海塘滩涂管理信息分类编码与图式标准研究

归纳整理了涉及海塘滩涂管理的信息数据,界定了海塘滩涂管理信息的各种术语,规定了海塘滩涂管理信息的分类体系和编码,确定了海塘滩涂管理信息的GIS图式符号标准,制定了海塘滩涂管理信息的属性表,为海塘滩涂管理信息的采集、存储、共享和交换奠定了基础。     

港珠澳大桥主体工程建设期中华白海豚保护管理实践初探

本文根据港珠澳大桥主体工程建设期的中华白海豚保护管理特点,提出了针对大型跨海桥隧工程的中华白海豚保护管理组织框架。通过对中华白海豚保护工作的管理需求的分析,构建了以组织管理、制度建立、应急管理、技术保障、过程监控和培训教育为一体的总体管理框架模型。结合项目建设实践,综合考虑环境可持续性、技术可行性和管理可行性等因素,对模型运行情况进行研究,为大型海洋工程水生野生保护动物保护管理提供借鉴和技术支撑。     

旅游海滩管理云平台的研究与设计

基于ArcGIS Online一体化云平台,将旅游海滩管理与web GIS相结合,并以海南省旅游海滩为例进行实现。本文设计了五大管理内容,包括浴场安全管理、海滩卫生管理、海滩空间管理、海滩生态管理和海滩动态管理,并阐述了旅游海滩管理云平台的设计和建设。该云平台借助信息化手段为海滩管理部门提供辅助决策,以提高管理工作的效率,并提供一种海滩信息存储与服务云端化的新思路,推动旅游海滩管理的数字化进程。     

海洋测绘科研经费网络化管理系统设计与实现

分析了海洋测绘科研经费计划与管理的现状、发展方向以及存在问题,结合海洋测绘科研经费计划与管理主管部门的应用需求和财务管理的特点,系统地分析了科研经费数据的特性和财务管理的机制,设计了科研经费计划与管理、财务报销管理及公共经费查询三大功能模块,实现了科研经费计算机网络化计划和管理系统。     

加拿大海洋管理特征及对我国的启示

文章归纳总结了加拿大海洋政策、法律和管理等主要海洋管理的情况,分析了加拿大海洋管理的成功经验和有效做法,并从海洋管理机制、生态红线制度、生态补偿制度、生态风险预防预警机制方面提出加强和改善我国海洋管理的建议,以为决策提供参考依据。     

海洋科研项目和科研经费精细化智慧管理的研究

在"建设海洋强国"的战略指引下,我国海洋科技投入不断加大,海洋科研项目和科研经费的管理日益重要,但在实际工作中仍然存在缺乏系统、高效的管理方式和专业的管理人员,项目管理和经费管理信息不融合等问题。文章对这些问题进行了梳理,通过引入精细化智慧管理的理念,对海洋科研项目和科研经费的精细化智慧管理进行研究,提出了解决上述问题的具体措施,以促进海洋科研项目和科研经费的科学、优化和协同管理。     

海洋生物多样性科研管理的思考

中国海洋生物多样性研究取得了丰硕的成果。目前,生物多样性科研管理被视作行政管理的一个部分,主要采用课题负责制,以科研项目为单位进行统一管理。该管理模式已不能满足科研管理的专业需求,造成了海洋生物多样性科研管理的不连续性,不仅不利于科研人员把握生物多样性的研究现状,更不利于科研材料、数据和成果的后续利用及延续。文章将生物多样性科研管理的内容分为项目进程资料、数据资料、图像资料、样品及标本、成果资料,对每部分的内容和管理方法进行了阐述。建议建立一个以生物多样性专业为单位的科研管理队伍、管理机制和管理系统,通过管理系统存储和管理本研究队伍中现行和历史的各项目的项目进程资料、图像、数据、样品及标本、成果资料,打破单一科研项目的束缚,实现海洋生物多样性科研的横向、纵向全覆盖管理,并实现科研团队的资源共享。     

海洋领域重大科技项目业主制管理模式探析——以大型深潜装备和海洋科考船为例

随着创新驱动发展和科技自立自强的深入推进,我国启动实施了一系列海洋领域重大科技项目,对项目运行及成果管理提出了更高要求。作为一种高效的项目管理模式,业主制管理越来越广泛地应用于重大科技项目的组织管理过程,表现出显著的优势和潜力,但目前尚未形成统一的涉海项目管理平台和协调机制。基于此,本文首先分析了美国、法国、日本各类深潜装备和海洋科考船的运维管理经验,总结出由国家主导投资并拥有所有权、所有者委托业主管理,以及使用权开放共享的普遍特征。然后,通过调研国内大型深潜装备及海洋科考船的运维管理现状,发现存在管理主体分散、统筹协调机制不健全和开放共享不足等问题。最后,从科技管理体制改革、共享平台系统和业主遴选与考评等方面对完善海洋领域重大科技项目业主制管理模式和机制提出发展建议。     

