Comparative Accuracy in Four Civil War Maps of the Shenandoah Valley: A GIS Analysis*

This study compares the accuracy of four maps available to Union and Confederate officers during the 1862 Shenandoah Valley campaign of the American Civil War. It examines historical maps of the Valley of Virginia by the following cartographers: James W. Abert, Hermann Böÿe and Lewis von Buchholtz, Jedediah Hotchkiss, and Franz Kappner. Both simple and three‐tiered sinuosity measures are derived for reference points along study map representations of the Shenandoah river system. These data are then statistically compared to corresponding sinuosity data from USGS topographic quadrangles to identify the relative accuracies of the historical maps. This article offers evidence to refute the common historical assumption that Hotchkiss provided Maj. Gen. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson with terrain intelligence that was far superior to that available to his Union opponents. Evidence indicates that maps by Union cartographers as well as the prewar Böÿe‐Buchholtz map were at least as accurate, or superior to, the work of Hotchkiss.     

System Analysis of the Historical Change of the River Leader System: Based on the Perspective of Historical Institutionalism

In the process of implementing the River Leader System, some problems have emerged regarding its progress and effects. From the perspective of historical institutionalism, the historical change process of the River Leader System was revealed in this paper. There were two key nodes in the historical change progress of the River Leader System. In 2014, the river leader system promotion was transferred from the local government to the Ministry of Water Resources. In 2016, the River Leader System was recognized by the central government and implemented nationwide. The historical change process of the River Leader System can be divided into three periods: the creation and formation period, the pilot and diffusion period, and the promotion and strengthening period. The change in the river and lake problems was an important driving force for the historical change of the River Leader System. A path dependent phenomenon was mainly reflected in the policy diffusion scope, problem orientation, main tasks and management methods. At present, there are some shortcomings in the River Leader System, such as a lack of inter-provincial coordination, imperfect evaluation mechanism, poorly coordinated management tasks, and insufficient public participation. To solve these problems, some policy recommendations are put forward. In the short term, the River Leader System will be continuously improved and strengthened. In the long term, it will be transformed into the integrated watershed management system.     

基于历史地图与遥感影像的近百年来长江荆江段河道演变

基于实测的军事地形图和Landsat遥感影像,重建了20世纪30年代至2015年的近百年长江荆江段河道演变空间数据集,并以此为基础使用计盒维数法在ArcGIS 10.2平台上测算得出河道分形维数近百年来的变化过程。研究表明：荆江河道具有明显的分形特征,河道分维数值在1.074 7~1.049 1之间变动,平均值为1.061 3。近百年来荆江河道演变可以划分为2个阶段：20世纪30~50年代和1976~2015年,其分维均值分别为1.074 3和1.052 6。近百年来荆江河道处于逐渐趋于稳定的过程中。各时间断面下荆江的分维值都高于上荆江,下荆江的河流复杂程度大于上荆江,且荆江河道分维的变化主要取决于下荆江。近百年来荆江河道分维下降的原因主要是1949年后荆江河道大规模治理和人工截弯取直。     

Accuracy evaluation of two precipitation datasets over upper reach of Heihe River Basin, northwestern China

As an important forcing data for hydrologic models, precipitation has significant effects on model simulation. The China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (ITP) and Global Land Data Assimilation System (G...     

塔里木河流域TRMM降水数据精度评估

利用塔里木河流域24个气象站降水数据,分析了2000-2013年TRMM多卫星降水数据(TRMM 3B43 v7)在塔里木河流域的适用性。检验结果表明:全年来看,TRMM数据对研究区所有站点的年均降水量拟合较好(R²=0.8846),流域内24个站点平均年降水量相对偏差为19.02%,其中60%的站点表现为TRMM年降水量高于地面实测年降水量;月降水方面,除个别站点(于田、且末、乌恰)较差外,大部分站点的拟合度都较好;就季节而言:春季拟合效果最好,夏、秋季的TRMM数据存在低估问题,而冬季则偏高估;流域降水量由东南向西北递增,并在西北部边缘地区增加较显著,形成一个相对丰水带;而向沙漠腹地方向延伸的降水量则呈减少趋势。同时流域最大降水区域在一年中变化存在一定的规律。     

