现代金矿成矿理论的若干进展

近十余年来，现代金矿成矿理论研究取得了长足进展，总结这些进展有助于开阔金矿研究和勘查思路。深入地研究了地球动力学背景对金矿成矿的控制，建立了区域成矿学的基本理论，提出了造山带型金矿的概念。岩浆热液和变质热液成矿理论获得了新的证据，在金矿成矿作用过程中岩浆流体较普遍存在，变质去挥发分作用所产生的大量热液是金矿成矿所需的低盐度流体。全球超大型金矿以中温热液型、浅成火山热液型金矿及砂金矿最为多见。从成矿系列理论发展到成矿系统理论，强调了金与其他矿产资源之间的相互联系，提出了铁氧化物型铜一金矿床和钨一锡成矿省内与侵入体有关的2种新类型金矿床。提出金的宇宙来源及撞击成矿理论。     

Orogenic gold and the mineral systems approach: Resolving fact,fiction and fantasy

The fact that mineral deposit attributes such as the size frequency of orogenic gold deposits in specific provinces exhibit power law distributions similar to forest fires, earthquakes, and fault size populations, is a compelling motivation to examine their genesis from a systems context. Based on well-studied Earth systems such as climate, the systems related to mineral deposits are likely to be complex and potentially include sensitive dependent components that vary simultaneously and in subtly interconnected ways.Although a “systems approach” was enunciated for mineral exploration by Fyfe and Kerrich as early as 1976, it is yet to be fully embraced by the geosciences community that commonly retain models dependent primarily on deposit-scale characteristics. Orogenic gold deposits are well studied and widely considered to represent a single class of deposit that has formed over much of Earth history in settings ranging from Archean granite-greenstone belts to Phanerozoic turbidite sequences. Accordingly, the deposit type is well suited for assessment within a systems context. If orogenic gold deposits do in fact represent a single class of deposits, then the simplest application of a systems approach highlights the fact that the nature of the host upper crustal succession cannot be a fundamental control, with specific granite suites and pyritic sediments not universal, or at least not essential, components of the system. Furthermore the scale of orogenic gold systems implicates processes capable of tapping sub-crustal source regions.Increasingly, advances in orogenic gold systems, and mineral systems in general, are linked to application of systems science that emphasize importance of system-driven criticality. Orogenic gold systems and other mineral systems are typically short in duration and linked in time and space to tectonic triggers. The latter promote a rapid release of energy (‘avalanches’) that overcome system thresholds and are strong indicators of complex systems that may show power-law behavior.Only a rigorous application of a systems approach can cut through the confusion that arises from conflicting models based on local deposit studies. Only a systems approach can evaluate the significance of rare or anomalous features in a small number of deposits. Truly predictive models for mineral exploration will ultimately be developed by workers who adhere to the systems approach.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987115000808

It is quite evident that it is not anomalous metal transport,nor unique depositional conditions,nor any single factor at the deposit scale,that dictates whether a mineral deposit becomes a giant or not.A hierarchical approach thus is required to progressively examine controlling parameters at successively decreasing scales in the total mineral system to understand the location of giant gold deposits in non-arc environments.For giant orogenic,intrusion-related gold systems(IRGS) and Carlin-type gold deposits and iron oxide-copper-gold(IOCG) deposits,there are common factors among all of these at the lithospheric to crustal scale.All are sited in giant gold provinces controlled by complex fundamental fault or shear zones that follow craton margins or,in the case of most Phanerozoic orogenic giants,define the primary suture zones between tectonic terranes.Giant provinces of IRGS,IOCG,and Carlin-type deposits require melting of metasomatized lithosphere beneath craton margins with ascent of hybrid lamprophyric to granitic magmas and associated heat flux to generate the giant province.The IRGS and IOCG deposits require direct exsolution of volatile-rich magmatic-hydrothermal fluids,whereas the association of such melts with Carlin-type ores is more indirect and enigmatic.Giant orogenic gold provinces show no direct relationship to such magmatism.forming from metamorphic fluids,but show an indirect relationship to lamprophyres that reflect the mantle connectivity of controlling first-order structures.In contrast to their province scale similarities,the different giant gold deposit styles show contrasting critical controls at the district to deposit scale.For orogenic gold deposits,the giants appear to have formed by conjunction of a greater number of parameters to those that control smaller deposits,with resultant geometrical and lithostratigraphic complexity as a guide to their location.There are few giant IRGS due to their inferior fluid-flux systems relative to orogenic gold deposits,and those few giants are essentially preservational exceptions.Many Carlin-type deposits are giants due to the exceptional conjunction of both structural and lithological parameters that caused reactive and permeable rocks,enriched in syngenetic gold,to be located below an impermeable cap along antiformal "trends".Hydrocarbons probably played an important role in concentrating metal.The supergiant Post-Betze deposit has additional ore zones in strain heterogeneities surrounding the pre-gold Goldstrike stock.All unequivocal IOCG deposits are giant or near-giant deposits in terms of gold-equivalent resources,partly due to economic factors for this relatively poorly understood,low Cu-Au grade deposit type.The supergiant Olympic Dam deposit,the most shallowly formed deposit among the larger IOCGs,probably owes its origin to eruption of volatile-rich hybrid magma at surface,with formation of a large maar and intense and widespread brecciation,alteration and Cu-Au-U deposition in a huge rock volume.     

