标准雨量对比观测分析

统计整理了位于内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市的东胜国家基准气候站1992—1998年标准雨量对比观测资料，并结合降水形态和降水时段的风速，分别进行了分析，结果表明：标准雨量器观测降水量较现行地面气象定时观测雨量器所测降水量平均偏多13．39％，其中降雨量平均偏多11．98％，降雪量平均偏多36．52％。并且随着降水时段风速的增大，标准雨量器观测降水偏多率也随之增大。     

降水测量对比试验及其主要结果

为了实现国内固态降水测量的自动化,同时了解我国降水测量与国际标准仪器DIFR间降水测量的差异,2006年中国气象局在大西沟、长春、通河气象站进行了为期近1年的降水测量对比试验。分别针对固态和液态降水分析了我国台站长期使用的普通雨量器的捕捉率大小及其与风速的简要关系、不同安装方式的雨量器间的防风效果。根据降水捕捉率及观测过程中的实际状况,对参加对比试验的7种自动化雨量计进行了性能分析,为业务上完全实现降水自动化观测而提供依据及建议。     

引起降水量观测误差因素分析及对策

我国目前气象台(站)在观测场设置的测量降水仪器有雨量器、蒸发用的雨量器、虹吸(遥测)雨量计.它们的下垫面、场地相同,且仪器之间仅差几米,但有时量得的降水确有差异.排除仪器故障和观测有误等原因外,还有一些导致降水量差异的原因.     

降水测量方法误差的初步探索

我国气象台站现使用的雨量器，是安装在离地面70cm高处的，因受风力和降水产生的反弹力（溅出）影响，所录降水量与大自然实际降至地面的水量存在误差。为了寻找更准确的测量方法，中国气科院发明了坑式雨量器。增城市气象局，于1991年开始了坑式雨量器的测量试验。试验主要手段是进行降水的对比观测。现将试验情况介绍如下。l试验用仪器和观测方法1．l仪器（1）坑式雨量器一个。该雨量器由雨量器、防溅网、地坑和排水管道组成。其安装规定是：防溅网水平安装在地坑口之上，上沿面与周围地表面齐平；雨量器水平置于坑内，器口与防溅网上沿面…     

蒸发专用雨量器雨量误差的分析

本文根据观测规范中“为了计算蒸发量准确和方便起见,在多雨季节应增设一个蒸发用的雨量器”的规定.于1999年6月安装蒸发专用雨量器,并进行对比观测,将定时日雨量(下称R日)和蒸发专用雨量(下称R蒸)进行比较,从两者的差别(R日-R蒸,下称Δ)论证新装雨量器存在的必要性和降水差值的变化范围及观测中需注意的问题.……     

天山乌鲁木齐河源夏季降水观测中的动力损失及其修正

本文论述雨量计观测降水中动力损失的概念及其影响因素。通过不同雨量计观测降水对比实验资料的分析,评价了不同降水形态下各种防风圈的防风作用;揭示雨量计捕捉降水率与降水时段平均风速的关系,建立修正方案,确定真实降水量,修正乌鲁木齐河源夏季降水观测中的动力损失量。     

馆藏新书

从理论上讲雨量器与虹吸式雨量计测得降水量应该比较接近，但在实际降水观测中，经常出现测得降水量不一致，有时差值也比较大，严重影响降水观测的准确性。通过对本站历史降水资料的分析，找出影响准确性的因素，提高观测质量和仪器的使用质量。     

太原地区坑式雨量器试验观测结果初步分析

太原地区坑式雨量器试验观测结果初步分析王旭东，李崇昆（山西省气象局０３０００２）１试验结果降水测量仪器的安装高度对测量结果有十分重要的影响。为了获电一个到达地表面的比较准确的降水量测量值，世界气象组织仪器和观测方法委员会在１９６９年决定把坑式雨量器（...     

