福建省土壤有机碳储量估算、时空分布特征及其影响因素

基于福建省多目标区域地球化学调查所获得的土壤有机碳数据,采用单位土壤碳量计算方法,按照7种不同分类方式,统计了福建省土壤有机碳储量和平均碳密度等特征参数,并与福建省第二次土壤普查结果、国内其他地区及中国典型地区平均水平对比。结果表明:福建省表层土壤(0~0.2 m)有机碳储量和平均碳密度分别为427.5 Mt和3 446.8 t/km²,中层土壤(0~1.0 m)分别为1 495.0 Mt和12 052.9 t/km²,深层土壤(0~1.5 m)分别为1 986.8 Mt和16 017.5 t/km²,高于中国典型地区平均水平,具有较高的有机碳储量和碳密度。土壤平均有机碳密度呈现出随海拔高度增高而变大,内陆地区高于沿海地区的区域空间变化规律。近30年来,表层土壤有机碳储量总体呈下降趋势。影响表层土壤有机碳密度分布特征的主要因素为地貌景观、气候环境、植被发育状况、土壤质地及理化、生态系统稳定性、人类活动等。     

吉林省通榆县土壤有机碳储量及时空分布研究

利用土地利用类型法,在解译通榆县1989年、2000年和2004年TM遥感影像获得土地利用数据的基础上,结合第二次土壤普查数据与1998年、2006年和2007年的实地采样测试数据,估算了3个年份土壤有机碳储量,并分析了其时空分布.人类活动导致了耕地、草地的退化以及盐碱地、沙地面积的增加,成为土壤有机碳储量变化的主要驱动因素.研究结果表明,3个年份 0～100cm的土壤有机碳储量分别为 4931.91±86.90×104t,4708.51±86.86×104t和 4874.33±88.73×104t,15年间减少了约57.58×104t; 0～20cm的有机碳储量分别为 1390.36±9.16×104t,1342.32±12.54×104t和 1378.97±13.26×104,约减少了11.39×104t.研究区土壤有机碳储量在1989年到2000年间显著减少,在2000年到2004年间有所增加.有机碳密度较高的区域集中在西北部的湿地附近,较低的地区分布在中西部.有机碳密度较高区域的面积呈整体减少趋势,有机碳密度较低区域的面积则呈增加趋势.     

海河流域平原区土壤碳密度分布特征和碳储量估算

基于2003年以来多目标区域地球化学调查积累的大量表、深层土壤有机碳、全碳分析数据,以土壤类型和土地利用类型为基本计算单元,本文重点对海河流域平原区土壤碳密度与碳储量分布规律进行了研究.结果表明:海河流域表、深层土壤全碳和有机碳密度空间分布规律基本一致,总体均表现为"北东呈带、区域连片","南部高于北部,山前高于平原,城市高于农田"的特征.从土壤类型上看,湿潮土的有机碳密度最高,为17.92 kg/m2,其次为石灰性褐土,达到15.49 kg/m2,草甸风沙土的有机碳密度最低,为7.9 kg/m2;有机碳密度最大者与最小者相差将近2倍.从土地利用类型来看,耕地的有机碳密度最高,这与近年来推广的秸秆还田和人工施肥有关.     

成都经济区不同地貌景观区土壤有机碳分布特征及储量估算

利用四川省成都经济区多目标区域地球化学调查获得的土壤有机碳含量数据,探讨了成都经济区不同地貌景观区土壤有机碳的分布特征。山区表层土壤有机碳含量(SOC)最高(22 g/kg左右),较平原区、丘陵区高一倍以上,丘陵区最低(9.49 g/kg)。成都平原区和东部丘陵区深层土壤碳含量相差不大,且均低于研究区深层土壤碳含量均值(6.99 g/kg)。利用指数模型对单位土壤平均碳量(USCATOC)、有机碳储量(USCATOC,h)、有机碳丰度指数(R)进行了估算。结果表明:各地貌单元土壤碳含量、单位土壤平均碳量、有机碳储量、有机碳丰度指数(R)分布具有山区高于平原区、丘陵区最低的一致性特征。龙门山区、西南山区面积约占全区的42%,土壤有机碳储量约占全区的59%;成都平原区、丘陵区面积占58%,土壤有机碳储量约占全区的41%。单位土壤平均碳量、有机碳储量在不同地貌单元中分布的差异主要与不同地貌单元的土壤有机碳含量有关,此外还可能与成土母质、植被发育情况、土地利用方式有关。     