Predictive mineral discovery in the eastern Yilgarn Craton,Western Australia: An example of district scale targeting of an orogenic gold mineral system

The eastern Yilgarn Craton (EYC) is one of the world's premier gold provinces subject to over a century of mineral exploration. Prolonged interest in the terrane has led to the assembly of multiple world-class data sets suitable for testing district scale targeting methodologies. District scale targeting is concerned with identifying a mineral camp ∼60 km × 60 km in size within a prospective region or province ∼1000 km × 1000 km in size. Exploration at the district scale necessitates the development of predictive exploration models, which can be applied to large regions. Recent advances in the study of the geodynamic evolution and 3D architecture of the EYC, together with an understanding of their interrelationship with the orogenic gold mineral system, has resulted in identification of critical mineralisation processes responsible for the region's rich gold endowment. Here we describe and map these critical processes, using them as a basis for district scale targeting. We relate gold mineralisation to three temporally constrained geodynamic periods, integrated with regional hydrothermal alteration. Unlike many targeting methodologies, this methodology does not incorporate the location of known gold deposits in the analysis, yet it predicted 75% of known gold mineralisation in 5% of the area. The methodology allows critical mineralisation processes to be identified and mapped through time and space. These critical processes are mostly generic and can be applied to other granite–greenstone orogenic gold regions, such as the Abitibi in Canada. An important outcome of this work for the EYC is the identification of a number of new target areas, not known currently for significant gold mineralisation, in what is otherwise thought to represent a mature terrane for gold exploration.     

Yangshan Gold Deposit:The Largest Carlin and Carlin-like Type Gold Deposit in China

Gold Headquarter of the CAPF has discovered the Yangshan super large-scale gold deposit in Gansu Province, which is a great breakthrough of gold exploration and prospecting in Western Qinling Mountains of China. The gold resources of this deposit achieved 308 tons with increasing potentials. Preliminary geological investigations indicate that the Yangshan gold deposit is located in the intra-continental collision orogenic belt; and the deposit was formed during the continent-continent collision orogenic processes. The geological characteristics of the deposit are similar to that of the typical Carlin-type gold deposits, while differences still exist. The ore-forming background is notably different from the Carlin gold deposit province in the United States; and the ore-forming fluids are similar with that of the orogenic-type gold deposit. Accordingly, the Yangshan gold deposit is a transitional type between the Carlin-type and the orogenic type gold deposits. At present, the Yangshan gold deposit is the largest Carlin and Carlin-like type gold deposit that is ever discovered in China. Researches on metallogeny, metallogenic model and ore-enrichment regularities of the Yangshan gold deposit are crucial to meet the pressing needs of the current geological investigation and ore exploration of the deposit.     

