中国东部中、新生代岩石圈转型与减薄研究若干问题

文中对中国大陆岩石圈的持续热点研究领域?东部中、新生代岩石圈巨厚减薄所涉及的问题进行了简要评述,特别是对减薄问题的提出和认识的历史过程作了较详细的回顾。笔者特别强调了中生代华北岩石圈地幔高度化学不均一性所反映的减薄作用时空分布特征,以及中生代岩石圈地幔的两次转型所导致的高度化学不均一性,进而建议以岩石圈全面转型来描述这一大尺度地球动力学过程。在此基础上讨论了减薄过程的可能机制,认为虽然在局部地区有可能存在拆沉作用,但从全局来看目前更多的岩石地球化学证据与热减薄-化学减薄的假说相兼容。而反映地球深部圈层相互作用的中生代全球事件则被解释为中国东部岩石圈地幔全面转型的动力学背景。显然,对此问题的深化仍将构成本世纪我国固体地球科学一个重要研究领域。     

华北克拉通晚中生代壳-幔拆离作用: 岩石流变学约束

大陆岩石圈的流变学结构对于岩石圈深部过程(壳/幔过程)有着深刻的影响,直接表现在岩石圈壳-幔结构与浅部构造上.本文注意到华北克拉通晚中生代岩石圈减薄期间地壳的伸展、拆离与减薄在不同地区的宏观、微观构造及地壳岩石流变学等方面的差异表现与区域变化,以及现今和晚中生代时期岩石圈厚度的不均匀性.讨论了以水为主体的地质流体的存在对于岩石圈流变性的影响.综合克拉通东部与西部地壳/地幔厚度变化特点以及下地壳和上地幔含水性特点,阐述了晚中生代时期华北克拉通岩石圈内部壳幔耦合与解耦的规律,提出了华北岩石圈壳-幔拆离作用模型以解释华北克拉通晚中生代岩石圈减薄的基本现象与深部过程.提出区域性伸展作用是岩石圈减薄的主要动力学因素,东部地区在晚中生代伸展作用过程中壳-幔具有典型的解耦性,上部地壳、下部地壳和岩石圈地幔的变形具有显著差异性.而西部区壳幔总体具有耦合性,下地壳与岩石圈地幔共同构成流变学强度很高且难以变形的岩石圈根.     

中生代华北岩石圈地幔高度化学不均一性与大陆岩石圈转型

对当前我国固体地球科学热点之一的中国东部中生代大陆岩石圈地幔巨厚减薄的机制及地球动力学背景研究中所涉及的主要问题进行了简要的回顾和综述.基于华北地区系统的中生代深源岩类岩石地球化学研究, 着重论述了该区晚中生代岩石圈地幔的高度化学不均一性的表现及其成因分析, 进而强调了其可能的大地构造含义.其中, 特别对华北南部晚中生代深源岩类地幔源区地球化学特征的空间规律变异给予了详尽的讨论, 指出扬子板片的深俯冲作用及其导致的流体熔体交代是其主要的成因机制.建议以岩石圈地幔转型一词来描述中国东部大陆岩石圈地幔发生在中新生代的这一组成结构的剧烈变化, 并指出这一过程是由2次独立的事件所组成, 它们是中生代全球深部事件在中国东部不同形式的响应.      

大陆岩石圈的流变学性质和矿物中的水

评述了近些年来岩石圈(尤其是大陆岩石圈)流变学研究中的主要进展。这些研究中最重要的一个发现是水的存在可以显著地增强岩石的变形,从而对其流变性质产生明显影响。大陆岩石圈的流变性质比大洋岩石圈要复杂得多,尤其是较深处的下地壳和岩石圈地幔之间流变性质的对比和差异成为近些年来人们争执较大的问题。大陆岩石圈的流变性质可能具有显著的不均一性,不仅体现在垂向上,也体现在横向上。根据流变学实验研究的进展和对深部壳幔捕虏体中主要构成矿物结构水含量的测定,对华北克拉通深部岩石圈的流变性质进行了定量计算。结果表明华北克拉通在重力梯度带两侧的岩石圈有着截然不同的流变特征,这种差异可能对两侧不同的岩石圈动力学过程有重要的影响。     