珠江三角洲经济区土壤碳储量及有机碳时空变化规律研究

土壤碳库是陆地碳库生态系统的主体,在全球碳平衡中具有重要的作用。通过开展珠江三角洲经济区多目标区域地球化学调查,获得了土壤全碳及有机碳数据,采用"单位土壤碳量"方法计算土壤碳储量,显示珠江三角洲经济区土壤有机碳总体分布:表层(0～0.2 m)土壤有机碳为9.71×107 t,碳密度为2271.34 t/km2;中层(0～1.0 m)土壤有机碳为3.71×108 t,碳密度为8666.05 t/km2;深层(0～1.8m)土壤有机碳为5.87×108 t,碳密度为13722.73 t/km2。对比其他地区,珠江三角洲土壤碳密度处于较低水平。分析了土壤、土地利用、地貌类型与成土母质对区域土壤碳库的影响程度,不同土壤单元有机碳储量分布特征。与第二次土壤普查比较,20年期间珠江三角洲表层土壤有机碳总体减少0.22×108 t,损失幅度达19.20%,仅惠州等地区有所增加。不同生态系统土壤有机碳减少程度不同。     

河北省南部平原区土壤有机碳储量估算

土壤中碳储量的估算是当前研究全球大气碳循环和变化的基本问题。本文以河北省多目标地球化学调查所获大量土壤数据为基础,在GIS平台中采用中国地质调查局提出的"单位土壤碳含量"概念,按土壤类型和土地利用分类两种划分方式计算了河北省南部平原区土壤有机碳储量。结果表明,河北省南部平原区土壤有机碳储量为819402498t,平均有机碳储量为13206.1t/km2。     

黄土高原西段表层土壤有机碳储量及时空变化规律

黄土高原表层土壤有机碳在土壤碳循环中具有重要地位,通过土地质量地球化学调查获得的黄土高原甘肃省境内表层土壤有机碳数据,总结了表层土壤有机碳在不同土壤类型、土地利用方式及地形地貌中的分布特征,分析了研究区土壤有机碳密度与全国其他典型地区的差异,并与全省第二次土壤普查成果进行了比较。结果表明:在不同土壤类型中有机碳密度呈灰褐土>高山草甸土>黑钙土>栗钙土>红黏土>灌漠土>灌淤土>黑麻土>黑垆土>黄绵土>灰钙土>风沙土的分布趋势;在不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳密度呈林地>建设用地>耕地>园地>草地>未利用地的分布趋势;在不同地形地貌单元间土壤有机碳密度呈塬面>梯田>坡地>沟道的分布规律。黄土高原西段表层土壤有机碳密度在全国各典型地区最低,为1.87 kg/m²;有机碳储量为78.56 Mt,较1990年增幅10.54%,近年来土壤有机碳储量呈不断上升趋势。     

雷州半岛土壤碳储量及其有机碳时空变化规律

区域土壤有机碳调查在全球土壤碳循环的研究中具有重要作用.通过开展土地质量地球化学调查,获得了雷州半岛土壤全碳和有机碳数据.土壤碳储量计算结果显示雷州半岛土壤有机碳总体分布特征如下:表层(0~0.2 m)土壤有机碳储量为4.41×107 t,碳密度为3.39 kg/m2;中层(0~1.0 m)土壤有机碳储量为1.57×108 t,碳密度为12.08 kg/m2;深层(0~1.8 m)土壤有机碳储量为2.31×108 t,碳密度为17.74 kg/m2.雷州半岛土壤碳密度略高于全国平均水平,与第二次土壤普查比较,33年间雷州半岛表层土壤有机碳密度和有机碳储量有所增加,增加幅度为26.81%,其增加趋势及强度在空间上具有较大差异,其中农用地和林地这两种利用类型土壤有机碳的改变是影响区域土壤有机碳储量的主要因素.     