克拉通和古生代造山带中的韧性剪切带型金矿：金矿成矿条件与成矿环境分析

文章总结了产在克拉通和古生代造山带中、受韧性剪切带控制的金矿的重要研究成果。通过对比这两类金矿的地质特征及其成矿作用发生的大地构造背景，探讨形成韧性剪切带型金矿的成矿环境与成矿机制。大型韧性剪切带型金矿一般就位于剪切带的脆一韧性转换位置，成矿作用一般不受围岩性质和变质程度的控制。剪切带既是成矿流体的通道，又是金的沉淀场所。克拉通中韧性剪切带型金矿的成矿模式有两类：同构造成矿和构造期后成矿，前者认为变质流体沿韧性剪切带迁移，最终在剪切带中沉淀形成矿床；后者则强调发生在韧性剪切带形成之后的地质过程如岩浆活动等对成矿作用的贡献。     

阿拉善碱泉子金矿矿床地质和流体包裹体特征及其与小秦岭文峪金矿床的对比

论文通过对碱泉子金矿床和文峪金矿床成矿地质背景的认识,得出了两矿床的矿床地质特征都显示了明显的造山型热液金矿床的矿床地质特点。在此基础上对比研究了两矿床的流体包裹体特征及氢氧同位素组成特征。研究结果表明,两矿床的成矿流体均以中温、低盐度、高CO2含量为特征,这些特征也吻合了典型的造山型热液金矿床成矿流体的基本特征;两矿床氢氧同位素组成的数据投影点主要落在变质水与岩浆水的混合区附近、并有向大气降水漂移的趋势。基于以上分析结果,推断出两矿床在成矿机制方面也有很大的相似性,并由此探讨了碱泉子金矿床的成矿机制特点。     

Predictive mapping of prospectivity for orogenic gold,Giyani greenstone belt (South Africa)

We present a mineral systems approach to predictive mapping of orogenic gold prospectivity in the Giyani greenstone belt (GGB) by using layers of spatial evidence representing district-scale processes that are critical to orogenic gold mineralization, namely (a) source of metals/fluids, (b) active pathways, (c) drivers of fluid flow and (d) metal deposition. To demonstrate that the quality of a predictive map of mineral prospectivity is a function of the quality of the maps used as sources of spatial evidence, we created two sets of prospectivity maps — one using an old lithologic map and another using an updated lithological map as two separate sources of spatial evidence for source of metals/fluids, drivers of fluid flow and metal deposition. We also demonstrate the importance of using spatially-coherent (or geologically-consistent) deposit occurrences in data-driven predictive mapping of mineral prospectivity. The best predictive orogenic gold prospectivity map obtained in this study is the one that made use of spatial evidence from the updated lithological map and spatially-coherent orogenic gold occurrences. This map predicts 20% of the GGB to be prospective for orogenic gold, with 89% goodness-of-fit between spatially-coherent inactive orogenic gold mines and individual layers of spatial evidence and 89% prediction-rate against spatially-coherent orogenic gold prospects. In comparison, the predictive gold prospectivity map obtained by using spatial evidence from the old lithological map and all gold occurrences has 80% goodness-of-fit but only 63% prediction-rate. These results mean that the prospectivity map based on spatially-coherent gold occurrences and spatial evidence from the updated lithological map predicts exploration targets better (i.e., 28% smaller prospective areas with 9% stronger fit to training gold mines and 26% higher prediction-rate with respect to validation gold prospects) than the prospectivity map based on all known gold occurrences and spatial evidence from the old lithological map.     

Yangshan Gold Deposit: The Largest Carlin and Carlin-like Type Gold Deposit in China

Gold Headquarter of the CAPF has discovered the Yangshan super large-scale gold depositin Gansu Province, which is a great breakthrough of gold exploration and prospecting in WesternQiniing Mountains of China. The gold resources of this deposit achieved 308 tons with increasingpotentials. Preliminary geological investigations indicate that the Yangshan gold deposit is located inthe intra-continental collision orogenic belt; and the deposit was formed during the continent-continentcollision orogenic processes. The geological characteristics of the deposit are similar to that of thetypical Carlin-type gold deposits, while differences still exist. The ore-forming background is notablydifferent from the Carlin gold deposit province in the United States; and the ore-forming fluids aresimilar with that of the orogenic-type gold deposit. Accordingly, the Yangshan gold deposit is atransitional type between the Carlin-type and the orogenic type gold deposits. At present, the Yangshangold deposit is the largest Carlin and Carlin-like type gold deposit that is ever discovered in China.Researches on metaliogeny, metaliogenic model and ore-enrichment regularities of the Yangshan golddeposit are crucial to meet the pressing needs of the current geological investigation and oreexploration of the deposit.     