大陆深俯冲后效作用的地球化学记录——华北中生代岩石圈地幔源区特征变异的讨论

早中生代扬子板块与华北板块之间的俯冲及其后两陆块间的碰撞为大陆深俯冲后效作用研究提供了一个少见的实例。本文在系统论述华北中生代深部年代学记录、深源岩类源区地球化学特征的时空变化规律,普遍的 Sr 同位素高度富集现象及其空间变化指向、高场强元素强烈分馏以及时间制约分析基础上,提出了导致这些源区特征变化最可能的机制为扬子板片深俯冲中析出的熔体/流体交代并改造了华北大陆岩石圈地幔。而其后中生代全球事件引发的中国东部广泛而强烈白垩纪构造-岩浆幕则提供了侵位于地壳层位深源岩类的成岩条件。本文强调指出对华北岩石圈地幔这种大尺度实体上的改造,应被视为扬子板片深俯冲后效作用中最具深远意义的一种表现,并对中生代华北岩石圈整体转型产生了重要影响。     

中国岩石圈构造单元

笔者根据地壳表层构造与深部构造相结合原则,提出岩石圈构造单元划分应遵循的6条原则。根据地质和地球化学,特别是地球物理场所显示的特征,以贺兰山—川滇南北构造带为界,初步把中国大陆及邻近海域划分为中亚岩石圈构造域和东亚岩石圈构造域2个一级岩石圈构造单元,并进一步划分出6个二级构造单元:西域岩石圈块体、青藏岩石圈块体、松辽岩石圈块体、华北岩石圈块体、华南岩石圈块体、南海岩石圈块体,分别阐述了它们的地质、地球物理、地球化学主要特征。最后,就岩石圈构造单元划分的几个问题进行了探讨,提出一些看法。     

华北克拉通中部中生代岩石圈地幔的性质:来自橄榄岩捕虏体的证据

目前对华北克拉通中生代岩石圈地幔性质的认识主要来源于中生代火成岩元素和同位素的地球化学示踪,而缺乏由地幔橄榄岩捕虏体所代表的直接证据.太行山南段中生代闪长岩中的地幔橄榄岩捕虏体为了解华北克拉通中部岩石圈地幔的性质提供了可能.     

太行山南段洪山岩体中粗面斑岩成因及其构造意义

<正>大量岩石学、地球化学和地球物理研究一致表明,中生代以来华北克拉通发生了大规模岩石圈减薄作用(吴福元等,1999,2000,2003),并伴随着强烈的构造-岩浆活动。岩浆岩是岩浆作用的产物,是深部作用过程的探针,它蕴含着深部作用及岩石圈地幔演化有关的丰富信息。碱性岩主要源自上地幔,是深部地球动力学过程在浅部地壳的直接表现和历史记录(任康绪,2003;周玲棣等,1994;赵振华等,1994),因此,对碱性岩的研究是探索地球深部奥秘的一个重要途径,对了解中生代岩     

大陆岩石圈研究进展

从地震学、地球化学、岩石学等不同学科的角度,对大陆岩石圈研究进展做了简要介绍。不同学科的最新研究成果表明,岩石圈在热状态、化学成分和力学行为等方面具有高度非均匀性。这不仅表现为岩石圈性质和结构随深度的变化,而且还反映在不同时代、大陆与海洋以及克拉通和造山带岩石圈结构特征的显著差异上。性质和结构的差异体现了岩石圈形成和长期演化过程的复杂性。我们认为,不同岩石圈块体之间、岩石圈与深部对流地幔之间普遍存在着相互作用。这种相互作用被认为是稳定克拉通岩石圈遭受改造甚至破坏的深部机制,同时还是地球深、浅部物质交换的重要方式,因而显著影响着地球深部的对流和地表的构造过程。值得注意的是,由于岩石圈本身定义的模糊性及其厚度的不确定性,地震活动与岩石圈强度之间的关系以及大陆岩石圈演化的规律性等问题仍有待于进一步的研究和探索。     

华北岩石圈减薄与克拉通破坏研究的主要学术争论

华北岩石圈减薄是近十年来国内外研究的热门课题,但关于岩石圈减薄的具体时间、减薄幅度、空间分布范围、机制及其构造控制因素,多有争论.本文对上述问题进行了全面的回顾与讨论,内容包括:(1)是克拉通破坏还是岩石圈减薄;(2)古生代以来华北克拉通岩石圈地幔时代与壳幔解耦;(3)岩石圈减薄与克拉通破坏发生的时间;(4)岩石圈减薄的垂向幅度;(5)克拉通破坏在中国东部的空间分布;(6)克拉通破坏机制;(7)克拉通破坏的地球动力学原因;(8)华北克拉通破坏在世界上的特殊性等.文后,汇编了近10余年来华北岩石圈减薄与克拉通破坏研究的重要文献.     