Assessing the Accuracy of The Map of the Prefectural Capital of 1261 Using Geographic Information Systems

This paper explores the application of geographic information systems (GIS) in the evaluation of the accuracy of early maps through a case study of The Map of the Prefectural Capital of 1261. The evaluation of the accuracy of early maps is an important aspect of the study of the history of cartography, but no standard methodology has been generally accepted. The purpose of this paper is to assess the positional accuracy and the relative relations of the spatial objects on The Map of the Prefectural Capital using GIS. The procedure of the study includes identification of locations of the points and features of The Map of the Prefectural Capital on a modern base map, digitization of the early map and the modern base map, overlays of the digitized early map and modern base map, and an analysis of the absolute and relative distortion of the early map. The results of the analysis show that The Map of the Prefectural Capital of 1261 is reasonably accurate considering the technical ability of the thirteenth century, although it contains a considerable amount of positional displacement. In contrast to the amount of positional displacement, the relative relations among the objects are depicted much more precisely.     

SRTM DEM高程精度评价

为了全面认识SRTM DEM数据精度特征并完善SRTM DEM数据精度评定方法,该文以我国1∶5万比例尺DEM为参考数据,以具有多种地貌类型的陕西省为实验样区,利用高程中误差模型及空间插值方法对SRTMDEM进行高程精度分析。结果表明:陕西省的SRTM DEM高程中误差在3.5~60.7 m,呈现出较为显著的空间分异特征;并且高程中误差与实验样区平均坡度有较强的指数相关性,拟合的指数函数具有较高的模拟精度。     

风暴洪水主要承灾体脆弱性分析——黄浦江案例

脆弱性分析是自然灾害风险研究的热点问题之一。风暴洪水是上海黄浦江流域所面临的最主要自然灾害类型,历史上对该区域造成极为严重的灾害损失。通过多次灾后调查,结合前人研究成果,构建该区域7种主要承灾体经济损失脆弱性方程和人口脆弱性方程。基于前期黄浦江风暴洪水多情景危险性成果,开展实证研究,结果显示:经济损失和人口脆弱性分布自黄浦江上游地区向下游逐渐降低。最后,提出未来脆弱性研究中有待进一步完善和发展的工作。     

不同源降水数据在天山南坡阿克苏河流域适用性分析

降水是水热循环以及气候变化研究的重要环节,降水资料的准确与否直接影响流域尺度的水文过程研究。本文基于2000-2015年天山南坡阿克苏河流域气象站点观测降水数据,对比分析了Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission（TRMM）降水数据集和Global Land Data Assimilation System（GLDAS）两种具有代表性的降水格网数据集在阿克苏河流域的适用性。结果表明：TRMM3B43数据在阿克苏河流域的整体表现优于GLDAS-2数据。两种数据的精度在月尺度上表现最优,相关系数分别为0.938和0.901,通过了0.01的显著性检验;在季节尺度,TRMM3B43数据各季节与站点插值的拟合度要优于GLDAS-2数据,但二者均呈现出高估冷季降水而低估暖季降水的趋势;在年尺度上,两种数据表现较差。在空间分布上,两种数据类型均能够反映出阿克苏河流域降水自西北向东南递减的空间分布趋势。并且两种数据在平原区的表现均优于山区,低估高海拔地区降水而高估低海拔地区的降水。     

沿海生态地区空间均衡内涵界定与状态评估——以黄河三角洲高效生态经济区为例

以沿海生态地区黄河三角洲高效生态经济区为例,运用组合类型方法测度空间均衡状态,得出以下结论：① 黄河三角洲高效生态区开发强度呈现中部和东翼高、西翼低的空间格局,资源环境承载能力呈现由东翼向西翼递减的空间格局;② 开发不足型、均衡型、过度开发型区域并存,东翼多为均衡型区域,中部和西翼多为过度开发区域,西翼偏北地区多为开发不足区域;③ 区域本底条件、区域发展阶段、产业集聚状态、空间集约程度、管控制度设计、区际关系结构等是影响空间均衡的重要因素。     

Modeling Sensitivity to Accuracy in Classified Imagery: A Study of Areal Interpolation by Dasymetric Mapping*

Areal interpolation is the process by which data collected from one set of zonal units can be estimated for another zonal division of the same space that shares few or no boundaries with the first. In previous research, we outlined the use of dasymetric mapping for areal interpolation and showed it to be the most accurate method tested. There we used control information derived from classified satellite imagery to parameterize the dasymetric method, but because such data are rife with errors, here we extend the work to examine the sensitivity of the population estimates to error in the classified imagery. Results show the population estimates by dasymetric mapping to be largely insensitive to the errors of classification in the Landsat image when compared with the other methods tested. The dasymetric method deteriorates to the accuracy of the next worst estimate only when 40% error occurs in the classified image, a level of error that may easily be bettered within most remote sensing projects.     