熊耳山—外方山矿集区中生代Au-Mo成矿系统

熊耳山—外方山矿集区位于秦岭造山带之华北板块南缘,经历了复杂的碰撞造山过程,成矿时间跨度大,成矿强度高,成矿作用多样。复合造山过程和相应的成矿作用已被深入研究,但成矿系统的划分和叠加成矿作用尚需研究。本文将熊耳山—外方山矿集区发育的Au-Mo矿床划分为造山型Mo矿床、斑岩型Mo矿床、岩浆热液脉型Mo矿床、造山型Au矿床和岩浆热液型Au矿床5个类型,对应5种成矿系统：(1)造山型Mo矿床形成于250~227 Ma的同碰撞环境和227~194 Ma的后碰撞环境,为变质热液萃取壳源Mo成矿;(2)斑岩型Mo矿床形成于163~135 Ma的洋陆俯冲环境和135~116 Ma的岩石圈减薄环境,为岩浆热液携带幔源或壳源Mo成矿;(3)岩浆热液脉型Mo矿床形成于227~194 Ma的后碰撞环境,为岩浆热液携带幔源Mo成矿;(4)造山型Au矿床在三叠纪发生了预富集作用,主要形成于163~135 Ma的洋陆俯冲环境和135~103 Ma的岩石圈减薄环境,为变质热液萃取壳源Au成矿;(5)岩浆热液型Au矿床仅形成于135~103 Ma的岩石圈减薄环境,为岩浆热液携带壳源Au成矿。矿集区主要存在两种叠加成矿作用,即不同构造背景下多种成矿系统的叠加和同一构造背景下不同成矿系统的叠加。     

青海大场金矿床地质特征及成因探讨

青海大场金矿床位于北巴颜喀拉造山带的中段,为区域印支造山过程晚期Au-Sb成矿作用的产物.该矿床为具有层控性和受断裂构造、隐伏岩浆活动控制的金矿床.矿体主要呈脉状、似脉状和透镜状赋存于三叠系巴颜喀拉群砂岩板岩互层组内,并严格受断裂破碎带的控制.大场金矿床先后经历了金、锑2期矿化,矿化平均成矿深度分别为5.9km和6.9 km,锑矿化深度略浅于金矿化.成矿流体总体属中温、较低盐度、低密度的CO2-H2O-N2-H2S-CH4±CO±有机碳氢化合物体系.该矿床与造山型金矿具有相似的地质地球化学特征,其金矿化属造山型金矿的中成矿化,其锑矿化为造山型金矿的浅成矿化.     

黑龙江伊春蜂房沟金矿流体包裹体特征及矿床成因机制

蜂房沟金矿位于佳木斯地块东北部,矿石自然类型为石英脉型。经矿物流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温和激光拉曼探针分析,探讨成矿流体性质、矿床成因类型及成矿机制。研究结果表明：①矿物流体包裹体以气液两相为主,含有少量的纯气相和纯液相包裹体,成矿流体的均一温度集中在240℃～270℃、成矿流体盐度为1.74～6.30 wt%NaCI、密度0.68～0.92 g/cm3、成矿压力为16～22 MPa、估算成矿深度为1.6～2.2 km,包裹体气相成分主要为C0₂和H₂O,含少量CH₄,总体属于CO2-H2O-NaCI体系;②成矿流体是一种不混溶流体,流体在不混溶过程中造成的相分离是金沉淀成矿的主要机制;③通过与典型造山型金矿对比,该矿床属于浅成造山型金矿,成矿机理可由碰撞成岩成矿与流体作用(CMF)模式解释。     

我国卡林型金矿研究现状

卡林型金矿是我国重要的金矿类型之一,通过对比研究前人有关卡林型金矿的资料发现,我国卡林型金矿产出于具有拉张-沉积-碰撞造山地史演化的地区,为中低温热液矿床,主要赋矿岩石为不纯的碳酸盐岩,其余为浅变质岩、火山碎屑岩等。流体包裹体及同位素组成揭示了我国卡林型金矿成矿热液来源的多样性和复杂性,其不仅仅是前人认为的来自于赋矿地层中。     

