机载LiDAR技术在山区河道测绘中的应用分析

由于地形崎岖和深厚的植被覆盖,在山区河道测绘往往呈现高难度、高风险和低效率的特点,对该区域的开发和利用造成不利影响。目前基于具有穿透植被性能优异的机载LiDAR,探究激光影像技术在勘测山区河道地形下的效率,为提高该地形下的测绘提供技术支持。但同样机载LiDAR技术在测绘复杂地形的应用精度仍受植被覆盖率和地形平整度的影响,所以为量化分析机载LiDAR技术在复杂地形下的适用性和精确度,本文通过对比不同地表覆盖物下,机载LiDAR在具有代表性的山区河道的测绘应用精度,研究表明：结合点云影像的机载LiDAR测绘技术具有平面精度高、高程信息准确和地表信息丰富全面的突出优点;植被覆盖率、地形坡度显著的影响测绘的点云高程精度,而机载LiDAR技术在穿透植被性具有突出优势;机载LiDAR技术在测绘山区河道地形得应用中具有突出的效率高、准确性高和成本低的显著优势。     

机载LiDAR数据加工DEM产品技术研究

重点讨论基于不同软件平台下,机载LiDAR数据加工DEM测绘产品工艺技术研究。针对原始LiDAR点云集数据拼接、系统精度纠正、预处理→地面高程点提取→非地面点滤波分类→数字地面模型编辑→数字高程模型网格化→DEM产品质量检验等生产工艺流程进行研究。通过对LiDAR数据滤波分类处理算法应用研究,实现不同地物类别点云自动化提取。同时针对高精度的DTM、DEM数模产品拓展应用,重构地表模型三维虚拟成像。     

LiDAR技术在地质环境中的主要应用与展望

介绍了LiDAR激光探测与测距系统的组成和基本原理, 并对LiDAR技术在地质灾害、活动断裂、冰川及海岸线测绘等地质环境领域的国内外应用现状与进展进行了系统分析和总结, 对该技术的应用前景进行了展望。LiDAR系统集激光、GPS和惯性导航系统(Inertial Navigation System, INS)三种技术于一身, 能够快速、精确地获取地面目标的三维空间信息, 是继GPS空间定位系统之后又一项测绘技术新突破。LiDAR作为一种新型的遥感测量技术未来在自动、快速提取滑坡体、自动提取与断裂相关的微地貌结构信息、海岸带附近精细地物分类、海岸带调查以及潮间带生物多样性研究等方面具有很大的发展空间。      

机载GPS测量技术的发展现状与趋势

厘米级GPS动态定位的实现，加速了机载GPS测量技术的发展和应用，使传统的测量领域正在发生着革命性的变革，本首先评述了实现厘米级GPS机载测量的关键-运动中载波相位模糊度解（简称AROF动态技术）的最新进展；综合介绍了GPS在航空摄影测量、航空重力测量、机载激光地形断面测量、机械激光大地水准测量、机械激光水深测量、机载合成孔径雷达测图等方面应用的实践与结果；评述了多传感器组合配置的机载平台与综合测量技术向着3S（GPS/RS/GIS）集成化方向发展的趋势。     

机载多普勒天气雷达及应用研究进展

机载多普勒天气雷达由于其灵活机动性,在台风、暴雨等灾害性天气系统中尺度三维精细结构研究中发挥着重要作用.对机载多普勒天气雷达技术及其资料应用进行了概要性综述,主要从机载多普勒天气雷达发展历程、4种主要机载多普勒雷达技术特点、雷达天线扫描策略、单多普勒雷达风场反演技术、双多普勒雷达风场反演技术、雷达资料同化以及目标观测等方面进行阐述和分析;着重讨论了应用中需要解决的问题.最后,指出发展具有快速扫描和双偏振功能的机载相控阵多普勒雷达是机载天气雷达的发展方向,它可以获取高时空分辨率的探测数据,能够对云和降水系统的三维精细动力结构、热力结构以及微物理结构等进行综合研究.     

机载高光谱CASI/SASI数据几何校正及精度评定

机载高光谱具有高光谱分辨率和高空间分辨率的特点,展现出了独特的优势。机载高光谱数据的几何校正精度,直接影响着数据能否正常使用,是数据预处理中的关键问题。传统的空中三角测量技术必须依靠地面控制点才可以解算影像的外方位元素,工作量大,而且在无法测量地面控制点的区域不能使用。本文在分析CASI/SASI系统几何校正原理的基础上,结合POS AV系统,设计了一套几何检校方案;检验结果表明,在测区范围内无地面控制点的情况下,利用检校场飞行解算的相关数据,CASI/SASI高光谱数据的几何精度达到了要求。     

海洋激光测深技术介绍

介绍了机载激光海洋测深技术的原理、特点 ;简述了系统的组成和主要技术指标 ;概述了其发展历程、关键技术 ;分析了该项技术的发展趋势 ;最后对该项技术的应用前景进行了展望     