山地冰川储量估算方法研究进展

冰储量数据是预测冰川及海平面未来变化的初始参量,对其研究具有重要的理论与现实意义。目前冰储量估算的主要方法有实地测量法、经验公式法和物理分析法。系统分析和讨论了此三类估算方法的原理、发展现状及存在的问题,为山地冰川储量估算及冰川变化模拟研究等提供了方法参考。实地测量法估算精度高,适合中小型冰川的长期监测;经验公式法简单快速,适合大区域或全球性的冰储量估算;物理分析法相对复杂,优点是无需实测冰厚资料输入。机载测厚雷达、无人机等器测技术以及人工神经网络等理论模型为山地冰川储量估算的发展提供了新契机。     

中国陆域地震灾害的时空分布格局

通过对近60年来中国陆域地震灾害信息的搜集与整理,建立了1949-2009年中国陆域地震灾害信息数据库,编制了中国5.0级以上地震灾害图谱库.在此基础上,从不同时空尺度定量分析了近60年来中国地震灾害的时空分布格局.研究表明:①近60年来中国累计发生5.0级以上地震灾害1 679次,年代际变化显著,70年代是中国地震灾...     

Stable Carbon Isotope Biogeochemistry and Anthropogenic Impacts on Karst Ground Water, Zunyi, Southwest China

Natural and anthropogenic impacts on karst ground water, Zunyi, Southwest China, are discussed using the stable isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon and particulate organic carbon, together with carbon species contents and water chemistry. The waters can be mainly characterized as HCO₃–Ca type, HCO₃ · SO₄–Ca type, or HCO₃ · SO₄–Ca · Mg type, according to mass balance considerations. It is found that the average δ¹³C_DIC values of ground waters are higher in winter (low-flow season) than in summer (high-flow season). Lower contents of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and lower values of δ¹³C_DIC in summer than in winter, indicate that local rain events in summer and a longer residence time of water in winter play an important role in the evolution of ground water carbon in karst flow systems; therefore, soil CO₂ makes a larger contribution to the DIC in summer than in winter. The range of δ¹³C_DIC values indicate that dissolved inorganic carbon is mainly controlled by the rate of carbonate dissolution. The concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and particulate organic carbon in most ground water samples are lower than 2.0 mg C L⁻¹ and 0.5 mg C L⁻¹, respectively, but some waters have slightly higher contents of organic carbon. The waters with high organic carbon contents are generally located in the urban area where lower δ¹³C_DIC values suggest that urbanization has had an effect on the ground water biogeochemistry and might threaten the water quality.     

武威地区土壤有机碳库的估算与空间分布特征

基于甘肃省武威地区多目标区域地球化学调查6 000 km~2的调查系统取得了土壤有机碳等指标,结合土地利用图,土壤类型图等,对武威地区有机碳储量进行了统计及分析,估算出地表0.2 m~、1 m~厚和1.8 m~厚土体的平均单位土壤TOC量分别为1.51×1103 t/km~2、5.53.×103 t/km~2、8.85×103 t/km~2,远远低于全国平均水平。其有机碳空间分布规律为有机碳储量较高的地区分布于双城镇—永昌镇—武威市—武南镇—黄羊镇一带,表现为测区中部相对富集,东部缺失。     

青岛邻近海域海水中有机碳的分布特征

在2006年8月、12月和2007年4月、10月对青岛邻近海域进行了4个季节的调查,分析了溶解有机碳(DOC)和颗粒有机碳(POC)的分布特征及影响因素.结果表明,调查海区DOC的浓度范围为1.23-3.15 mg/L,年平均值为1.70 mg/L,POC的浓度范围为0.09-1.04 mg/L,年平均值为0.28 m...     

To Decipher the Ocean Carbon Sink Through Interdisciplinarity and the Integration of the Past and Present

The ocean is the world’s largest active carbon pool and buffers global climate change. Current scientific research focuses on ocean carbon cycling and carbon sequestration mechanisms. The new cognition can be successfully reached only through interdisciplinary and integrative studies of the past and present oceans.     