西藏班公湖- 怒江成矿带商旭金矿成矿时代探讨及其地质意义

造山型金矿在世界范围内具有重要的经济价值和找矿潜力,也是西藏班公湖 怒江铜多金属资源基地的主攻矿床类型之一。班公湖 怒江成矿带是近十年来识别和建立的我国最重要的斑岩 浅成低温热液 矽卡岩型铜金成矿带。商旭金矿位于班公湖 怒江缝合带中段,是该成矿带上首例造山型金矿床。矿体产于中 下侏罗统木嘎岗日群沉积岩,由石英脉、碳酸盐+石英脉和蚀变岩构成,呈透镜状、块状、条带状、鞍状、浸染状、角砾状等产出,受北西西向的区域断裂构造控制。热液蚀变发育碳酸盐化、白云母化、绿泥石化和硫化物蚀变等。矿物学研究和含矿脉体特征表明,早期热液活动发育于挤压应力环境,后期挤压应力逐渐消失,对应了变形晚期的构造环境。含金石英流体包裹体的Rb- Sr同位素测试获取的等时线年龄为135. 6±2. 7Ma,87Sr/86 Sr平均初始比值为0. 713,预示成矿作用发生于早白垩世,成矿物质主要来自地壳。综合研究认为,商旭金矿形成于早白垩世初班公湖 怒江缝合带中段的闭合期,地块间挤压应力致使木嘎岗日群发生构造变形,在挤压变形晚期构造环境发生转换的过程,围岩中应力释放促成了区域的金矿化。对比研究显示,商旭金矿化与世界大型、超大型造山型金矿在矿床地质、热液蚀变特征、成矿流体性质、成矿构造环境、动力学背景等方面具有相似性,进一步表明班 怒带具备寻找造山型金矿的潜力。     

Tectono-metallogenic systems — The place of mineral systems within tectonic evolution,with an emphasis on Australian examples

Tectono-metallogenic systems are geological systems that link geodynamic and tectonic processes with ore-forming processes. Fundamental geodynamic processes, including buoyancy-related processes, crustal/lithospheric thinning and crustal/lithospheric thickening, have occurred throughout Earth's history, but tectonic systems, which are driven by these processes, have evolved as Earth's interior has cooled. Tectonic systems are thought to have evolved from magma oceans in the Hadean through an unstable “stagnant-lid” regime in the earlier Archean into a proto-plate tectonic regime from the late Archean onwards. Modern-style plate tectonics is thought to have become dominant by the start of the Paleozoic. Mineral systems with general similarities to modern or geologically recent systems have been present episodically (or semi-continuously) through much of Earth's history, but most of Earth's present endowment of mineral wealth was formed during and after the Neoarchean, when proto- or modern-style plate tectonic systems became increasingly dominant and following major changes in the chemistry of the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Changes in the characteristics of some mineral systems, such as the volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) system, reflect changes in tectonic style during the evolution towards the modern plate tectonic regime, but may also involve secular changes in the hydrosphere and atmosphere.Whereas tectono-metallogenic systems have evolved in general over Earth's history, specific tectono-metallogenic systems evolve over much shorter time frames. Most mineral deposits form in three general tectono-metallogenic systems: divergent systems, convergent systems, and intraplate systems. Although fundamental geodynamic processes have driven the evolution of these systems, their relative importance may change as the systems evolved. For example, buoyancy-driven (mantle convection/plumes) and crustal thinning are the dominant processes driving the early rift stage of divergent tectono-metallogenic systems, whereas buoyancy-driven processes (slab sinking) and crustal thickening are the most important processes during the subduction stage of convergent systems. Crustal thinning can also be an important process in the hinterland of subduction zones, producing back-arc basins that can host a number of mineral systems. As fundamental geodynamic processes act as drivers at some stage in virtually all tectonic systems, on their own these cannot be used to identify tectonic systems. Moreover, as mineral systems are ultimately the products of these same geodynamic drivers, individual mineral deposit types cannot be used to determine tectonic systems, although mineral deposit associations can, in some cases, be indicative of the tectono-metallogenic system.Ore deposits are the products of geological (mineral) systems that operate over a long time frame (hundreds of millions of years) and at scales up to the craton-scale. In essence, mineral systems increase the concentrations of commodities through geochemical and geophysical processes from bulk Earth levels to levels amenable to economic mining. Mineral system components include the geological (tectonic and architectural) setting, the driver(s) of mineralising processes, metal and fluid sources, fluid pathways, depositional trap, and post-depositional modifications. All of these components link back to geodynamic processes and the tectonic system. For example, crustal architecture, which controls the spatial distribution of, and fluid flow, within mineral systems, is largely determined by geodynamic processes and tectonic systems, and the timing of mineralisation, which generally is relatively short (commonly < 1 Myr), correlates with local and/or far-field tectonic events.The geochemical characteristics of many mineral systems are a consequence of their geodynamic and tectonic settings. Settings that are characterised by low heat flow and lack active magmatism produce low temperature fluids that are oxidised, with ore formation caused largely by redox gradients or the provision of external H₂S. The characteristics of these fluids are largely governed by the rocks with which they interact, rocks that have extensively interacted with the hydrosphere and atmosphere, both environments that have been strongly oxidised since the great oxidation event in the Paleoproterozoic. In settings characterised by high heat flow and active magmatism, ore fluids tend to be higher temperature and reduced, with deposition caused by cooling, pH neutralisation, depressurisation and fluid mixing. Again, the characteristics of these fluids are governed by rocks with which they interact, in this case more reduced magmatic rocks derived from the mantle or lower crust.     