海岸带的科学化与信息化管理

从我国海岸带管理的现状出发,分析了我国海岸带管理的科学化、信息化过程,详细论述了管理科学化和信息化的内容与实现,介绍了海岸带地理信息系统的建立。最后针对当前我国的管理模式中出现的问题总结出未来我国海岸带科学化和信息化管理面临的挑战。     

基于二三维一体化的山东省数字海域工程系统设计与实现

本文通过收集山东省管辖海域已有的海洋调查相关信息,采集获取海域海岛环境和资源信息,整合处理现有海域海岛管理数据,建立了数字海域管理核心数据库,通过二维、三维、全景等手段,开发了二三维一体化的山东省数字海域工程系统。实现了海域海岛管理全部业务的信息化、网络化办理,将管辖海域过去、现状和未来进行多尺度、多时空的数字化展示,通过评价分析预测未来海域海岛管理趋势,全面提升海域海岛管理的信息化水平和公共服务能力。     

Leigh Marine Laboratory contributions to marine conservation

Abstract

The Leigh Marine Laboratory (LML) has taken full advantage of its location on the shores of one of the world's first no-take marine reserves. The foresight of the founders of the laboratory has enabled the pursuit of ecological studies that have been amongst the first to demonstrate the effectiveness of reserves as a tool for conservation and restoration. The insights flowing from this work at Leigh are important, not only for targeted marine species, but also at the ecosystem level, and have proven to be highly relevant to broader resource management issues. Novel methodologies have been employed in the pursuit of these aims, helping to popularise their wider use. More recent work has focused on understanding the processes underlying the variability in response to marine conservation in marine reserves across the spectrum of coastal marine habitats in New Zealand. The LML has probably exceeded the expectations of its founders, who hoped the laboratory might generate information of interest in the fields of ‘resource management, food web dynamics and natural fluctuations distinct from man-induced changes’, and its contribution in the field of marine conservation has been significant both within New Zealand and internationally. This has been a 50-year journey that has gone from a focus on local effects of conservation to the broader context, from direct effects of protection to indirect effects, and from small-scale spatial conservation management to ecosystem-based management.     

中国国家级海洋特别保护区建设现状及其干扰压力分析

为了滨海湿地的资源及环境可持续发展,沿海地区已经建立了众多的海洋特别保护区。本文通过GIS10.0、聚集度指数和景观发展指数等对中国国家级海洋特别保护区的建设、地理分布格局和干扰压力等进行了分析。结果表明, 2005-2017年是中国国家级海洋特别保护区的重要建设期。截止2017年底国家级海洋特别保护区已有67处,形成了以国家级海洋公园为主体的管理体系。国家级海洋特别保护区在中国沿海地区广泛建设布局,但主要分布在山东、浙江和辽宁;并在地理空间上高度聚集分布,聚集度指数为0.43。中国南方沿海省区海洋特别保护区建设数量较少,其对海岸线覆盖率较低。国家级海洋特别保护区及其周边灯光指数(2005—2013年)和景观发展指数(2005—2015年)持续增长,人为干扰压力增强。但海洋特别保护区的设立一定程度上减弱了其内部干扰压力的增强速度,可能加剧了其边缘的人类活动和景观发展压力。     

大连长山群岛国家级海洋公园建设对我国海岛保护区管理的启示

国家海洋公园是各国目前进行海洋生态保护极为重要的一种形式,以海岛生态系统为核心保护对象的保护区是海洋保护区的重要类型。长山群岛作为北方最大的群岛,在此建立海洋公园,对我国东北地区的经济发展及生态环境保护意义深远。文章在总结分析长山群岛建园优势的基础上,对现有海洋公园的建设方案进行探讨,并结合我国海岛管理的状况,有针对性地提出了我国海岛保护区管理的措施与建议。     

福建深沪湾海底古森林遗迹自然保护区优化调整对策研究

我国自然保护地的建设和发展经历了60余年,仍然存在重叠设置、多头管理、边界不清、权责不明,以及自然保护地保护与当地经济发展矛盾突出等问题,亟须对现有自然保护地管理体制、机制进行改革,建立自然生态系统保护的新体制、新机制。因此现有自然保护地体系优化调整理论和技术方法研究成为近期生态环境保护研究的热点和重点。文章剖析了福建深沪湾海底古森林遗迹自然保护区存在的问题。提出自然保护区的优化调整对策,包括：厘清自然保护区与地质公园的关系;逐步解决历史遗留问题;妥善处理自然保护区与海水养殖之间的矛盾;优化自然保护区向陆一侧边界线;对自然保护区实行分区管控政策等。调整后的深沪湾海底古森林遗迹自然保护区面积为24.66 km2,比原自然保护区面积减少1.17 km2。其中：核心保护区面积为7 km2,一般控制区面积为17.66 km2。为编制深沪湾海底古森林遗迹自然保护区优化调整方案和历史遗迹自然保护区管理提供参考。     

Are marine reserves and non-consumptive activities compatible? A global analysis of marine reserve regulations