石灰岩喀斯特区水电建设中的地质勘测工作

一、地面地质测绘地面地质测绘工作,不但是研究喀斯特问题的初步工作,而是决定喀斯特地区能否修建水库的主要工作。经过深入的地面地质测绘以后,一般已能作出喀斯特岩层分布地区的初步评价。也只有经过深入的地面地质测绘以后,才能用少数的钻探工作量,得出正确的结论。地质测绘工作,首先应从1:500,000或1:200,000和1:100,000的小比例尺做起,在这一工     

共聚焦显微扫描系统的新方法在地质科学研究中的应用

创建了激光共聚焦显微扫描系统应用于地学研究中古生物化石和岩石、矿物标本分析测试的新方法。解决了多数古生物化石及岩石矿物标本无自发荧光而无法进行分析测试、无法制作三维立体图像的难题，从而提高了激光共聚焦显微扫描系统在地学研究领域的应用价值，对于地层古生物学、岩石矿物学和构造地质学等方面的深入研究和微观的创新研究以及解决疑难问题可以发挥重要作用，有力推动地学研究从宏观的定性研究向微观的定量研究发展。     

无人机摄影测量在1:2000地形图的应用

无人机摄影测量具有快速获取信息、地面分辨率高的优势,本文介绍了无人机系统及工作流程,并介绍了无人机摄影测量在1:2 000地形图中的测试应用,得出该系统在1:2 000地形图测绘中可行性结论。     

Mapping of micro topography using airborne laser scanning

Intense rainfall conditions and seismic activity commonly trigger fluidised landslides which are characterized by rapid movement and long run-out. They are potentially a very dangerous form of landslide phenomena and may result in extensive damage due to their sudden movement. Until now, photogrammetry has been used to produce maps and investigate such landslides in areas where these disasters occur. Recently, however, airborne laser scanning technology has become a promising technique for making topographical maps and investigating the micro topographic details of these landslide disasters, particularly on slopes around urban areas where the potential risk is high. In this study, airborne laser scanning was carried out in the Tama Hills, near Tokyo, Japan, which is extensively affected by this type of landsliding. The effectiveness of this technique was tested and compared with a laser contour map and aerial photograph interpretations.     

Delineating and defining the boundaries of an active landslide in the rainforest of Puerto Rico using a combination of airborne and terrestrial LIDAR data

Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) is a remote sensing technique that uses light, often using pulses from a laser to measure the distance to a target. Both terrestrial- and airborne-based LIDAR techniques have been frequently used to map landslides. Airborne LIDAR has the advantage of identifying large scarps of landslides covered by tree canopies and is widely applied in identifying historical and current active landslides hidden in forested areas. However, because landslides naturally have relatively small vertical surface deformation in the foot area, it is practically difficult to identify the margins of landslide foot area with the limited spatial resolution (few decimeters) of airborne LIDAR. Alternatively, ground-based LIDAR can achieve resolution of several centimeters and also has the advantages of being portable, repeatable, and less costly. Thus, ground-based LIDAR can be used to identify small deformations in landslide foot areas by differencing repeated terrestrial laser scanning surveys. This study demonstrates a method of identifying the superficial boundaries as well as the bottom boundary (sliding plane) of an active landslide in National Rainforest Park, Puerto Rico, USA, using the combination of ground-based and airborne LIDAR data. The method of combining terrestrial and airborne LIDAR data can be used to study landslides in other regions. This study also indicates that intensity and density of laser point clouds are remarkably useful in identifying superficial boundaries of landslides.     

Landslide vulnerability and risk assessment for multi-hazard scenarios using airborne laser scanning data (LiDAR)

Landslide hazard, vulnerability, and risk-zoning maps are considered in the decision-making process that involves land use/land cover (LULC) planning in disaster-prone areas. The accuracy of these analyses is directly related to the quality of spatial data needed and methods employed to obtain such data. In this study, we produced a landslide inventory map that depicts 164 landslide locations using high-resolution airborne laser scanning data. The landslide inventory data were randomly divided into a training dataset: 70 % for training the models and 30 % for validation. In the initial step, a susceptibility map was developed using logistic regression approach in which weights were assigned to every conditioning factor. A high-resolution airborne laser scanning data (LiDAR) was used to derive the landslide conditioning factors for the spatial prediction of landslide hazard areas. The resultant susceptibility was validated using the area under the curve method. The validation result showed 86.22 and 84.87 % success and prediction rates, respectively. In the second stage, a landslide hazard map was produced using precipitation data for 15 years. The precipitation maps were subsequently prepared and show two main categories (two temporal probabilities) for the study area (the average for any day in a year and abnormal intensity recorded in any day for 15 years) and three return periods (15-, 10-, and 5-year periods). Hazard assessment was performed for the entire study area. In the third step, an element at risk map was prepared using LULC, which was considered in the vulnerability assessment. A vulnerability map was derived according to the following criteria: cost, time required for reconstruction, relative risk of landslide, risk to population, and general effect to certain damage. These criteria were applied only on the LULC of the study area because of lack of data on the population and building footprint and types. Finally, risk maps were produced using the derived vulnerability and hazard information. Thereafter, a risk analysis was conducted. The LULC map was cross-matched with the results of the hazard maps for the return period, and the losses were aggregated for the LULC. Then, the losses were calculated for the three return periods. The map of the risk areas may assist planners in overall landslide hazard management.     