黄河影响下开封城市的历史演变

河流对城市的形成和发展起着重要的作用,古人形象地把其比喻为“城市之血脉”。文章从不同的历史时期黄河及其分支对开封城市演变的影响进行分析,得出黄河与开封城市的关系存在着利与害的统一。开封城市的历史发展,即得益于黄河充足的水源,又受害于其频繁的决溢、泛滥、改道。因此,要采用先进的科学技术对黄河进行综合治理开发,使其恢复它应有的美好环境,更好地造福于人民。     

Design and Usability of an Enhanced Geographic Information System for Exploration of Multivariate Health Statistics*

The multidimensional nature of many types of data in modern geography calls for creative and innovative approaches to their analysis. Statisticians have recently developed methods for exploring and visualizing large, multivariate datasets, but cartographers and geographers in general have only recently begun to integrate these methods for use with spatial and spatiotemporal datasets that are multivariate in character. This article will present an example of such an integration—an environment for visualization of health statistics—as a case study to demonstrate the philosophical and practical advantages of geovisualization systems for the exploration of complex spatiotemporal information. Emphasis is placed on the encouragement of creative thinking about geographic phenomena through the use of such data‐rich graphical tools.     

基于力学平衡模型的长三角港口物流发展协调性研究

基于港口物流协调发展理论分析框架,构建相应的综合评价指标体系和协调性判别模型,对长三角13个港口物流发展协调性进行综合评判。结果表明：长三角已形成较为明显的以上海港为核心,宁波-舟山港、苏州港和南京港为副中心,其余港口为重要补充的多层次港口物流规模等级结构;港口物流协调发展层次总体偏低,以低水平协调型为主,且港口物流发展协调度与综合发展度间存在紧密联系,呈现明显的“U”型曲线特征;港口物流协调发展偏离方向集中化特征不明显,制约不同港口物流协调发展的主要因素存在较大区别,同时就物流运营发展滞后型、城市支撑发展滞后型和基础设施发展滞后型港口分别提出改进方向。     

基于聚落演变的岩溶山区小尺度人口数推算方法——以普定后寨河地区为例

运用高分辨率遥感数据源,从聚落入手,采用聚落调查法和GIS空间分析方法,在小尺度上建立基于研究区普定后寨河地区的总体情况、地形地貌差异、聚落等级的岩溶山区乡村聚落空间规模与人口数之间的相关关系,并在此基础上对其4个时期独立聚落人口动态数量进行回归模拟。步骤为:1)建立研究区已获取人口数的聚落空间分布规模(面积)与人口数的一元线性相关关系,对研究区聚落与人口进行回归分析,推算出研究区各时期无法获取准确数据的独立聚落人口数;2)建立各地貌区聚落空间规模与人口的线性关系,推算基于地貌类型无法获取准确数据的聚落人口数;3)考虑聚落空间规模的等级效应,将研究区各时期聚落按空间分布规模划分为高、中、低3个规模等级,计算不同等级内已获取人口数聚落的人均聚落面积,然后推算未知人口数聚落的人口数;4)在上述三种推算方式的基础上,使用平均法计算各时期每个独立聚落人口数。通过对比县志、人口资料和实地调查,证明通过聚落与人口数之间的相关关系推算聚落人口数是基本有效的、准确的。     

