“南美白对虾开发生产可行性论证会”在威海召开

南美白对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓ　ｖａｎｎａｍｅｉ）是迄今所知世界养殖产量最高的三大虾种之一。具有繁殖季节长，全年可以进行育苗生产；离水存活时间长，可进行活虾销售；对水环境的抗逆能力较强，病害发生率低，养殖管理比较容易；对饵料蛋白质含量的要求较低；生长快，肉质鲜美，加工出肉率高等特点。中国科学院海洋研究所张伟权研究员，自１９８８年从国外将南美白对虾引入我国后，在各级政府主管部门和一些对虾养殖单位的大力支持与配合下，对南美白对虾的繁殖生物学进行了大量、系统的研究：在种苗引进的水环境驯化；雌、雄虾性腺人工…     

南美白对虾仔虾对低盐度环境的耐受力试验

南美白对虾 (Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｖａｎｎａｍｅｉ)是世界对虾养殖产量最高的三大品种之一。该虾抗环境变化能力强 ,适应盐度范围广 ,尤其对低盐度环境有很强的耐受力 ,使开发低盐度水域的南美白对虾人工养殖成为可能。２０００年福建闽南地区南美白对虾人工育苗、人工养殖形成热潮 ,低盐度池塘养殖取得很好的效果 ,好的单茬亩产高达２５０ｋｇ,给当前不景气的对虾养殖业注入了一股活力。养殖生产上对淡化虾苗的需求 ,使虾苗的淡化驯养成为南美白对虾人工育苗生产中的重要环节。１材料与方法１．１材料人工培育的南美白对虾仔虾 ,发育期为Ｐ２～…     

罗非鱼、南美白对虾对重金属富集的研究

对广东省养殖的罗非鱼Oreochromis niloticus及南美白对虾Litopeneaus vannamei体内Pb、Cd、Hg、As 4种重金属富集及分布状况进行研究。比较了不同规格罗非鱼及南美白对虾体内重金属差异。分析重金属在罗非鱼及南美白对虾不同部位的分布状况。结果表明,罗非鱼及南美白对虾体内Pb、Cd、Hg、As均有不同程度的检出,但含量均低于国家限定标准(NY5125-2002);其中Pb的含量最高,罗非鱼和南美白对虾体内Pb含量最高值分别为限量的39.32%和42.18%;重金属含量因其规格大小及部位而异,趋势为大规格样品重金属含量相对较高,重金属含量在罗非鱼及南美白对虾体内的增长情况与其体重具有正相关性;罗非鱼内脏重金属含量明显高于肌肉组织,虾头为虾重金属富集的主要部位。     

不同盐度养殖的南美白对虾含肉率及其肌肉营养成分

南美白对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｖａｎｎａｍｅｉ） ,亦称万氏对虾。原产于中、南太平洋沿岸水域秘鲁北部至墨西哥桑诺拉（Ｓｏｎｏｒａ）一带 ,以厄瓜多尔沿岸的分布最为集中 ,是迄今所知世界养殖产量最高的三大优良虾种（斑节对虾Ｐ．ｍｏｎｏｄｏｎ、南美白对虾Ｌ．ｖａｎｎａｍｅｉ和中国对虾Ｐ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）之一 ,是集约化高产养殖的优良品种。南美白对虾以其壳薄体肥、肉质鲜嫩、生长迅速、群体增长均匀、抗病力强等优点 ,而逐渐成为南方主要养殖虾种 ,深受国内外市场的青睐。近年来不少学者对南美白对虾生物学特性和养殖技术进…     

虾肤诱食剂改善南美白对虾植物蛋白日粮的作用

用900尾平均体质量为0.106 g/尾±0.012 g/尾的南美白对虾(Peneausvannamei)进行虾肽改善植物蛋白日粮试验,结果表明:(1)大豆粕、杂粕组南美白对虾的成活率显著高于鱼粉组(P<0.05);(2)大豆粕、鱼粉组南美白对虾相对生长率、饲料系数、虾体组成相似,杂粕组最差,且与大豆粕、鱼粉组有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结果表明,在南美白对虾日粮中虾肽作为营养性诱食剂可显著改善植物蛋白的适口性,提高南美白对虾对大豆蛋白的的消化吸收功能,达到与鱼粉组相同的养殖效果,从而明显降低南美白对虾日粮成本。     

