中国大都市多中心空间演化过程的非均衡动态模拟

构建了一个基于垄断竞争、规模经济、空间成本、消费者多样化偏好以及商品和服务差异化的大都市多中心空间结构模型,并整合基于agent的建模,借助非均衡(out-of-equilibrium)动态模拟,探讨了人口规模和消费需求、区域间和区域内商业产品及服务的替代弹性、固定成本投入、区位和交通条件等因素的"持续"变化对的大都市空间结构演化的影响过程。模拟表明:以商业为代表的经济活动往往集聚在具有区位优势、规模经济和消费能力的大都市传统中心,而交通条件的持续改善、新兴郊区次中心与传统城市中心之间以及城区内部商业产品和服务的不断差异化对大都市的多中心空间结构有重要影响,但影响的程度不同。更重要的是,大都市的人口规模和消费能力对新兴郊区次中心的形成作用显著。     

转型期杭州城市写字楼空间分布特征及其机制

随着转型期城市现代服务业的兴起以及信息经济的发展壮大,写字楼经济逐渐成为城市经济发展和城市文明的象征,并对城市空间结构产生了重要影响。通过运用GIS空间密度分析、区位熵和空间自相关等技术方法,探讨了转型期杭州城市写字楼的空间分布特征及其演化机制,结果表明：写字楼空间容量密度分布呈由中心向外围梯度递减格局,并出现多中心融合集聚的形态;写字楼规模容量特征呈现显著的内外围差异性,内城开发密度大而强度小,外围开发强度大而密度小;而规模容量的等级结构不够合理,主要体现在第三级区块发展规模的滞后;写字楼内部企业类型中,基础性依赖行业在空间上的分布较为离散,而生产性服务业则趋于集簇式分布;写字楼内部企业存在较大的区位熵差异,即出现一定的地域专业化特征,同时,发展较为成熟的区块一般具有较高的综合服务能力,而处于发展中的区块则呈现出功能的单一性。总体上看,政治、经济和企业微观主体等各种要素,通过相互交织的综合作用机制,有效地推动了城市写字楼及其生产性服务业在空间上集聚与分散相结合的时空演化进程,其中显著表现在城市经济形态转型、城市郊区化、城市空间结构调整以及政策与政府行为等方面。     

全球化与新经济背景下的广州市空间结构

全球化与新经济对城市空间结构的形成和演变产生了深刻的影响。基于统计资料及实际调查,分析了广州城市空间结构的演化过程及格局。结果显示,广州城市演化表现出明显的阶段性,包括单中心增长模式、飞地发展模式、“二元”空间结构模式及融合多核心网络模式。现阶段处于二元空间结构模式的发展阶段,新城市区域与老城市区域在产业结构、人口结构、景观特征等方面存在明显的差异。这种城市空间形态结构的演变及格局,是全球化及新经济因素、体制因素、政策及城市规划因素等多种因素综合作用的结果。近年来,全球化与新经济对城市空间形态发展起着日益重要的作用。广州城市空间结构的分析对我国大都市空间结构研究具有重要的启示意义。     

基于点状数据与GIS的广州大都市区产业空间格局

利用2004年数字城市数据,研究了广州大都市区产业内部、产业之间的空间关系,比较了广州大都市区中心城区和新城区各种产业的空间格局。将广州大都市区行业分为制造业、批发和运输、零售、生产服务业、房地产业、管理服务、教育、医疗保健及社会扶助和娱乐设施等10类。利用1 km2格网画出了各行业点状密度,并通过分区产业百分比及区位商分析了各产业企业的空间分布,中心城区的主导产业是管理服务、房地产、零售及金融保险等服务行业,而在新城区其主导功能是制造业、批发与运输及生产服务业等。利用平均最邻近距离分析广州大都市区中心城区和新城区各产业内企业之间的空间关系,广州大都市区各产业企业都呈凝聚分布,在中心城区金融行业分布最集中,其次是房地产、生产服务业、娱乐、管理服务等。利用邻近性指数分析了各产业之间的空间关系,发现生产服务业和管理服务业、教育和医疗保健与社会扶助、娱乐和零售等邻近性较大。     

“Software,Jobs Go Begging,Threatening Technology Boom”: Computer Services Employment in U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 1982 and 1993

The campaign to promote the networking of America underscores the importance of information infrastructures that can support regional competitiveness. One crucial element of a regional information infrastructure is a computer services (CS) industry that supports computer systems, provides backward and forward linkages among all sectors of the economy, serves as engines for economic growth, enhances production efficiency, and encourages innovation. But research on metropolitan CS has been limited, and where CS are analyzed directly, spatial units of analysis vary and CS are rarely disaggregated. This paper situates CS employment within spatial analyses of producer services, outlines infrastructural characteristics, analyzes CS distribution across metropolitan areas in 1982 and 1993, and considers the implications of the findings. The data suggest that while large metropolitan areas are most likely to have a diverse base of specializations in multiple CS types, many smaller metropolitan areas possess CS specializations. We conclude that ranking in the urban CS hierarchy is more likely to be a function of local economic structure than metropolitan population. The uneven dispersion of CS capacity across metropolitan areas potentially has negative ramifications for implementation of national policy and development of underserved regional economies.     

