A transient climate change simulation with greenhouse gas and aerosol forcing: experimental design and comparison with the instrumental record for the twentieth century

 The Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) global coupled model is used to investigate the potential climate effects of increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations and changes in sulfate aerosol loadings. The forcing scenario adopted closely resembles that of Mitchell et al. for both the greenhouse gas and aerosol components. Its implementation in the model and the resulting changes in forcing are described. Five simulations of 200 years in length, nominally for the years 1900 to 2100, are available for analysis. They consist of a control simulation without change in forcing, three independent simulations with the same greenhouse gas and aerosol changes, and a single simulation with greenhouse gas only forcing. Simulations of the evolution of temperature and precipitation from 1900 to the present are compared with available observations. Temperature and precipitation are primary climate variables with reasonable temporal and spatial coverage in the observational record for the period. The simulation of potential climate change from the present to the end of the twenty-first century, based on projected GHG and aerosol forcing changes, is discussed in a companion paper. For the historical period dealt with here, the GHG and aerosol forcing has changed relatively little compared to the forcing changes projected to the end of the twenty-first century. Nevertheless, the forced climate signal for temperature in the model is reasonably consistent with the observed global mean temperature from the instrumental record. This is true also for the trend in zonally averaged temperature as a function of latitude and for some aspects of the geographical and regional distributions of temperature. Despite the modest change in overall forcing, the difference between GHG+aerosol and GHG-only forcing is discernible in the temperature response for this period. Changes in precipitation, on the other hand, are much less evident in both the instrumental and simulated record. There is an apparent increasing trend in average precipitation in both the observations and the model results over that part of the land for which observations are available. Regional and geographical changes and trends (which are less affected by sampling considerations), if they exist, are masked by the large natural variability of precipitation in both model and observations. Received: 24 September 1998 / Accepted: 8 October 1999     

超强厄尔尼诺事件海洋学特征分析与预测回顾

2015/2016年厄尔尼诺事件被认为是一次与1982/1983和1997/1998年相当的超强事件。基于多套再分析数据,比较了此次事件的海洋上层变量主要特征与历史上两次超强事件的异同,并利用热带太平洋混合层热收支方程对主要物理过程进行了定量分析。研究认为,2015/2016年事件前期为异常高海温东传特征,且前期形成了一次弱的中太平洋型暖事件;但后期表现为弱西传特征,在成熟位相转换成东太平洋型强厄尔尼诺。此次事件中伴随着多次西风爆发事件和开尔文波东传,但赤道开尔文波在盛期基本维持在中东太平洋而不继续东传,赤道外罗斯贝波西传特征亦不明显。相比之下,此次事件在发展-成熟期前后的赤道“热容量放电”过程更加明显些。此次事件异常暖中心位置偏西,其主要原因很可能与赤道东太平洋的强东风异常和冷海水上翻,以及纬向洋流异常和次表层温度异常分布偏西有关;东边界冷水入侵,削弱赤道东太平洋海温异常程度,可能是此次事件位置偏西的直接原因。在海洋上层热量收支中,此次事件中温跃层反馈是促进海温升高和位相转换的最关键过程,纬向平流反馈项亦发挥了重要作用,两种过程共同形成了超强的升温幅度和偏西的异常暖海温分布型。中国国家气候中心新一代ENSO预测系统（SEMAP2.0）每年两次的实际会商预测中给出了较为合理的预测,特别是考虑前期海洋变化预报因子信息的统计模型更好地预测出了海温异常的波动演变状况,成为多方法集合（MME）的重要成员。      

2006年全球气候异常，多项纪录被打破

 以世界气象组织发布的2006年全球变化状况的报告为基础，结合全球相关的资料报道，总结了2006年全球的气候变化特征：2006年为近百年来第5个最暖年，全球出现了大范围的气候异常，包括欧洲最暖的秋天、澳大利亚的严重干旱、非洲大角地区的极端干旱和严重洪涝、菲律宾群岛的暴雨，以及北极海冰面积的进一步减少等。     

The 2016 summer floods in China and associated physical mechanisms: A comparison with 1998