Marine reserves are places where wildlife and habitats are protected from extractive and depositional uses of the sea. Although considered to be the pinnacle in marine conservation, many permit non-consumptive activities with little or no regulation. This paper examines the potential impacts of 16 non-consumptive activities including scuba diving, sailing, scientific research and motor boating, and how they might compromise the conservation objectives of marine reserves. Examination of 91 marine reserves from 36 countries found little agreement or consistency in what non-consumptive activities are permitted in marine reserves and how they are regulated. The two most common activities allowed without regulation were swimming (mentioned in 80% of marine reserves and allowed in 63% of these) and kayaking (mentioned in 85%, allowed in 53%). Scuba diving was mentioned in 91% and allowed without regulation in 41%. A risk score for the likely level of threat to wildlife and/or habitats that each activity could produce was then assigned based on effects reported in the literature. The risk analysis suggests that motor boating and activities which include or require it have a high potential to negatively impact wildlife and habitats if inadequately managed. Hence protection against extractive or depositional activities alone is insufficient to secure the high standard of protection usually assumed in marine reserves. For this to be achieved activities typically considered as benign must receive appropriate management, especially with increasing recreational use.     

The science of European marine reserves: Status,efficacy, and future needs

The ecologically and socio-economically important marine ecosystems of Europe are facing severe threats from a variety of human impacts. To mitigate and potentially reverse some of these impacts, the European Union (EU) has mandated the implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) in order to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) in EU waters by 2020. The primary initiative for achieving GES is the implementation of coherent networks of marine protected areas (MPAs). Marine reserves are an important type of MPA in which no extraction is allowed, but their usefulness depends upon a number of ecological, management, and political factors. This paper provides a synthesis of the ecological effects of existing European marine reserves and the factors (social and ecological) underlying their effectiveness. Results show that existing European marine reserves foster significant positive increases in key biological variables (density, biomass, body size, and species richness) compared with areas receiving less protection, a pattern mirrored by marine reserves around the globe. For marine reserves to achieve their ecological and social goals, however, they must be designed, managed, and enforced properly. In addition, identifying whether protected areas are ecologically connected as a network, as well as where new MPAs should be established according to the MSFD, requires information on the connectivity of populations across large areas. The adoption of the MSFD demonstrates willingness to achieve the long-term protection of Europe's marine ecosystems, but whether the political will (local, regional, and continent wide) is strong enough to see its mandates through remains to be seen. Although the MSFD does not explicitly require marine reserves, an important step towards the protection of Europe's marine ecosystems is the establishment of marine reserves within wider-use MPAs as connected networks across large spatial scales.     

台州市临海东矶岛市级海洋公园管理研究

临海东矶岛海洋公园是浙江省台州市首个市级海洋公园,其建设和发展将丰富台州市乃至浙江省的海洋保护区和自然保护地管理体系。文章详细介绍该海洋公园的选划概况、生态和资源特点以及功能分区,针对建设中存在的主要问题,提出相应的管理对策,以期为保护当地海岛和海洋生态系统、科学合理开发海洋资源以及促进海洋经济可持续发展提供科学依据。     

Estimating the potential impact of entry fees for marine parks on dive tourism in South East Asia

Marine reserves are increasingly being established as a mechanism to protect marine biodiversity and sensitive habitats. As well as providing conservation benefits, marine reserves provide benefits to recreational scuba divers who dive within the reserve, as well as to recreational and commercial fishers outside the reserve through spill-over effects. To ensure benefits are being realised, management of marine reserves requires ongoing monitoring and surveillance. These are not costless, and many marine reserve managers impose an entry fee. In some countries, dive tourism is major income source to coastal industries, and a concern is that high entry fees may dissuade divers. In this paper, the price elasticity of demand for dive tourism in three countries in South East Asia – Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia – is estimated using a travel-cost model. From the model, the total non-market use value associated with diving in the area is estimated to be in the order of US$4.5 billion a year. The price elasticity of demand in the region is highly inelastic, such that increasing the cost of diving through a management levy would have little impact on total diver numbers.     

Uncertainty and the active adaptive management of marine reserves

Unpredictable environmental fluctuations are a major problem in fisheries. To mitigate these uncertainties, reserves are advocated to help ensure population persistence, reduce population and harvest variance, provide a ‘hedge’ against management failures and increase resilience. Using recent insights from the modelling of marine reserves, we propose a six-step process for establishing and adaptively managing reserves for fishery purposes.     

Implementing marine reserve networks: A comparison of approaches in New South Wales (Australia) and New Zealand

Marine reserve networks are an essential and effective tool for conserving marine biodiversity. They also have an important role in the governance of oceans and the sustainable management of marine resources. The translation of marine reserve network theory into practice is a challenge for conservation practitioners. Barriers to implementing marine reserves include varying levels of political will and agency support and leadership, poorly coordinated marine conservation policy, inconsistencies with the use of legislation, polarised views and opposition from some stakeholders, and difficulties with defining and mapping conservation features. The future success of marine reserve network implementation will become increasingly dependent on: increasing political commitment and agency leadership; greater involvement and collaboration with stakeholders; and the provision of resources to define and map conservation features. Key elements of translating marine reserve theory into implementation of a network of marine reserves are discussed based on approaches used successfully in New Zealand and New South Wales (Australia).