近年来移动办公发展的城—郊异质性特征研究——基于2019年与2021年武汉市联通用户手机App使用大数据

移动办公是信息时代新型的生产办公活动,其发展对大城市办公活动的移动化转型、郊区办公区位提升和城—郊办公区位的优化重组具有重大价值。论文基于2019与2021年武汉市城—郊联通用户的手机App使用大数据以及企业分布数据,运用数理统计、Getis-Ord G_i^*与层次空间聚类、地理探测器等方法,探究武汉市移动办公的城—郊异质性特征及演变趋势。研究发现：① 从移动办公人数占比和人均时长看,近郊区非常接近中心城区,且近郊区的增长率高于中心城区,反映了移动办公的扁平化发展趋势。② 从空间分异看,郊区新城的移动办公人数占比、移动办公人均时长的高值区域远多于中心城区,并且在近郊区范围内越远离中心城区,其极大值往往越高,局部集聚程度也越高,表明移动办公对郊区的办公区位具有较好的补足效应。③ 从产业类型和规模看,中心城区的生产性服务业和生活性服务业的移动办公发展水平较高,而近郊区的信息技术业和制造业的发展水平较高。并且中心城区企业数量越多的大规模集聚中心,其移动办公发展水平更高;而近郊区新城中企业数量较少的小规模集聚中心,其移动办公发展水平更高。研究对于明晰移动信息时代城市移动办公活动的空间分布特征,探究不同产业类型的移动办公发展规律,进而实现郊区办公区位优化重组有一定价值,而基于手机App使用大数据的分析方法,也为日益重要的城市线上活动的研究提供了新的渠道。     

中国产业空间格局演化与空间转型发展态势

基于城市层面三次产业的产值数据,应用空间统计标准差椭圆方法全面分析了 2003-2016年中国产业空间格局演化特征与转型发展态势.研究发现,2003-2016年中国三次产业空间中心均向内陆方向移动,且第二产业空间移动距离最大;第一产业空间离散化发展,空间聚集度减小;第二产业正在加快由沿海向内陆地区空间集中化聚集发展,空...     

Megaurbanization and Industrial Relocation in Mexico's Central Region

Recent changes involving Mexico City, the main metropolis in Mexico and one of the world's largest megacities, are a slowing demographic growth and the relocation of industrial activities from the city proper to other cities in the Central Region. One of the important features of this process is the extension of existing location economies for manufacturing industries from the strictly urban, or metropolitan scale, to a somewhat more regional level. This paper argues that this territorial restructuring is highly influenced by four main processes: (1) a spatially selective industrialization where a few cities, rural areas and economic corridors are emerging as industrial locations; (2) accessibility and transaction flows where the main road network and commodity flows determine the primary urban structure and the formation of economic corridors; (3) a concentrated pattern of foreign investment that shows a marked preference for the urban "core" and which reinforces its economic importance; (4) a territorial industrial specialization pattern whose main feature is a mixture of dispersion and concentration trends according to the type of manufacturing industry. Territorial restructuring in this region is an excellent example of an emerging spatial order associated to megaurbanization, with a rapid growth of nearby cities, a polycentric urban pattern, and the arrival of manufacturing industry in selective sites. However, this process seems to reinforce current intraregional inequalities, as the places with the best economic advantages tend to receive larger investments.     

改革开放以来广州办公活动的时空差异分析

选择广州作为研究对象,在分析办公活动增长趋势的基础上,对广州办公活动空间分布格局的变化特征进行了讨论。结果表明,改革开放以来办公活动整体集聚程度有所下降,但市中心的就业密度集聚上升,就业密度增长速度在空间上不连续。广州市办公活动空间分布呈现出与西方国家大都市办公活动空间分布不同的特征。进一步分析表明,政策是形成广州办公活动空间分布格局的关键因素,西方区位理论在目前阶段还不完全适用于中国的情况。     

