雷雨天气对徐州地震台体应变的影响

雷雨季节是地震仪器损坏和资料受干扰的高发期,该时期常常有强降雨并伴有雷暴现象,而雷暴对地震资料的影响容易被忽视。通过对徐州地震台雷暴日的气压、体应变分钟值观测数据的分析,发现雷暴天气引起的气压变化会对体应变的观测数据产生干扰。     

山东洞体应变观测质量分析

选取山东省3个洞体应变台2007-2011年观测数据,分析资料的完整性、内在质量及干扰因素.结果表明：①观测资料连续性和完整性较好;②仪器零漂满足设计指标要求;③M2波振幅因子相对误差和相对噪声水平达到Ⅰ类应变台标准;④仪器更新后观测质量提升;⑤洞体应变观测主要受仪器调修、气压、降雨和观测环境变化等因素影响.     

乌什地震台伸缩仪资料影响因素分析

通过对乌什台伸缩仪资料的分析,总结了现阶段伸缩仪资料的影响因素,其中气压变化对观测数据有明显的干扰,两者呈正相关关系;仪器自身工作状态不正常、仪器间的相互检修也会影响数据稳定;突然停电、电压波动、瞬间的强雷电干扰等都会对仪器的工作状态产生较大的影响。     

安徽省TJ-Ⅱ型钻孔体应变观测资料干扰分析

对安徽省内同一时间安装,不同地理位置,不同构造条件的5个台站TJ-Ⅱ型钻孔体应变观测资料进行分析,结果表明:5个台站体应变受到的干扰因素存在差异,其中合肥、黄山台体应变受地下水位、降雨、气压影响明显,两台体应变和水位相关程度达到0.85以上,气压相关程度达到0.70以上,降雨干扰系数较大,其中合肥台约为为0.50×10~(-8)/cm。蚌埠台钻孔应变存在严重抽水干扰,产出数据规律不明显;六安台钻孔体应变受水位干扰较小,短周期气压干扰明显,嘉山台仪器安装在无水钻孔内,受降水和水位干扰较小。     

福州地震台TJ-2型钻孔体应变观测资料干扰分析

对福州地震台TJ-2型钻孔体应变观测资料进行整理,识别并统计引起数据曲线发生畸变的干扰因素,认为主要有气压、降雨、地下水、雷电、电源干扰等因素。分析各影响因素干扰特征,以便识别体应变观测资料干扰异常。     

周期气压波对地壳应变场观测影响的若干因素分析

地壳应变场常用钻孔体应变仪进行测量,而周期为几分钟到几小时的短周期气压波是影响体应变仪工作的一种长期因素.本文以Evertson等人推导的体应变短周期气压干扰模型为基础,从理论上进一步探讨了体应变气压影响系数与气压周期、岩石弹性参数和井孔深度的关系及变化规律.由于体应变观测井孔存在耦合效应,又建立了大气压垂直载荷作用下观测井孔耦合系数计算方程,比较了在多重因素作用下体应变气压影响系数理论观测值与无孔岩石真实值之间的差异,并与涞水、顺义、东三旗和昌平台的Sacks体应变实际观测资料进行了比对分析.这对地震前兆微动态信息背景场的探索具有实际意义.      

阿克苏岩体断层形变观测影响因素分析

对阿克苏台岩体断层形变测量仪观测资料进行分析,雷电降雨、气温突变、气压变化会使观测数据发生畸变。雷电干扰在观测数据曲线上表现为台阶、脉冲,仪器故障和观测室架设其他仪器会造成观测数据产生较大幅度漂移,检修仪器和停电后恢复供电则导致数据曲线出现台阶和突跳变化。     