基于GIS技术的甘肃省区位优势度分析

区位优势度是反映区域经济、社会发展的重要指标。基于网格评分的思想,建立区位优势度模型,利用GIS技术对甘肃全省范围进行无缝网格的定量分析。确立交通网络密度、交通干线影响度和城镇影响度三个评价指标,分析甘肃省境内综合区位优势状况。结果表明：省内大部分区域区位优势度处于较低水平,占省域面积的86.88%。只有极少数地区较高,占省域面积的0.5%,中等区位优势度地区占面积12.62%,甘肃省综合优势度区域差异显著,兰州区位优势度最高,为0.86,阿克塞哈萨克族自治县区位优势度最低,接近0。综合区位优势度较高区域依然沿陇海-兰新线和主要交通干线分布,中东部地区优势度明显高于西部廊道区域。中东部主要以兰州为中心,在陇海-兰新线东西方向上的区位优势逐渐延伸并减弱,向西途经武威、金昌、张掖等城镇,向东经定西市和天水市,以及向东北方向的白银市;西部主要以酒嘉地区为核心,向东延伸至张掖、金昌等城镇,向西至瓜州县,并向敦煌南向延伸。     

寒武系烃源古油藏油裂解气特征及成藏条件

在寒武系为母源的气藏中,普遍存在的固体沥青、25-降藿烷、氮气等三种物质,实际是古油藏残余油裂解的产物。25-降藿烷一般与氧化—降解油有关,氮气来自油藏水洗时溶入的大气,二者共同反映古油藏经历的抬升破坏作用。寒武系烃源一般经历过两次成藏:加里东—海西期形成“油藏”,燕山—喜马拉雅期裂解为“气藏”。寒武系油裂解气成藏的地质条件是:古构造聚油、后期改造适度、叠合盆地增熟、断层作为油气运移通道等。围绕加里东—海西期古油藏寻找原生、次生油裂解气是今后寻找寒武系来源油气的重要途径。     

Coupled simulation of wave propagation and water flow in soil induced by high‐speed trains

The purpose of this paper is to simulate the coupled dynamic deformation and water flow that occur in saturated soils when subjected to traffic loads, which is a problem with several practical applications. The wave propagation causes vibrations leading to discomfort for passengers and people in the surroundings and increase wear on both the vehicle and road structure. The water flow may cause internal erosion and material transport in the soil. Further, the increased pore water pressure could reduce the bearing capacity of embankments. The saturated soil is modelled as a water‐saturated porous medium. The traffic is modelled as a number of moving wheel contact loads. Dynamic effects are accounted for, which lead to a coupled problem with solid displacements, water velocity and pressure as primary unknowns. A finite element program has been developed to perform simulations. The simulations clearly demonstrate the induced wave propagation and water flow in the soil. The simulation technique is applicable to railway as well as road traffic. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An anisotropic damage–plasticity model for saturated quasi‐brittle materials

This article is devoted to numerical modeling of anisotropic damage and plasticity in saturated quasi‐brittle materials such as rocks and concrete. The damaged materials are represented by an isotropic poroelastic matrix containing a number of families of microcracks. Based on previous works, a discrete thermodynamic approach is proposed. Each family of microcracks exhibits frictional sliding along crack surfaces as well as crack propagation. The frictional sliding is described by a Coulomb–Mohr‐type plastic criterion by taking into account the effect of fluid pressure through a generalized effective stress concept. The damage evolution is entirely controlled by and coupled with the frictional sliding. The effective elastic properties as well as Biot's coefficients of cracked porous materials are determined as functions of induced damage. The inelastic deformation due to frictional sliding is also taken into account. The procedure for the identification of the model's parameters is presented. The proposed model is finally applied to study both mechanical and poromechanical responses of a typical porous brittle rock in drained and undrained compression tests as well as in interstitial pressure controlled tests. The main features of material behaviors are well reproduced by the model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stratabound scheelite in altered Archaean komatiites,West Greenland

Extensive scheelite-bearing calc-silicate zones with elevated contents of chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium and barium are found in Archaean supracrustal rocks of the Nuuk area, West Greenland. The calc-silicate zones are largely stratabound and occur in mafic and ultramafic metavolcanic rocks. The calc-silicates are interpreted as amphibolite facies metamorphosed alteration zones in komatiitic intrusive and extrusive rocks as well as in tholeiitic pillow lavas. The alteration which antedates the amphibolite facies metamorphism and the main deformation of the supracrustal rocks, presumably took place at the sea-floor or immediately below the sea-floor. The brines which caused the alteration were enriched in elements such as tungsten, boron, sulphur, iron, copper and zinc. The boron was precipitated as thin tourmalinites and the iron in massive to semi-massive sulphide bodies. The scheelite in the calc-silicates is mainly found as disseminated grains, as stringers and as veinlets. Rare veins up to 15 cm wide with massive scheelite are encountered. Channel sampling revealed grades up to 0.35% W over a width of 2.5 m. Highly anomalous bromine contents up to 418 ppm and equally anomalous chlorine/bromine ratios down to 3 have been found in scheelite-bearing calc-silicates. Somewhat similar anomalous bromine contents and Cl/Br ratios have been reported from serpentinites in the Outokumpu ore body, Finland. At Mount Isa, northern Australia and in the Antimony line in the Murchinson greenstone belt, southern Africa anomalous Cl/Br ratios have been observed. The possible role of bromine in the ore-forming processes is as yet poorly understood.     