基于租金的北京城市办公活动经济空间结构解析

以北京市中心城区的6个行政区1037个写字楼实测点位数据和租金属性数据为基础,运用空间自相关和克里格插值等空间分析方法,与北京市基准地价的综合地价进行比较分析,研究北京办公活动的经济空间结构。研究结果表明,北京城区写字楼租金大体呈同心环状分布,与基准地价的综合地价在空间分布态势上基本吻合,并在一定程度上映射出北京城市经济空间结构特征,即总体上呈现同心环状向心集聚,并沿交通干道和对外放射状道路延伸。北京城区写字楼租金的空间分布"高高"模式在办公集聚区和交通主干道附近呈现明显的集中分布态势,说明北京目前办公活动的空间趋势仍然以向心集聚为主,区位与交通条件是影响写字楼租金的重要因素。写字楼租金的空间偏向差异显著,"高高"聚集区主要位于北城,而"低低"模式在南城集聚明显,城区内存在明显的空间差异性,揭示了北京城市内部经济格局失衡现象依旧显著。历史惯性、规划引导、事件推动以及办公活动自身对交通和区位条件的要求是导致北京城市办公活动经济空间结构现状特征形成与发展的主要原因。基于此,租金作为办公活动区位选择的主要因素以及衡量地价和经济发展程度的重要指标,间接影响着城市内部经济空间结构的形成与发展。     

The typology of the American metropolis: monocentricity,polycentricity, or generalized dispersion?

Although the spatial structure of employment in large US metropolitan regions is a well-researched topic, few studies focus on medium-sized and small US metropolitan regions. Consequently, there is no overall typology relating small-to-medium urban form to employment distribution. We address this gap by investigating the spatial structure of employment in 356 metropolitan regions. We conceptualize six typologies based on three categories that have overlapping properties: “monocentricity,” “polycentricity,” and “generalized dispersion.” The study has three main findings. First, the three types of urban form that we identify as “hybrid” outnumber the three “pure” types by almost four to one. Second, job dispersion is a dominant characteristic in almost 70% of all metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) (including the hybrid types), and polycentricity (56.7% of MSAs) is somewhat more common than monocentricity. Third, there is a strong relationship between population size and density. The population of medium-sized metropolitan areas is generally more dispersed than that of small and large metropolitan areas. Polycentricy emerges mostly in large metropolitan regions, while monocentrity is found in both small and large metropolitan regions.     

The validity of the monocentric city model in a polycentric age: US metropolitan areas in 1990, 2000 and 2010

In this article, we use local indicators of spatial association (LISA) and other spatial analysis techniques to analyze the distribution of centers with high employment density within metropolitan areas. We examine the 359 metropolitan areas across the United States at three points in time (1990, 2000, and 2010) to provide a spatio-temporal panoramic of urban spatial structure. Our analysis highlights three key findings. (1) The monocentric structure persists in a majority of metropolitan areas: 56.5% in 1990, 64.1% in 2000, and 57.7% in 2010. (2) The pattern of employment centers remains stable for most metropolitan areas: the number of centers remained the same for 74.9% of metropolitan areas between 1990 and 2000 and for 85.2% between 2000 and 2010. (3) Compared with monocentric metropolitan areas, polycentric metros are larger and more dense, with higher per-capita incomes and lower poverty rates.     

The Growth and Location of High Order Services in the Canadian Urban System, 1971–1991

In spite of the considerable economic importance of high order (intermediate demand) services, research on the growth and location of these activities has remained at a fairly aggregate level. The behavior of the individual elements of this group has rarely been documented in detail. In this paper, we seek to determine if individual high order service activities are becoming spatially more concentrated or dispersed across the Canadian urban system, and to determine if differential rates of growth may be observed by region and by urban size category. These issues are of considerable importance in the ongoing debate concerning the impact of the tertiarization of the economy on uneven spatial development. We examine the performance and location of 17 individual high order service activities over a set of 152 Canadian urban areas with populations greater than 10,000 inhabitants. Most of these activities are highly concentrated in a small number of very large urban areas, and their level of concentration declined only very slightly over the period 1971–1991. We conclude with an examination of the factors underlying the geographic concentration of high order services at the upper end of the urban hierarchy.     

北京大都市土地开发的乘数效应和增长模式研究

本依据1992－2000年北京地区2000多个土地开发项目统计资料，通过实证对城市土地空间开发的理论模式进行研究。结果表明，城市特定区域的土地开发，表现为乘数效应作用下的逻辑斯蒂增长。根据模型对各环线和扇面模拟的相关系数高达0．95以上。在此基础上，结合北京举办奥运会带来的巨大投资规模，预测北京大市土地开发的趋势。     

THE URBAN LABOR MARKET IN MEXICO: GLOBAL CHANGE,INFORMALITY, AND SOCIAL POLARIZATION

In this study I argue that Mexico's integration into the global economy has increased the dependent nature of its capitalist development and has resulted in the weakening of organized labor and growth of the informal sector. Neoliberal policies in Mexico have accentuated the disparities between the formal and informal sectors and between highly paid skilled workers and those working in unskilled and poorly paid occupations. New forms of geographic dispersion and agglomeration of economic activities contribute to the reproduction of differentiated labor markets in various regions and cities. This is particularly true in those areas most affected by the global economy, such as the major metropolitan areas and the northern regions of the country.

