甘肃东部旱作区土壤水库贮水力的研究

根据甘肃东部旱作区14个测站1989～1992年0～2m土壤水分实测资料，从大气降水-土壤水循环系统出发，探讨了旱作区不同气候类型土壤水库的贮水能力及其运行规律，给出不同农业干旱程度的贮水标准和贮水量亏缺额，为土壤水库潜力的开发利用提供了依据。     

暴雨预报在水库防洪调蓄中的作用

以“95 .7”历史上罕见特大洪水的暴雨预报为例 ,说明暴雨预报在水库防洪调蓄中的重要作用。气象部门准确及时的天气预报是水库蓄水防洪调度的科学依据。水库管理部门必须根据当时的气候特征 ,水库及水库上游地区的地质地貌、土壤含水量等正确运用天气预报 ,计算流域内的最大径流量、入库流量和总容量 ,才能最大限度地发挥天气预报特别是暴雨预报在水库蓄水调水防洪调度中的作用 ,使水库产生最大的经济效益和社会效益     

暴雨预报在水库防洪调蓄中的作用

以“95．7”历史上罕见特大洪水的暴雨预报为例，说明暴雨预报在水库防洪调蓄中的重要作用。气象部门准确及时的天气预报是水库蓄水防洪调度的科学依据。水库管理部门必须根据当时的气候特征，水库及水库上游地区的地质地貌、土壤含水量等正确运用天气预报．计算流域内的最大径流量、入库流量和总容量，才能最大限度地发挥天气预报特别是暴雨预报在水库蓄水调水防洪调度中的作用．使水库产生最大的经济效益和社会效益。     

蓄水型人工增雨效果检验

利用1960～2007年古田水库的雨量资料和入库流量资料,采用非随机化试验方案,根据水库流域面雨量、入库流量和径流系数的变化开展蓄水型人工增雨效果检验。结果表明,在水库流域开展科学的蓄水型人工增雨,使1350km2水库流域面雨量增加18.87%,绝对增加22.4mm,总降水量增加3024万m3,径流系数提高9.31%,入库流量增加29.95%,绝对增加5.17m3/s,总入库流量增加1359.395万m3。改善了水库流域生态环境,提高了地表土壤的湿润度,使径流系数增大,使得入库流量相对增值比水库流域面雨量相对增值大。蓄水型人工增雨的经济效益大于"抗旱型"人工增雨。     

人工影响天气用碘化银催化剂对区域环境影响的研究进展

中国自1958年以来开展人工影响天气作业。碘化银作为主要的催化剂,是否会对环境造成影响备受关注。分析了国内外使用碘化银开展人工增雨雪和人工防雹外场试验作业后降水、土壤和湖泊等的Ag+含量,尽管催化后Ag+含量会有不同程度的增加,尤其是地面燃烧炉催化和人工防雹作业,但降水和水库中的Ag+含量远低于饮用水标准。统计了我国外场人工影响天气作业的碘化银用量,结合降水和水库中Ag+浓度观测,认为我国人工影响天气使用的碘化银不会对水资源和环境造成影响。     

冻融交替对河岸缓冲带土壤无机氮和土壤微生物量氮的影响

全球气候变化引起的中高纬度地区积雪覆盖和降雪格局变化,造成该区域土壤冻融交替强度和频次变化,是土壤氮循环的重要影响因素。冻融温差和冻融循环次数影响微生物数量和群落的变化,进而影响土壤氮素生物地球化学循环。以大伙房水库实验林场小流域的河岸缓冲带生态系统为研究对象,通过分析冻融交替对河岸缓冲带土壤无机氮和土壤微生物量氮的影响,阐明冻融交替对土壤无机氮含量变化的影响机制,为评估小流域氮素流失风险提供依据。结果表明：随着冻融循环次数的增加,土壤无机氮含量呈增加趋势;不同温差的冻融循环处理对土壤无机氮影响不同,冻融条件为-5/+5℃和-20/+5℃时土壤无机氮含量在冻融循环10次之后分别为34.9±0.9 mg/kg和37.2±0.8 mg/kg,是处理前的1.21和1.41倍;冻融温差和冻融循环次数对土壤NH₄⁺–N含量有极显著影响(P<0.01),土壤冻融10次后土壤NH₄⁺–N含量是对照处理的4-10倍;冻融循环次数对土壤NO₃^－–N含量有显著影响(P<0.05),冻融温差对NO₃^－–N含量无显著影响(P>0.05);土壤微生物量氮含量对冻融循环的响应显著(P<0.01)。可见,冻融交替显著增加了土壤无机氮含量,由于早春季节植被对无机氮吸收较少,可能增大土壤氮素随冰雪融化的淋溶流失风险。     