实测与自记降水量差值原因分析

从理论上讲雨量器与虹吸式雨量计测得降水量应该比较接近 ,但在实际降水观测中 ,经常出现测得降水量不一致 ,有时差值也比较大 ,严重影响降水观测的准确性。通过对本站历史降水资料的分析 ,找出影响准确性的因素 ,提高观测质量和仪器的使用质量。1　资料分析分析本站 1 984～ 2     

雪量器

气候温暖降雪很少的地区,可以用普通雨量器观测降雪的水量。只要     

Multi-Century Tree-Ring Reconstructions of Colorado Streamflow for Water Resource Planning

Water resource management requires knowledge of the natural variability in streamflow over multiple time scales. Reconstructions of streamflow derived from moisture-sensitive trees extend, in both time and magnitude, the variability provided by relatively short gage records. In this study, we present a network of 14 annual streamflow reconstructions, 300–600 years long, for gages in the Upper Colorado and South Platte River basins in Colorado generated from new and existing tree-ring chronologies. Gages for the reconstruction were selected on the basis of their importance to two of the largest Colorado Front Range water providers, who provided the natural flow data for the calibration with tree-ring data. The reconstruction models explain 63–76% of the variance in the gage records and capture low flows particularly well. Analyses of the reconstructions indicate that the 20th century gage record does not fully represent the range of streamflow characteristics seen in the prior two to five centuries. Multi-year drought events more severe than the 1950s drought have occurred, notably in the 19th century, and the distribution of extreme low flow years is markedly uneven over the past three centuries. When the 14 reconstructions are grouped into Upper Colorado, northern South Platte, and southern South Platte regional flow reconstructions, the three time series show a high degree of coherence, but also time-varying divergences that may reflect the differential influence of climatic features operating in the western U.S. These reconstructions are currently being used by water managers to assess the reliability of water supply systems under a broader range of conditions than indicated by the gage records alone.     

Automated system of operational hydromonitoring of Ukrainian water bodies

Presented are the results of working out an extensive hydromonitoring system for water bodies based on the use of the optoelectronic phase level gage (as a water level meter) and cellular network (to transmit the digital data signal to the data acquisition and processing center). The “Riven’” telecommunication device converting information using the SMS-protocol is worked out for the connection of the phase level gage with the acquisition and processing center using the GSM system. Developed are the structure and algorithm of the hydromonitoring system. Produced is the level gage prototype for the hydrometric station. The hydromonitoring system is intended for the advanced flood warning of population and for providing environmental safety.     

Changes in Cu Characteristics and Precipitation during Cu Merging

The results of investigation of convective cloud merging observed near Saint Petersburg are presented. Data obtained with a set of remote sensing instruments (radar, radiometer, and lightning location system) were analyzed. Rain gage network data are used. Clouds simulation is performed using a 1.5-dimensional nonstationary model. A method to calibrate the radar measurements to obtain precipitation characteristics using rain gage network data is developed. According to radar data, a 2-km increase in the cloud top height was observed after Cu merging, the maximum reflectivity of clouds increased at 10 dBZ, maximum rain intensity and rain flux increased by about two times. The increase in rainfall intensity is also corroborated by rain gage observations and numerical simulations. An increase in the intensity of lightning discharges during the merging is registered.     

东北地区一次暴雪过程的诊断分析

利用观测资料对东北地区的一次暴雪过程作了物理量场的诊断分析。分析结果表明:1.本次暴雪是受到贝加尔湖强冷空气和江淮暖湿气流的共同影响而形成的;2.稳定的地面形势和空中冷性长波槽的过境为本次暴雪过程提供了强大的动力条件;3.北上江淮暖湿气流携带来自东海和渤海两个源地的充沛水汽到达东北地区,为东北暴雪的产生提供了水汽条件;4.高低空垂直切变明显、高层辐散与低层辐合相配置导致的强上升运动以及中低层深厚的正涡度产生和维持是东北暴雪形成的动力机制。     