我国煤炭航测技术的最新发展

中国煤炭地质总局航测遥感局作为我国煤炭航测技术的主要单位,承担着95％以上的煤炭矿区航测成图任务,并逐步发展成为我国集航空摄影、遥感地质、地图制印、地下管线探测、地理信息技术等全面发展的空间信息产业集团：伴随着计算机技术的发展,煤炭航测技术走过了从模拟测图到解析测图,最后发展到今天的全数字测图的历程。目前煤航已拥有和掌握了IMU／DGPS辅助航空摄影技术、SAR（合成孔径雷达）成图技术、LIDAR（机载激光扫描）技术等空间数据采集最新技术。     

Sinkhole characterization in the Dead Sea area using airborne laser scanning

Since the early 1980s, the Dead Sea coast has undergone a near catastrophic land deterioration as a result of a rapid lake-level drop. One conspicuous expression of this deterioration is the formation of sinkholes fields that puncture the coastal plains. The evolution of sinkholes along nearly 70-km strip has brought to a halt the regional development in this well-known and toured area and destroyed existing infrastructures. Great efforts are being invested in understanding the phenomena and in development of monitoring techniques. We report in this paper the application of airborne laser scanning for characterization of sinkholes. We demonstrate first the appropriateness of laser scanning for this task and its ability to provide detailed 3D information on this phenomenon. We describe then an autonomous means for their extraction over large regions and with high level of accuracy. Extraction is followed by their detailed geometric characterization. Using this high-resolution data, we show how sinkholes of 0.5 m radius and 25 cm depth can be detected from airborne platforms as well as the geomorphic features surrounding them. These sinkhole measures account for their embryonic stage, allowing tracking them at an early phase of their creation.     

机载激光雷达技术在长江三峡工程库区滑坡灾害调查和监测中的应用研究

机载激光雷达技术是一种利用激光对地表三维坐标精确信息进行采集的新型遥感技术。本文以长江三峡工程库区滑坡灾害调查和监测应用为主要研究目标,通过对试验区的机载激光雷达数据的获取和处理,得到了精度很高的机载激光雷达DEM产品,并从定性和定量两个方面进行了机载激光雷达技术滑坡调查和动态监测应用试验。研究表明机载激光雷达山体阴影图能够直观表达微地貌形态;机载激光雷达坡度和地表粗糙度图像能够提供精确的微地貌特征量;利用多期机载激光雷达数据进行滑坡动态监测,可以掌握一定时间段内滑坡体的变形趋势和特征,并精确测算变形量。     

Outlook for use of laser scanning in paleoseismological studies in Siberia

A large-scale survey to select a path for the East Siberia-Pacific Ocean (ESPO) pipeline has shown the urgency and high demand for detailed paleoseismological investigations using a new technology based on laser scanning. The laser scanning results allowed us not only to identify and thoroughly map numerous fault-line scarps, but also to estimate their morphometric parameters (height, steepness) and distinguish scarps that were formed as a result of single or multifold seismogenic displacements. The high efficiency of the laser scanning results makes it necessary to involve this tool in paleoseismological investigations.     

图形图像处理方法图示航空物探数据的有效性研究

本文在介绍航空物探微机图形图像处理系统的基础上，通过不同地区实测航空物探资料的处理，对用图形图像处理技术处理和图示航空物探数据的有效性进行了探讨。总结出适用于地质填图、突出局部弱异常及与矿化有关的弱信息等不同地质任务的有效方法组合。分析了各种航空物探图示方法的特点，并就如何发挥图形图像处理技术在航空物探资料的解释处理中的作用提出了建议。认为图形图像处理技术是一种图示航空物探数据的有效方法，可以作为等值线图的补充和改进形式推广应用。     

Utilization of laser range finder and differential GPS for high‐resolution topographic measurement at Hacituğrul Tepe,Turkey

Topographic maps are fundamental for geoarchaeological field studies and archaeological excavations. However, traditional methods of topographic mapping, as well as modern high‐tech methods such as airborne laser scanning and photogrammetry of high‐resolution satellite images, are often cost‐ineffective for field studies in terms of time, money, and labor. We here propose a method to measure topography for archaeological sites and surrounding areas quickly and accurately, using a laser range finder (LRF) and differential global positioning system DGPS. Three‐dimensional coordinates of points on land surfaces are measured through the LRF, targeted from multiple measuring locations whose positions are acquired with the DGPS. The point data are then interpolated to produce a digital elevation model (DEM) using a geographic information system (GIS). High‐resolution DEMs can be obtained with this method, with horizontal and vertical accuracies on the order of 10 cm. We here demonstrate the method for measuring detailed topography of the Hacituğrul Tepe in central Turkey. Digital topography data incorporated in GIS can also be part of an archaeological database, providing opportunities for quantitative analyses of topography and archaeological materials. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.