鄂东南地区赋存于沉积岩中金矿床的勘查进展和研究现状

赋存于沉积岩中的金矿床包括了绝大部分卡林型、少数造山型和部分斑岩成矿系统外围浸染型金矿床.鄂东南地区是长江中下游七个重要矿集区之一,发育一系列与岩浆岩有关的矽卡岩型、斑岩型矿床,以往的勘探和研究也主要围绕着岩体及接触带附近的斑岩、矽卡岩型矿床展开.对于岩浆岩外围赋存于沉积岩中的金矿床虽然也有发现,但并未引起足够重视.近...     

The giant Jiaodong gold province: The key to a unified model for orogenic gold deposits?

Although the term orogenic gold deposit has been widely accepted for all gold-only lode-gold deposits,with the exception of Carlin-type deposits and rare intrusion-related gold systems,there has been continuing debate on their genesis.Early syngenetic models and hydrothermal models dominated by meteoric fluids are now clearly unacceptable.Magmatic-hydrothermal models fail to explain the genesis of orogenic gold deposits because of the lack of consistent spatially- associated granitic intrusions and inconsistent temporal relationships.The most plausible,and widely accepted,models involve metamorphic fluids,but the source of these fluids is hotly debated.Sources within deeper segments of the supracrustal successions hosting the deposits,the underlying continental crust,and subducted oceanic lithosphere and its overlying sediment wedge all have their proponents.The orogenic gold deposits of the giant Jiaodong gold province of China,in the delaminated North China Craton,contain ca.120 Ma gold deposits in Precambrian crust that was metamorphosed over 2000 million years prior to gold mineralization.The only realistic source of fluid and gold is a subducted oceanic slab with its overlying sulfide-rich sedimentary package,or the associated mantle wedge.This could be viewed as an exception to a general metamorphic model where orogenic gold has been derived during greenschist- to amphibolite-facies metamorphism of supracrustal rocks:basaltic rocks in the Precambrian and sedimentary rocks in the Phanerozoic.Alternatively,if a holistic view is taken,Jiaodong can be considered the key orogenic gold province for a unified model in which gold is derived from late-orogenic metamorphic devolatilization of stalled subduction slabs and oceanic sediments throughout Earth history.The latter model satisfies all geological,geochronological,isotopic and geochemical constraints but the precise mechanisms of auriferous fluid release,like many other subduction-related processes,are model-driven and remain uncertain.     

Structural geometry of orogenic gold deposits: Implications for exploration of world-class and giant deposits