清江大龙潭水库气象水文耦合研究

运用2007～2009年清江大龙潭水库上游较大降水个例,对该水库的来水量与降水进行相关分析,得出了在不同降水过程情况下的产流系数,从而预报每次降水过程水库汇流的来水量.结果表明:运用该方法计算水库的来水量预报精度较高,预报时效较长,对大龙潭水库汛限水位进行动态控制是可行的,同时也能提高水库的运行效益.     

龙滩电站水库黔西南淹没区及其周围生态环境评估与经济发展对策

对龙滩电站水库黔西南州淹没区及其周围的大气圈、水圈、生物圈和岩石圈等环境因素进行评估后可知,具有大气污染程度低、水资源丰富、气候优越多样化、地形独特、土壤肥沃等自然优势。同时,也有生态环境恶化的问题,特别是石漠化和水土流失严重,工业和城镇发展与环境污染需很好解决,而气象灾害频繁发生也制约了社会经济的发展等等。最后提出了淹没区及其周围发展对策。     

灰色系统GM(1,1)模型在预测汾河水库淤积中的应用

在分析汾河水库降水、来水及淤积特性的基础上,运用灰色系统理论建立了汾河水库淤积灰色模型,并对汾河水库的淤积量进行了预测,结果表明,汾河水库在未来10 a内淤积量将进一步减少,表明第一期水保措施发挥了明显的作用,并提出了相应的保护措施,为汾河水库的开发利用提供了可靠依据。     

灰色系统GM(1,1)模型在预测汾河水库淤积中的应用

在分析汾河水库降水、来水及淤积特性的基础上,运用灰色系统理论建立了汾河水库淤积灰色模型,并对汾河水库的淤积量进行了预测,结果表明,汾河水库在未来10 a内淤积量将进一步减少,表明第一期水保措施发挥了明显的作用,并提出了相应的保护措施,为汾河水库的开发利用提供了可靠依据.     

Mapping surface soil moisture with microwave radiometers

Summary Water stored in the soil serves as a reservoir for the evapotranspiration (ET) process on land surfaces, therefore knowledge of the soil moisture content is important for partitioning the incoming solar radiation into latent and sensible heat components. There is no remote sensing technique which directly observes the amount of water in this reservoir, however microwave remote sensing at long wavelengths (>10 cm) can give estimates of the moisture stored in the surface 5-cm layer of the soil. This approach is based on the large dielectric contrast between water and dry soil, resulting in emissivity changes from 0.96 for a dry smooth soil to less than 0.6.In this paper, basic relationships between soil moisture and emissivity are described using both theory and observations from various platforms. The ability of the approach to be extended to large regions has been demonstrated in several aircraft mapping experiments, e.g., FIFE, Monsoon 90, Washita 92 and HAPEX Sahel. Some results from Monsoon 90 are presented here. Applications of these soil moisture maps in runoff prediction, rainfall estimation, determining the direct evaporation from the soil surface and serving as a boundary condition for soil profile models are presented.With 10 Figures     