南美白对虾工厂化养殖成本收益分析 ——以山东省为例

文章借鉴国内外传统模式以及工厂化模式下水产养殖、对虾养殖成本收益分析指标体系的设立方法和相关研究理论,以山东省为例,于2016—2019年实地采集得到样本数据,对南美白对虾工厂化养殖模式下的成本收益进行分析。结果表明：①2016—2019年山东省工厂化养殖南美白对虾的总成本呈波动上升趋势,其中可变成本远高于固定成本;②在成本结构方面,工厂化养殖模式下固定成本中最大支出项为固定资产折旧,设备维修费近年来增长明显,可变成本中饲料费用、水电煤费、虾苗费用为主要成本项,其中饲料费用占比最大且呈持续上升趋势;③2016—2019年山东省南美白对虾工厂化养殖的净利润稍有减少,尤其在2018年经历了断崖式下滑,4年来成本利润率和销售利润率降低,养殖利润水平、盈利水平均有所下降;④2016—2019年净利润对于价格、饲料费用、水电煤费、苗种费用的敏感性依次由高到低,2018年养殖效益较差的情况下各项敏感系数绝对值均有所增加。     

低盐度水体南美白对虾对饲料中钙、磷的需求

低盐度水体中 ,以不同钙、磷含量的试验饲料对南美白对虾 (Penaeus vannamei)幼虾(0 .0 1 79± 0 .0 0 2 8) g进行饲养试验。结果表明 ,饲料钙磷的交互作用对南美白对虾的特定生长率、成活率及饲料系数有显著的影响 (P<0 .0 5 )。饲料中不添加钙、磷 ,南美白对虾幼虾的生长、成活率和饲料系数最差 ;饲料中钙、磷添加量分别为 0 .8%,1 .2 %时 ,南美白对虾生长最好。饲料钙、磷对南美白对虾体组织钙、磷含量存在显著的影响 (P<0 .0 5 )。特定生长率与肌肉 Ca/ P比 ,甲壳厚 /体质量比呈显著负相关关系。     

5种单胞藻培育南美白对虾溞状幼体的饵料效果

南美白对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｖａｎｎａｍｅｉ）是迄今世界上公认的养殖产量最高的三大优良虾种之一，由于其具有生长快，出肉率高，抗病和抗环境变化能力，广温广盐性等优点而深受养殖者喜爱，成为今年南方海水、淡水养殖的主要品种。尤其是淡水养殖取得成功，使得虾苗供不应求，单海南、广东，广西三省年需求量几十亿，但在育苗生产上普遍存在因为没有适时适量地投喂适口饵料，造成状幼体存活率低，影响了育苗生产，为了解决这一问题，作者用５种单胞藻培育南美白对虾的状幼体，比较其摄食、生长、变态等方面情况，以便找出较佳的适口…     

海水和淡水养殖南美白对虾肌肉营养成分的分析比较

对海水和淡水养殖南美白对虾肌肉中的水分、蛋白质、脂肪含量及氨基酸的组成进行了分析比较。结果表明 :南美白对虾肌肉的蛋白质含量为 19.1%～ 2 3.3% ,平均为 2 1.2 % ;脂肪含量为 0 .79%～ 1.14% ,平均为 0 .97%。肌肉氨基酸组成中 ,必需氨基酸的含量占氨基酸总量的35 .5 5 %～ 36 .95 % ;富含 Glu(3.2 0 %～ 3.32 % ) ,ASP(2 .0 9%～ 2 .16 % )等鲜味氨基酸 ,蛋白质营养价值高。矿物质含量丰富 ,尤其是 Ca、Mg、Zn、Fe、P;维生素的含量一般。海水养殖虾肉与淡水虾肉相比 ,营养价值相当     

盐度对南美白对虾的生长及生化成分的影响

在室内不同盐度条件下进行了南美白对虾(Penaeusvannamei)幼虾饲养试验 ,就盐度对南美白对虾生长、成活率及生化成分的影响进行了研究。结果表明 ,盐度对南美白对虾体质量增长率、成活率、饲料系数有显著影响(P<0.05) ;在盐度为20时 ,南美白对虾生长最好 ,不同盐度条件下 ,南美白对虾体内的蛋白质、水分、氨基酸、脂肪酸生化成分也有所变化     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.