The main changes in the urban labor market associated with economic restructuring in Mexico during the 1980s are analyzed. The paper makes three main points: (1) the ability of the formal sector and especially industry to absorb labor has declined, and there is a clear trend toward a tertiarization of the economy; (2) the informal sector has experienced rapid growth, particularly in small firms and other less productive economic activities; and (3) the occupational structure displays more marginal employment and signs of polarization between the proportions of jobs with the highest and lowest levels of skill.     

基于高速公路流的东北大都市区边界识别与结构特征研究

利用高速公路收费站数据分析东北大都市区的空间边界与中心-外围结构特征。研究发现,① 中心城市高速公路流随距离的分布符合距离衰减规律,随规模位序的累积分布符合“二八定律”,但在具体的指标阈值上却表现出显著差异。② 四大都市区在空间上相连,以较小的国土面积承载了区域主要的社会经济活动。沈阳都市区和大连都市区在城镇关联体系中已实现融合;沈阳都市区、长春都市区、哈尔滨都市区间的空间联系则相对松散。③ 高速公路流空间下,各大都市区中心-外围空间结构表现出空间圈层、功能廊道和边界切割的典型特征。     

多中心空间开发战略研究——以大郑州都市区为例

通过对比分析单中心、双中心和多中心3种典型的都市区空间开发模式发现,多中心、网络化的空间开发模式已成为全球许多都市区空间发展的核心理念。以大郑州都市区为例,结合其范围界定和空间开发的现状与问题,认为,应该采取多中心空间开发模式,突破行政区划限制,向北、向南和向东3个方向积极拓展发展空间,注重与东西两翼的协同发展,加强与开封、洛阳、许昌等周边城市的空间联系,将大郑州都市区打造成为中原经济区的核心增长极、中部崛起的引领者和全国区域性中心城市。     

国外大都市区规划体系评述

本文探讨了国外大都市区在规划编制中的一些最新做法和特点，包括规划负责机构、规划组织体系、规划编制大纲三个方面，并介绍了美国纽约、英国伦敦和日本近畿圈规划的特点。由于各国管理制度的差异性和大都市区组织结构的多样性，国外大都市区的规划呈现不同特点和效果。     

基于多源大数据的深圳市生活性服务业空间格局及影响因素研究

基于生活性服务业POI、手机信令和管理人口数据等大数据,采用最邻近指数、核密度、熵指数及地理探测器方法,探究深圳市生活性服务业的空间格局及影响因素。结果表明：1）深圳市生活性服务业空间分布不均衡,主要集中在中、西部地区,总体呈现“两核-三带”的空间集聚特征;空间上呈带状发展形态,主要集聚在交通主干道及轨道线周边区域。2）大多数服务业类别的空间特征与总体生活性服务业的空间分布特征基本一致,少数区域因产业发展导致空间分布集聚的差异化。3）生活性服务业混合度在罗湖区、福田区、南山区类别相对均衡,在宝安区、龙华区等其他区类别相对单一,混合度高的区域大多集中在“两核”外的边缘区域,而不是POI密度最高的“两核”核心处。4）人口因素是影响生活性服务业空间格局的最主要因素,其次为交通因素,经济因素和空间因素的影响程度较低。5）各探测因子对各类生活性服务业空间分布的影响程度存在差异,不同年龄段因需求不同影响到各类别生活性服务业的空间分布。     

东京都市圈人口变迁与产业重构特征研究

作为一种新的城市功能地域形态,都市圈是城镇化发展到一定阶段的产物。论文以东京都市圈为研究对象,借助人口密集地区(Densely Inhabited District,DID)、人口净迁入率、产业区位商、空间基尼系数等指标,系统梳理20世纪60年代以来东京都市圈人口集疏格局演化、人口流动时空变迁以及产业结构转换和空间重组特征。研究表明,从人口集疏格局来看,东京都市圈人口分布逐渐从“孤岛式集聚”走向“连绵式展开”,但核心辐射范围仍集中于50 km半径内,此外,DID人口集聚趋势持续强化。从人口流动格局来看,东京都市圈始终表现出强大的人口集聚态势,成为日本人口困境中的一枝独秀,内部大规模郊区化基本结束,“都心回归”趋势明显。从产业结构调整来看,东京都市圈三产比重持续上升、二产比重大幅下滑、第一产业持续萎缩,已逐步实现从工业主导向服务业主导转变。从产业空间重组来看,东京都市圈逐步形成梯度发展、阶层趋于固化的产业空间结构,服务业和高附加值轻工业中心集聚,技术密集型重工业外围布局。