龙羊峡水库流量变化的地下原因和预测方法探讨

利用3．2m地温资料,从地热涡和地冷涡的演变来分析黄河上游唐乃亥入库流量变化的地下原因,并初步总结了其预测方法。     

闹德海水库水环境氮磷容量预测及防治对策

为保障饮用水源地闹德海水库的水质安全,通过选取不同氮磷允许负荷量的测算模式进行综合分析。结果表明:闹德海水库实际负荷量总氮为139.98 t/a、总磷为28.28 t/a,目前已处于中—富营养化状态;水库若要达到贫—中营养化状态,应削减总氮129.96 t/a,总磷27.27 t/a。为此,从发展农业节水、综合防治化肥、农药、畜禽养殖业污染及治理水土流失等方面提出了科学的污染防治思路及削减对策。     

Sediment related impacts of climate change and reservoir development in the Lower Mekong River Basin: a case study of the Nam Ou Basin,Lao PDR

This study applies the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT), with climate (precipitation and temperature) outputs from four general circulation models (GCMs) and a regional circulation model (PRECIS), to evaluate (1) the impacts of climate change on reservoir sedimentation and (2) the impacts of climate change and reservoir development on sediment outflow in the Nam Ou River Basin located in northern Laos. Three reservoir–density scenarios, namely one reservoir (1R), three reservoirs in series (3R), and five reservoirs in series (5R), were evaluated for both no climate change and climate change conditions. The results show that under no climate change conditions, by 2070, around 17, 14, and 15% of the existing reservoir storage volume in the basin will be lost for 1R, 3R, and 5R scenarios, respectively. Notably, under climate change scenario with highest changes in erosion and sediment outflux from the basin, the additional reduction in reservoir storage capacity due to sedimentation is estimated to be nearly 26% for 1R, 21% for 3R, and 23% for 5R. Climate change alone is projected to change annual sediment outflux from the basin by ?20 to 151%. In contrast, the development of reservoirs in the basin will reduce the annual sediment outflux from the basin varying from 44 to 80% for 1R, 44–81% for 3R, and 66–89% for 5R, considering climate change. In conclusion, climate change is expected to increase the sediment yield of the Nam Ou Basin, resulting in faster reduction of the reservoir’s storage capacity. Sediment yield from the Nam Ou River Basin is likely to decrease significantly due to the trapping of sediment by planned reservoirs. The impact of reservoirs is much more significant than the impact of climate change on the sediment outflow of the basin. Hence, it is necessary to investigate appropriate reservoir sediment management strategies.     

祁连山北坡森林资源与林业建设

祁连山北坡森林资源具有团块层次分布显著、地域分布不均和林区生态系统脆弱等特点，并具有保持水土、调节气候、涵养水源等特殊功能，是河西天然巨型的“绿色水库”。为此，对林区提出了综合规划、分区治理和划分为３个林业气候区开发的意见。     

唐乃亥流量年变程分型与地温场的相关分析

１９５６－１９９４年唐乃亥流量年变程可分为丰、平、枯等前枯后丰（平）、前丰（平）后枯两种类型，黄河上游主产流区春，夏季平均３．２ｍ地温距平场可分为暖涡，暖涡偏东，暖涡偏西，暖涡减弱消失，均温场和冷涡六种类型。分析发现，地温场型与流量年变程分之间有较好的相关性，以此可以对唐乃亥水库年流量进行初步的定性预报。     

Sensitivity of Runoff, Soil Moisture and Reservoir Design to Climate Change in Central Indian River Basins

Climate change due to a doubling of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and its possible impacts on the hydrological cycle are a matter of growing concern. Hydrologists are specifically interested in an assessment of the impacts on the occurrence and magnitude of runoff, evapotranspiration, and soil moisture and their temporal and spatial redistribution. Such impacts become all the more important as they may also affect the water availability in the storage reservoirs. This paper examines the regional effects of climate change on various components of the hydrologic cycle viz., surface runoff, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration for three drainage basins of central India. Plausible hypothetical scenarios of precipitation and temperature changes are used as input in a conceptual rainfall-runoff model. The influences of climate change on flood, drought, and agriculture are highlighted. The response of hypothetical reservoirs in these drainage basins to climate variations has also been studied. Results indicate that the basin located in a comparatively drier region is more sensitive to climatic changes. The high probability of a significant effect of climate change on reservoir storage, especially for drier scenarios, necessitates the need of a further, more critical analysis of these effects.