝光超过8001x、绿光超过16001x、...     

Fishing‐induced evolution of growth: concepts,mechanisms and the empirical evidence

The interest in fishing‐induced life‐history evolution has been growing in the last decade, in part because of the increasing number of studies suggesting evolutionary changes in life‐history traits, and the potential ecological and economic consequences these changes may have. Among the traits that could evolve in response to fishing, growth has lately received attention. However, critical reading of the literature on growth evolution in fish reveals conceptual confusion about the nature of ‘growth’ itself as an evolving trait, and about the different ways fishing can affect growth and size‐at‐age of fish, both on ecological and on evolutionary time‐scales. It is important to separate the advantages of being big and the costs of growing to a large size, particularly when studying life‐history evolution. In this review, we explore the selection pressures on growth and the resultant evolution of growth from a mechanistic viewpoint. We define important concepts and outline the processes that must be accounted for before observed phenotypic changes can be ascribed to growth evolution. When listing traits that could be traded‐off with growth rate, we group the mechanisms into those affecting resource acquisition and those governing resource allocation. We summarize potential effects of fishing on traits related to growth and discuss methods for detecting evolution of growth. We also challenge the prevailing expectation that fishing‐induced evolution should always lead to slower growth.     

Effects of kelp Ecklonia maxima inclusion in formulated feed on the growth,feed utilisation and gut microbiota of South African abalone Haliotis midae

The effect of kelp Ecklonia maxima inclusion in formulated feeds on abalone growth and gut bacterial communities has not been previously investigated in South Africa. An eight-month on-farm growth trial was conducted with sub-adult Haliotis midae (～43 mm shell length) fed graded levels of kelp in formulated feeds. Kelp inclusion (0.44–3.54% of pellet dry mass) promoted faster growth (65.7–74.5% total mass gain), with better feed and protein conversions (apparent feed conversion ratio [FCR] 1.4–1.8, apparent protein efficiency ratio [PER] 2.3–2.7), as compared with the non-supplemented feed (52.3% total mass gain, FCR 2.1, PER 1.9; p < 0.001). Abalone-gut bacterial DNA was sequenced using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing and the sequences were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at a 97% similarity level. A supplementary 16S rRNA gene denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis was employed. The dominant OTUs differed in terms of their relative abundances, with an autochthonous Mycoplasma strain being significantly more abundant (p = 0.03) in the gut of abalone fed a kelp-supplemented feed. The DGGE band patterns displayed higher within-group variability for abalone fed the control diet, suggesting that dietary kelp inclusion promotes gut-bacteria homeostasis. This may contribute to better feed utilisation and growth in abalone fed kelp-supplemented feeds.     

壳聚糖对种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

用不同相对分子质量、不同质量分数和不同复配组合的壳聚糖处理不同的种子 ,研究了不同处理方法对种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明 :通过这些处理 ,不但能不同程度地提高种子的发芽率 ,而且还能使幼苗健壮 ;用中相对分子质量 (Mr≈ 60× 1 0 3)、质量分数为 0 .5%的壳聚糖加谷氨酸处理种子 ,效果最好 ,尤其对大颗粒种子如玉米、豇豆和大豆。     

海带配子体无性繁殖(克隆)技术研究与应用进展

海带具有异型世代交替,其配子体在单独分离培养时可进行营养生长,形成无性繁殖系(克隆)。本文简要回顾了海带配子体克隆技术研究与应用的历程,综述海带配子体克隆在海带种质资源保存、海带生理和遗传学研究及海带育种和苗种繁育中的应用现状。     

UV-B辐射对海带幼孢子体生长和生理的影响

探讨UV-B辐射对海带幼孢子体的影响,运用实验生态学的方法,研究了高(93.6 J·m-2·d-1)、中(46.8 J·m-2·d-1 )、低(11.7 J·m-2·d-1)3个剂量的UV-B辐射对海带幼孢子体生长和生理状况的影响.辐射处理期间(第2～10天),3个辐射剂量处理组的海带幼孢子体体长和体重的相对增长率显著低于对照组(0 J·m-2·d-1);第6～10天期间,低剂量处理组和高剂量处理组的叶绿素a(Chl-a)含量与对照组相比呈现出完全相反的变化趋势,前者显著高于对照组,后者显著低于对照组;中、高剂量处理组的ATP酶活性在整个实验期间均显著低于对照组,而低剂量组与对照组无显著差异.氮(N)、磷(P)元素缺乏与中剂量UV-B联合作用条件下的海带幼孢子体体长、体重相对增长率与中剂量单独处理组无显著差异;辐射处理初期(第2～4天),N、P缺乏与中剂量UV-B辐射共同处理组的ATP酶活性明显高于单独辐射处理组,后期(第10天)则显著低于单独辐射处理组;N、P元素缺乏加剧了中剂量UV-B辐射对海带幼孢子体Chl-a含量的影响效应,N、P缺乏与中剂量UV-B辐射共同处理组的Chl-a含量显著低于中剂量UV-B辐射处理组.在高剂量UV-B辐射处理的同时,附加一定强度的光合有效辐射(photosynthetically active radiation,PAR,400～700 nm)能在一定程度上减轻UV-B辐射对海带幼孢子体生长和生理状况的影响程度.