制度能力在水污染治理中的作用——珠江广州段与泰晤士河伦敦段的治理比较分析

在对珠江广州段与东江、西江、北江的部分地段及广州市水务局、猎德污水处理厂、猎德村居民和英国泰晤士河等实地调查、资料分析的基础上,对珠江广州段近年污水治理与泰晤士河伦敦段两次成功治理进行比较、综合分析,提出制度能力对中国水污染治理的作用与意义.制度能力是针对解决某一具体事物而综合相关各个层面因素形成的能力.文中从规划、科研、体制、公众参与、立法五个方面总结了伦敦的经验,以期为广州治水提供借鉴.分析了广州治水过程中的制约因素,包括地方政府权力过大,以GDP为政绩的最主要考核指标,体制上有缺陷(多头管水,各主管     

土地利用监测适宜尺度选择方法研究 ——-以塔里木河流域为例

适宜尺度选择是生态学、地理学等学科的重要问题之一。在不同的研究目的下, 尺度选择的方法和标准也随之变化。以塔里木河流域20 世纪50 年代土地利用数据为例, 将面积 作为尺度选择的参数, 统计斑块面积分布直方图, 然后计算9 种比例尺(1:2 000 000, 1:1 000 000, 1:500 000, 1:250 000, 1:100 000, 1:50 000, 1:25 000, 1:10 000 和1:5 000) 下的归一化尺度方差, 最后结合Shannon-Weaver 景观多样性指数、Simpson 多样性指数和分维 数补充归一化尺度方差的结果, 探讨塔里木河流域土地利用的空间分布特征和尺度规律。结果如下: ① 归一化尺度方差值显示塔里木河干流50 年代土地利用监测适宜尺度为1:50 000 比例尺(约20km×20km 网格大小), 除沙地适宜尺度在1:100 000 比例尺外, 有林地、灌木林地和盐碱地的适宜比例尺均在1:50 000 比例尺上; ② Shannon-Weaver 多样性指数、Simpson 多样性指数和分维数结果表明盐碱地的多样性指数的适宜尺度与归一化尺度方差结果相同, 沙地的多样性指数与归一化尺度方差的适宜尺度域相同, 有林地和灌木林地多样性指数最优尺度在1:10 000 比例尺与归一化尺度方差结果不同; ③ 沙地和盐碱地的分维数在1:10 000 比 例尺处有明显的上升, 沙地达到最大值1.35, 而在其他尺度分维数值接近, 有林地和灌木林地则在各个尺度分维数值接近, 且值不超过1.2。     

博弈理论在水资源管理中的应用——以黑河流域为例

区域的地理差异使得水资源在分布上时空不均,造成水资源供给的有限性;用水主体的开发利用和效率低下使得水资源呈现过量需求,造成不必要的浪费,此两者成为了水问题产生的主要原因。博弈理论应用的目的就是通过博弈分析寻找主体之间的博弈均衡点,实现博弈主体之间的效率与利益的最大化,选出最优策略组合。本文将博弈理论应用于水问题突出的黑河流域,通过对中游地区、下游地区和流域管理局3个主体之间的博弈分析得出流域管理局的介入和中游采取合作态度成为了解决水问题实现流域可持续利用的可行性策略。为了使中游地区采取合作态度,政府可以通过制定政策与奖惩措施来控制中游地区的行为,实现流域内部的生态效益与经济效益最大化,达到区域间的合作共赢。     

丘区河流性湿地保护与恢复工程:以重庆濑溪河国家湿地公园为例

濑溪河国家湿地公园位于重庆市荣昌区,地处西南地区腹心地带,是集天然河流与人工湿地于一体的复合型湿地生态系统,具有典型的西南丘区河流湿地特征。濑溪河国家湿地公园实施了水质保护、水质净化、鸟类生境保护、河岸多塘系统恢复、河岸林网络系统修复、河岸廊道修复等保护与恢复工程,取得了显著的湿地保护成效,为西南地区丘区河流湿地公园的保护与恢复提供了重要依据。     

常流河向季节河转变过程中河床适应性调整及对行洪影响--以黄河和滹沱河为例

研究黄河和滹沱河对季节河化的适应性调整，发现季节化程度较高的滹沱河下游河床断面和平面形态调整幅度不大，而河床的糙率成倍增加造成下游的小水大灾现象；黄河下游近年流量减小，不断断流，主槽淤积，虽然河槽断面形态在游荡段变得更窄深，但主槽明显变小、变窄、变高，构成下游近年出现的小水大灾现象的主要原因。