大气降尘TEM观察及其环境矿物学意义

在X射线衍射等分析研究基础上，进一步用透射电镜对半封闭室内长期沉积的大气降尘进行观察，提供了合肥地区大气降尘物相组成和各种物相形貌特征信息，揭示合肥地区大气污染物来源占第1位的是地表扬尘，以粘土矿物为标志；占第2位的是来源于大气化学次生气溶胶，主要和SO2、CO2、NOx等气态污染物排放有关，以石膏、碳酸盐和易溶盐类为标志；占第3位的是来源于汽车尾气排放的烟尘，以炭球为标志；占第4位的是来源于燃煤烟尘排放，以球形玻璃珠为特征。TEM调查不仅为合肥地区大气气溶胶颗粒成因、城市大气污染物来源和污染控制对策提供准确资料和依据，而且为确定大气颗粒物来源提供了有效研究方法和物源判别标志。     

老挝万象平原钾盐矿床

经区域地质、区域重力、钻探、岩相古地理及矿床开采技术条件的调查与研究,老挝万象平原钾盐矿具如下特征：含盐地层为古近系塔贡组（E₁tg）,由膏盐岩与陆源细碎屑岩组成3个明显的沉积旋回,总体为一向北扬起的复式向斜构造;主矿体呈似层状产于塔贡组下段膏盐岩亚段（E₁tg^1-1）中,埋深78.80~528.30 m（平均272.57 m）,厚4.28~237.88 m（平均50.24 m）,单工程氯化钾的品位9.70%~30.76%（质量分数,平均15.63%）,顶底板均以石盐岩为直接围岩;矿石类型以光卤石矿石为主,钾石盐较少;矿床属碎屑岩系中的钾盐矿床,为海源陆生.     

Avalanche Hazard Mitigation Strategies Assessed by Cost Effectiveness Analyses and Cost Benefit Analyses—evidence from Davos,Switzerland

This paper demonstrates the application of cost effectiveness analysis and cost benefit analysis to alternative avalanche risk reduction strategies in Davos, Switzerland. The advantages as well as limitations of such analysis for natural hazards planning are discussed with respect to 16 avalanche risk reduction strategies. Scenarios include risk reduction measures that represent the main approaches to natural hazards planning in Switzerland, such as technical, organisational, and land use planning measures. The methodologies used outline how concepts and techniques from risk analysis, hazard mapping, Geographic Information System, and economics can be interdisciplinary combined. The results suggest important considerations, such as possible sources of uncertainty due to different choices in the calculation of cost effectiveness ratio and net present value. Given the parameters and assumptions, it seems as if the current approach to avalanche risk reduction in the study area approximates to economic and cost efficiency and serves the aim of reducing risk to human fatalities.     

Decision-tree analysis on optimal release of reservoir storage under typhoon warnings

The wet and dry seasons are distinctive in Taiwan as the amount of precipitation in wet seasons accounts for over three-fourth of the total rainfall. And the water-resources management relies pretty much on the rainfall brought in by typhoons as it accounts for a significant portion of the precipitation during wet seasons. Furthermore, as the storage of reservoirs is limited due to topographical factors, the management of typhoon rainfall has always been an important issue in Taiwan. The technique of decision-tree analysis is applied in this article to determine the optimal reservoir release in advance upon the issuance of a typhoon warning by the Central Weather Bureau (CWB), and the proposed methodology may provide solution to the trade-off judgment of reservoir operations between flood control and water supply according to economic efficiency. In this article, the economic loss functions of flooding damage and water-supply shortage are assumed in linear and nonlinear conditions, and the respective expected optimal releases based on the predicted precipitation as issued by CWB are derived. The proposed methodology has been applied to the Shihmen Reservoir System, and the capabilities of the model as an aid to real-time decision-making as well as the evaluation of the economic worth of forecasts is presented.