短时气压干扰下TJ-Ⅰ、TJ-Ⅱ型体应变观测频谱对比分析

短时气压干扰是形变观测中常见且显著的影响因素之一。本文选取易县地震台2015年3月1日至12月31日的TJ-Ⅰ型和TJ-Ⅱ型体应变观测分钟数据为研究对象,对受气压干扰的主测项与钻孔气压观测值进行对比分析,利用小波变换方法分别提取出高、低气压环境干扰下两台仪器观测值在不同频段的频谱特征,结果显示:对于短时气压干扰,TJ-Ⅰ型与TJ-Ⅱ型体应变均与气压变化发生同步响应;在高气压干扰下,两套体应变主测项及其辅助气压测项分别在其小波6阶细节上的变化同步且相关系数接近;对于低气压干扰,TJ-Ⅱ型体应变主测项与其钻孔气压测项在高频6阶的节相关系数更大,说明TJ-Ⅱ型体应变更易于在高阶细节部分识别低气压干扰。     

包头地震台形变干扰分析

整理包头地震台伸缩仪、水管倾斜仪和水平摆倾斜仪观测资料,依据干扰类型分析发现,风扰、雷电降雨、温度与气压、标定与地震,仪器故障与停电是影响3台仪器观测的主要因素,干扰特征主要表现为缺记断记、数据突跳、尖脉冲、高频干扰、台阶、毛刺,大幅度变化、曲线加粗和趋势性变化等。不同类型观测仪器对干扰的响应不同,识别并剔除干扰,有利于地震观测数据应用,对地震异常判定具有参考价值。     

肃南地震台水管倾斜观测干扰的分析

收集整理了肃南台DSQ水管倾斜仪自观测以来的观测资料,分析气压、雷电、洞室进人、仪器故障及附加载荷等干扰因素对数字化形变记录的影响及其机理。为利用数字化资料及时识别干扰、准确捕捉短临地震异常提供可借鉴的经验。     

平凉C11井地下流体数字化观测资料的分析

C11井是甘肃唯一一口数字和模拟观测同时并行的地下流体观测井, 2001年9月开始数字观测正式产出资料, 与模拟观测相比, 数字化观测数据信息量大, 传输速度快, 人为误差小。 该文分析了平凉C11井数字化水位、 气压、 水温等测项观测资料。 结果表明, 数字水位动态与模拟水位动态一致性较好、 数字水位与数字气压动态之间相关性较好, 数字水温与模拟水温的动态一致性不如水位好; 数字水位的潮汐效应非常明显, M₂波潮汐因子相当稳定(平均值1.1538), 相对误差较小(平均值0.0215)。     

海平面对大气压变化的空间响应

海平面对大气压变化的响应在理想情况下接近均衡态海洋响应.在这个假设下,任何海域的大气压变化都会瞬时传播到整个海洋上.通过比较大气压和海平面变化的标准差,可以发现,在空间尺度上,大气压变化主要是长波信号,而海平面变化除了长波信号外,还存在明显的短波长信号.由大气压变化驱动的海平面变化应与大气压变化在空间尺度上具有一致性.因此,可以对海平面数据进行空间高斯低通滤波,来得到与大气压变化更相近的空间标准差分布.通过阶振幅谱分析,表明海平面对大气压变化响应的空间尺度为800 km.     

Structure and stability of the former subglacial drainage system of the glacier De Tsanfleuron,Switzerland

A well-developed subglacial drainage system consisting of large cavities developed in the lee of bedrock steps connected together by a network of Nye channels is exposed on an area of recently deglaciated limestone bedrock in front of Glacier de Tsanfleuron, Switzerland. This system covers some 51 per cent of the bedrock surface area, and is believed to have transported the bulk of supraglacially-derived meltwaters through the glacier. Using the cavity hydraulics model of Kamb (1987), it is shown that the geometry of the system rendered it stable against collapse by meltback of channel roofs into a tunnel-dominated system. For likely combinations of glacier geometry and meltwater discharge, the steady state water pressure in this system would have been only a small fraction of that required for flotation, and for discharges of less than about 0·5–5 m³ s^?1 water would have flowed at atmospheric pressure. The system appears to have adjusted to varying discharges by a combination of varying water pressure and changing the total cross-sectional area of flow by altering the number of active channels connecting cavities. Glacier sliding velocity would have been independent of meltwater discharge for discharges at which water flowed at atmospheric pressure, but would have risen with increasing discharge for higher flows. Velocities on the order of 0·1 m d^?1 are predicted for a realistic range of discharges and effective pressures, and these are believed to be plausible. Episodes of enhanced sliding in glaciers with similar drainage systems could be triggered by a rise in meltwater discharge across the threshold between flows at atmospheric pressure and flow under pressure from the glacier.     