Changes in aridity in response to the global warming hiatus

The global warming slowdown or warming hiatus, began around the year 2000 and has persisted for nearly 15 years. Most studies have focused on the interpretation of the hiatus in temperature. In this study, changes in a global aridity index (AI) were analyzed by using a newly developed dynamical adjustment method that can successfully identify and separate dynamically induced and radiatively forced aridity changes in the raw data. The AI and Palmer Drought Severity Index produced a wetting zone over the mid-to-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere in recent decades. The dynamical adjustment analysis suggested that this wetting zone occurred in response to the global warming hiatus. The dynamically induced AI (DAI) played a major role in the AI changes during the hiatus period, and its relationships with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO) also indicated that different phases of the NAO, PDO, and AMO contributed to different performances of the DAI over the Northern Hemisphere. Although the aridity wetting over the mid-to-high latitudes may relieve long-term drying in certain regions, the hiatus is temporary, and so is the relief. Accelerated global warming will return when the NAO, PDO, and AMO revert to their opposite phases in the future, and the wetting zone is likely to disappear.     

The Warming and Wetting Ecological Environment Changes over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the Driving Effect of the Asian Summer Monsoon

The impact of warming and wetting on the ecological environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(TP) under the background of climate change has been a concern of the global scientific community. In this paper, the optimized interpolation variational correction approach is adopted for the analysis of monthly high-resolution satellite precipitation products and observations from meteorological stations during the past 20 years. As a result, the corrected precipitation products can not only supplement ...     

Identification of the optimal integration of the hydrologic model with meteorology data using the advanced GIS object-oriented programming

An object-oriented framework called GIS and Hydrologic Information System Modeling Object (GHISMO) that is tightly coupled with a prototype geographic information system (GIS), is presented in this research. The proposed GHISMO framework is used to simulate a hydrologic system on the base of the storage-release concept and with multiple weather data such as gage and NEXRAD data. Both quantitative and qualitative results of simulation for the Pleasant Run Creek and Little Buck Creek watersheds in Indiana (USA) demonstrate the method prospects.     

基于改进失水模式和增加建模站点的Palmer旱度模式

根据1965年Palmer旱度模式的思路,在1986年修正版及2003年修正版的基础上,为了使Palmer旱度模式更适用于我国北方干旱、半干旱地区,通过改进2003年修正的Palmer旱度模式在建模时表层失水模式的假设以及增加建模站点个数两个方面对Palmer旱度模式进行进一步修正。将计算的Palmer指数值与2003年计算的Palmer指数值及一些文献记载的实际旱涝灾情相对照进行验证,结果表明:新修正的Palmer旱度模式能更好地评估旱涝情况,扩大其在我国干旱地区的适用性。     

Response of Freezing/Thawing Indexes to the Wetting Trend under Warming Climate Conditions over the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau during 1961–2010: A Numerical Simulation

Since the 1990s, the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau(QTP) has experienced a strikingly warming and wetter climate that alters the thermal and hydrological properties of frozen ground. A positive correlation between the warming and thermal degradation in permafrost or seasonally frozen ground(SFG) has long been recognized. Still, a predictive relationship between historical wetting under warming climate conditions and frozen ground has not yet been well demonstrated,despite the expectation that it will b...     

中国北方干旱区地表湿润状况的趋势分析

利用 1 95 1～ 1 997年中国 1 6 0站月降水和平均气温资料 ,通过计算的地表湿润指数 Hi =PPe(P为观测的月降水总量 ,Pe为月最大潜在蒸发 ) ,对比分析了中国华北、西北两个典型干旱区区域平均地表湿润指数的年代年际变化特征及季节性差异 ,并讨论了它与降水和气温的联系。最后 ,给出了地表湿润指数年及各季节变化趋势的地理分布。研究表明 :西北西部和华北地区的年际及年代际变化趋势基本相反 ,前者地表为变湿趋势 ,后者为变干趋势。华北地区的干化趋势主要发生在夏秋季节 ,而西北除东部的秋季和西部的夏季外 ,其它季节均存在变湿趋势