Research Progress of Long-term Ocean Temperature Changes in the Southern Ocean

In the recent decades， a large amount of anthropogenic heat has been absorbed and stored in the Southern Ocean. Results from observations and climate models' simulations both show that the Southern Ocean displays large warming in the upper and subsurface ocean that maximizes at 45°~40°S. However， the underlying mechanisms and evolution processes of the Southern Ocean temperature changes remain unclear， leaving the Southern Ocean to be a hotspot of climate change studies in the recent years. The present study summarized the current progress in the observations and numerical modeling of long-term temperature changes in the Southern Ocean. The effects of changes in wind， surface heat flux， sea-ice and other factors on the ocean temperature changes were presented， along with the introduction to the role of oceanic mean circulation and eddies. The present study further proposed that a deepening of the understanding in the Southern Ocean temperature change may be achieved by investigating the fast and slow responses of the Southern Ocean to external radiative forcing， which are respectively associated with the fast adjustments of the ocean mixed-layer and the slow evolution of the deep ocean. Specifically， the striking and fast mixed-layer ocean warming north of 50°S is tightly related to the surface heat absorption over upwelling regions and wind-driven meridional heat transport， resulting in enhanced warming around 45°S. While in the slow response of the Southern Ocean temperature， the enhanced ocean warming shifts southward and downward， mainly associating with the heat transfer from oceanic eddies. The Southern Ocean temperature has pronounced climatic effects on many aspects， such as global energy balance， sea-level rise， ocean stratification changes， regional surface warming and atmospheric circulation changes. However， large model biases/deficiencies in simulating the present-day climatology and essential ocean dynamic processes last in generations of climate models， which are the main challenge in advancing our understanding in the mechanisms for the Southern Ocean climate changes. Therefore， to achieve reliable future projections of the Southern Ocean climate， substantial efforts will be needed to improve the model performances and physical understanding in the relative role of various processes in ocean temperature changes at different time scales.     

Advances on Studies of Methane in the Arctic Ocean

Methane(CH₄) is an important greenhouse gas, CH₄ concentrations in atmosphere hve increased by 2-3 times since the Industrial Revolution. Considering the huge CH₄ storage in the Arctic Ocean, the fast increasing flux and their consequences are attracting more and more attention. This paper summarized the advances in the study of CH₄ in the Arctic Ocean, especially the distribution pattern and air-sea flux and its biogeochemical cycle in the Arctic Ocean. It also presented the research prospect for the future.     

Review on Researches of Aragonite Saturation State in the Southern Ocean:A Key Parameter of Southern Ocean Acidification

The Southern Ocean is a strong sink for atmospheric CO₂, making it especially vulnerable to ocean acidification (OA). The aragonite saturation state (Ω_arg) of seawater has been used as an index for the estimation of OA, which plays a critical role in evaluating the living environment of marine calcified organisms. However, it is very difficult to perform the studies of OA and Ω_arg in the Southern Ocean due to its harsh climate. Therefore, in order to better understand the OA and its further influences, the advances of Ω_arg studies were summarized in the oceans surrounding the Antarctica. Significant spatial and temporal variations of surface seawater Ω_arg are demonstrated in the Southern Ocean. In general, the surface seawater Ω_arg shows a lower value in the off-shore areas than in the open oceans. And, Ω_arg also exhibits a strong seasonal cycle with a higher value in summer than in winter. The distributions of Ω_arg in vertical water column generally present a declining tendency from surface to bottom. In addition, the shoaling of Ω_arg horizon at high latitude could be attributed to the ventilation and upwelling of deep waters in the Southern Ocean. There are many factors that could impact the Ω_arg in the Southern Ocean, including sea ice melting, sea-air CO₂ exchange, biological activities and hydrological processes, etc. Finally, the future changes and key scientific problems of OA in the Southern Ocean are proposed.     

Reading the Past,Informing the Future: Progress and Prospective of the Recent Ocean Drilling Researches on Climate and Ocean Change

Aiming at the current climate status, i.e., drastic rise of atmospheric greenhouse gases and the apparent trend of global warming, the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP), launched in 2013, proposed four scientific challenges, including the response of global climate to CO₂ rise, the feedback of ice-sheet and sea-level to global warming, the dynamics of the mid- and low-latitude hydro-cycle, and the mechanism of the marine carbon-chemical buffering system. By August 2017, eight IODP expeditions of climate-related themes were implemented, focusing on the Neogene evolution of the monsoon system over Asia-Pacific-Indian and the West Pacific Warm Pool, with specific interests in the variabilities and mechanisms of the Asian Monsoon system on orbital-to millennial-scales, as well as the connections between Asian Monsoon and the uplift/weathering of the Tibetan Plateau on tectonic time scale. The planned IODP expeditions in the forthcoming two years will explore the Southern high-latitude climate histories of West Antarctic ice in the Cenozoic, and Southern Ocean currents and carbon cycle in the Cretaceous-Paleogene. In sum, during the current phase of IODP (2013-2023), our knowledge about the marine climate system would be greatly advanced via deciphering the past changes in tropical processes of Asian Monsoon and West Pacific Warm Pool, as well as in high-latitude factors of the West Antarctic ice. A better scientific background of natural variability would be provided, accordingly, for predicting the future tendency in climate change. In this context, China’s strategic directions include the global monsoon concept, the tropical forcing hypothesis, and in particular the climate effect of the Sunda Shelf.