井水位对固体潮-气压综合作用的响应关系研究

本文基于井水位微动态对固体潮和大气压响应的物理机制, 运用水-岩耦合理论, 建立了井水位对固体潮-气压综合作用的响应模型。 以邛崃川22井和南溪川12井为例, 通过井水位与固体潮和气压原始曲线的对比及拟合分析, 对井水位对固体潮-气压综合作用的响应模型进行了验证。 结果表明, 两口井对固体潮-气压综合响应非常好, 井水位的变化均由固体潮和气压变化引起。 两口观测井中, 以南溪川12井的水位综合响应能力较好, 邛崃川22井水位受到较多的杂讯干扰, 水位曲线日变化较复杂。 对邛崃川22井进一步分析表明, 利用井水位时段平均值可有效消除观测误差, 用小时值计算时可以忽略井水位对气压响应的滞后效应。     

井潮畸变异常信息的提取及应用

本文采用复相关分析方法提取井水位震前的固体潮畸变信息,並给出定量化判别的数值标准,分析中采用日气压系数代替平均气压系数,改正气压对井水位的影响。本文还从映震的角度提出以资料异常率和地震对应率作为水位观测质量的判别标准。最后列举了该方法的实际应用效果。     

Gravity reduction with three-dimensional atmospheric pressure data for precise ground gravity measurements

The redistribution of air masses induces gravity variations (atmospheric pressure effect) up to about 20 μgal. These variations are disturbing signals in gravity records and they must be removed very carefully for detecting weak gravity signals. In the past, different methods have been developed for modelling of the atmospheric pressure effect. These methods use local or two-dimensional (2D) surface atmospheric pressure data and a standard height-dependent air density distribution. The atmospheric pressure effect is consisting of the elastic deformation and attraction term. The deformation term can be well modelled with 2D surface atmospheric pressure data, for instance with the Green's function method. For modelling of the attraction term, three-dimensional (3D) data are required. Results with 2D data are insufficient.From European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 3D atmospheric pressure data are now available. The ECMWF data used here are characterised by a spacing of Δ and Δλ = 0.5°, 60 pressure levels up to a height of 60 km and an interval of 6 h. These data are used for modelling of the atmospheric attraction term. Two attraction models have been developed based on the point mass attraction of air segments and the gravity potential of the air masses. The modelling shows a surface pressure-independent part of gravity variations induced by mass redistribution of the atmosphere in the order of some μgal. This part can only be determined by using 3D atmospheric pressure data. It has been calculated for the Vienna Superconducting Gravimeter site.From this follows that the gravity reduction can be improved by applying the 3D atmospheric attraction model for analysing long-periodic tidal waves including the polar tide. The same improvement is expected for reduction of long-term absolute gravity measurements or comparison of gravity measurements at different seasonal times. By using 3D atmospheric pressure data, the gravity correction can be improved up to some μgal.     