With very few exceptions, orogenic gold deposits formed in subduction-related tectonic settings in accretionary to collisional orogenic belts from Archean to Tertiary times. Their genesis, including metal and fluid source, fluid pathways, depositional mechanisms, and timing relative to regional structural and metamorphic events, continues to be controversial. However, there is now general agreement that these deposits formed from metamorphic fluids, either from metamorphism of intra-basinal rock sequences or de-volatilization of a subducted sediment wedge, during a change from a compressional to transpressional, less commonly transtensional, stress regime, prior to orogenic collapse. In the case of Archean and Paleoproterozoic deposits, the formation of orogenic gold deposits was one of the last events prior to cratonization. The late timing of orogenic gold deposits within the structural evolution of the host orogen implies that any earlier structures may be mineralized and that the current structural geometry of the gold deposits is equivalent to that at the time of their formation provided that there has been no significant post-gold orogenic overprint. Within the host volcano-sedimentary sequences at the province scale, world-class orogenic gold deposits are most commonly located in second-order structures adjacent to crustal scale faults and shear zones, representing the first-order ore-forming fluid pathways, and whose deep lithospheric connection is marked by lamprophyre intrusions which, however, have no direct genetic association with gold deposition. More specifically, the gold deposits are located adjacent to ～10°-25° district-scale jogs in these crustal-scale faults. These jogs are commonly the site of arrays of ～70° cross faults that accommodate the bending of the more rigid components, for example volcanic rocks and intrusive sills, of the host belts. Rotation of blocks between these accommodation faults causes failure of more competent units and/or reactivation and dilation of pre-existing structures, leading to deposit-scale focussing of ore-fluid and gold deposition.Anticlinal or antiformal fold hinges, particularly those of 'locked-up' folds with ～30° apical angles and overturned back limbs, represent sites of brittle-ductile rock failure and provide one of the more robust parameters for location of orogenic gold deposits.In orogenic belts with abundant pre-gold granitic intrusions, particularly Precambrian granitegreenstone terranes, the boundaries between the rigid granitic bodies and more ductile greenstone sequences are commonly sites of heterogeneous stress and inhomogeneous strain. Thus, contacts between granitic intrusions and volcano-sedimentary sequences are common sites of ore-fluid infiltration and gold deposition. For orogenic gold deposits at deeper crustal levels, ore-forming fluids are commonly focused along strain gradients between more compressional zones where volcano-sedimentary sequences are thinned and relatively more extensional zones where they are thickened. World-class orogenic gold deposits are commonly located in the deformed volcano-sedimentary sequences in such strain gradients adjacent to triple-point junctions defined by the granitic intrusions, or along the zones of assembly of micro-blocks on a regional scale. These repetitive province to district-scale geometrical patterns of structures within the orogenic belts are clearly critical parameters in geology-based exploration targeting for orogenic gold deposits.     

特提斯喜马拉雅金锑铅锌多金属成矿带成矿流体特征:来自H-O同位素的约束

特提斯喜马拉雅成矿带产出数十个规模不等的金矿、锑金矿、锑矿和铅锌多金属矿,近期的矿产勘查在片麻岩穹窿发现了铍稀有多金属矿床.该成矿带内发育两期金锑铅锌矿化,其一为以邦布金矿和马攸木金矿为代表的造山型金矿,形成于59~45 Ma,属于青藏高原造山主碰撞阶段的产物;其二为以姐纳各普金矿、车穷卓布锑矿、扎西康铅锌矿的晚期矿化和吉松铅锌矿等为代表的热液型矿化,集中形成于21~12 Ma的后碰撞造山阶段.大量的流体包裹体研究表明喜马拉雅金锑铅锌成矿带的成矿流体主要为中低温(小于300℃)、中低盐度流体(< 10% NaCleqv).本文统计了已发表的和新获得的带内不同类型矿床共169个石英、绢云母、菱锰矿等热液矿物氢氧同位素数据,发现在δ18O_H2O-δD_V-SMOW相图中,这些同位素组成构成了3个端元:A端元以车穷卓布锑矿为代表,显示出极低的δ18O_H2O值(低于-13‰)和低的δD_V-SMOW值(< -111‰),靠近现代雨水线,完全落入西藏地热水H-O同位素范围;B端元以沙拉岗锑矿为代表,显示出具有最低的δD_V-SMOW值(最低至-172‰)和较高的δ18O_H2O值(高达12‰),落入建造水的H-O同位素范围内;端元C以邦布金矿和浪卡子金矿为代表,显示出具有极高的δD_V-SMOW值(高达-43‰)和中等的δ18O_H2O值,与造山型金矿氧同位素6‰~13‰的范围相同,包括了原始岩浆水的范围和部分变质水的范围.带内主要金属矿床成矿流体氢氧同位素均介于这3个流体端元之间,显示出绝大部分矿床的流体均非单一流体来源,而具有多源流体混合的特征.