Study of spatial and temporal structure of long-term effects of solar activity and cosmic ray variations on the lower atmosphere circulation

The spatial and temporal structure of the effects of solar activity (SA) and galactic cosmic ray (GCR) flux variations on the lower atmosphere circulation has been studied based on NCEP/NCAR reanalysis archive for 1948–2006 and MSLP (Climatic Research Unit, UK) data for 1873–2000. It has been shown that the GCR effects on pressure variations are characterized by a strong latitudinal and regional dependence, which is determined by specific features of the tropospheric circulation in the studied regions. The distribution of the correlation coefficients for mean yearly values of atmospheric pressure with the GCR flux intensity is closely related to the position of the main climatological fronts. The periodic (∼60 years) changes in the correlation sign of the pressure at high and middle latitudes with Wolf numbers have been revealed. It has been suggested that the changes of the sign of SA/GCR effects on atmospheric pressure are caused by the changes of the macrocirculation epochs, which, in turn, may be related to large-scale processes on the Sun.     

气—地间耦合所产生的短临动力对大地形变的影响分析

围绕气—地间耦合所产生的短临动力对大地形变的影响问题,简要分析了气—地间耦合所产生的短临动力,根据秦安基准地震台前兆仪器2次受气压畸变影响的反应情况,分析了气压短时间内畸变对大地形变的不同影响,并在此基础上探讨地震前兆仪器对于短临应力影响的反映。     

Quantifying the carbon source of pedogenic calcite veins in weathered limestone: implications for the terrestrial carbon cycle

The continent is the second largest carbon sink on Earth’s surface.With the diversification of vascular land plants in the late Paleozoic,terrestrial organic carbon burial is represented by massive coal formation,while the development of soil profiles would account for both organic and inorganic carbon burial.As compared with soil organic carbon,inorganic carbon burial,collectively known as the soil carbonate,would have a greater impact on the long-term carbon cycle.Soil carbonate would have multiple carbon sources,including dissolution of host calcareous rocks,dissolved inorganic carbon from freshwater,and oxidation of organic matter,but the host calcareous rock dissolution would not cause atmospheric CO2drawdown.Thus,to evaluate the potential effect of soil carbonate formation on the atmospheric p CO2level,different carbon sources of soil carbonate should be quantitatively differentiated.In this study,we analyzed the carbon and magnesium isotopes of pedogenic calcite veins developed in a heavily weathered outcrop,consisting of limestone of the early Paleogene Guanzhuang Group in North China.Based on the C and Mg isotope data,we developed a numerical model to quantify the carbon source of calcite veins.The modeling results indicate that4–37 wt%of carbon in these calcite veins was derived from atmospheric CO2.The low contribution from atmospheric CO2might be attributed to the host limestone that might have diluted the atmospheric CO2sink.Nevertheless,taking this value into consideration,it is estimated that soil carbonate formation would lower 1 ppm atmospheric CO2within 2000 years,i.e.,soil carbonate alone would sequester all atmospheric CO2within 1 million years.Finally,our study suggests the C–Mg isotope system might be a better tool in quantifying the carbon source of soil carbonate.     

Lower atmospheric anomalies following the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake observed by GPS measurements

The Mw=8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake occurred on May 12, 2008 at the Longmen Shan fault, the western Sichuan Basin, China, killing more than ten thousand people in several cities and causing large economic losses. Global Positioning System (GPS) observations have provided unique insights on this event, including co-seismic ionospheric disturbances, co-/post-seismic crustal deformations and fault slip distributions. However, the processes and the driving mechanisms are still not clear, particularly possible seismo-lower atmospheric–ionospheric coupling behaviors. In this paper, the lower atmospheric (tropospheric) variations are investigated using the total zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) from GPS measurements around this event. It has the first found co-seismic tropospheric anomalies during the mainshock with an increase and then a decrease, mainly in the zenith hydrostatic delay component (ZHD), while it is also supported by the same pattern of surface-observed atmospheric pressure changes at co-located GPS site that are driven by the ground-coupled air waves from ground vertical motion of seismic waves propagation. Therefore, the co-seismic tropospheric disturbances (CTD) indicate again the acoustic coupling effect of the atmosphere and the solid-Earth with air wave propagation from the ground to the top atmosphere.