The characteristics of droughts and floods in China during the summers (May–August) of 2016 and 1998 were compared in great detail, together with the associated atmospheric circulations and external-forcing factors. Following results are obtained. (1) The precipitation was mostly above normal in China in summer 2016, with two main rainfall belts located in the Yangtze River valley (YRV) and North China. Compared with 1998, a similar rainfall belt was located over the YRV, with precipitation 100% and more above normal. However, the seasonal processes of Meiyu were different. A typical “Secondary Meiyu” occurred in 1998, whereas dry conditions dominated the YRV in 2016. (2) During May–July 2016, the Ural high was weaker than normal, but it was stronger than normal in 1998. This difference resulted from fairly different distributions of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) over the North Atlantic Ocean during the preceding winter and spring of the two years. (3) Nonetheless, tropical and subtropical circulation systems were much more similar in May–July of 2016 and 1998. The circulation systems in both years were characterized by a stronger than normal and more westward-extending western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), a weaker than normal East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), and anomalous convergence of moisture flux in the mid and lower reaches of the YRV. These similar circulation anomalies were attributed to the similar tropical SSTA pattern in the preceding seasons, i.e., the super El Niño and strong warming in the tropical Indian Ocean. (4) Significant differences in the circulation pattern were observed in August between the two years. The WPSH broke up in August 2016, with its western part being combined with the continental high and persistently dominating eastern China. The EASM suddenly became stronger, and dry conditions prevailed in the YRV. On the contrary, the EASM was weaker in August 1998 and the “Secondary Meiyu” took place in the YRV. The Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) was extremely active in August 2016 and stayed in western Pacific for 25 days. It triggered frequent tropical cyclone activities and further influenced the significant turning of tropical and subtropical circulations in August 2016. In contrast, the MJO was active over the tropical Indian Ocean in August 1998, conducive to the maintenance of a strong WPSH. Alongside the above oceanic factors and atmospheric circulation anomalies, the thermal effect of snow cover over the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau from the preceding winter to spring in 2016 was much weaker than that in 1998. This may explain the relatively stronger EASM and more abundant precipitation in North China in 2016 than those in 1998.     

A Holocene East Asian winter monsoon record at the southern edge of the Gobi Desert and its comparison with a transient simulation

Climate Dynamics - The East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) exhibits significant variability on intraseasonal, interannual, and interdecadal time scales and the variability can be extended to Holocene...     

Orbital forced frequencies in the 975 000 year pollen record from Tenagi Philippon (Greece)

Frequency analysis was applied to different time series obtained from the 975 ka pollen record of Tenagi Philippon (Macedonia, Greece). These time series are characteristic of different vegetation types related to specific climatic conditions. Time control of the 196 m deep core was based on 11 finite 14C dates in the upper 17 m, magnetostratigraphy and correlation with the marine oxygen isotope stratigraphy. Maximum entropy spectrum analyses and thomson multitaper spectrum analysis were applied using the complete time series. Periods of 95–99, 40–45, 24.0–25.5 and 19–21 ka which can be related to orbital forcing, as well as periods of about 68, 30 ka and of about 15.5, 13.5, 12 and 10.5 ka were detected. The detected periods of about 68, 30 ka and 16, 14, 12, 10.5 ka are likely to be harmonics and combination tones of the periods related to orbital forcing. The period of around 30 ka is possibly a secondary peak of obliquity. To study the stability of the detected periods through time, analysis with a moving window was employed. Signals in the eccentricity band were detected clearly during the last 650 ka. In the precession band, detected periods of about 24 ka show an increase in amplitude during the last 650 ka. The evolution of orbital frequencies during the last 1.0 Ma is in general agreement with the results of other marine and continental time series. Time series related to different climatic settings showed a different response to orbital forcing. Time series of vegetational elements sensitive to changes in net precipitation were forced in the precession and obliquity bands. changes in precession caused changes in the monsoon system, which indirectly had a strong influence on the climatic history of Greece. Time series of vegetational elements which are more indicative of changes in annual temperature are forced in the eccentricity band.     

环渤海地区城市化对夏季极端暖夜的影响

城市化对人类生活息息相关的一些指标(如夏季极端暖夜等)的影响研究尚少.取环渤海地区气象观测站的夏季(6-8月)逐日最低气温资料(1958-2009年),使用广义极值(GEV)分布拟合夏季极端暖夜气温分布,并对拟合函数的3个分布特征参数的年际变化进行分析,根据特征参数变化特征进行城市化对极端暖夜的影响程度的分离.研究结果表明,环渤海地区,在极端暖夜气温分布的3个参数的年际变化中,以位置参数的代表性最好.在城市快速发展时期,城市偏高气温出现的可能性大,但极端气温变化幅度也较大.城市化对环渤海不同类型城市夏季极端暖夜气温的贡献均为上升作用,增温速度最大约为0.3℃/(10a).     

1998年夏季青藏高原及其邻近地区低频降水分布和传播特征

使用１９９８年美国ＮＣＥＰ再分析的逐日资料,研究了１９９８年夏季青藏高原及其邻近地区低频降水的分布和传播特征,结果表明：青藏高原及其邻近地区的低频降水量和时间变化方差对总降水量及其变化方差均具有重要贡献,因此研究高原地区低频降水的分布、发生、发展及其传播特征具有重要意义,高原东侧的低频降水主要由东向西传播,而南侧主要由南向北传播,但很少直接进入高原。高原中南部和东南部可能是高原地区的频降水的发生源     

北极涛动指数及其年代际变化研究

运用NCEP／NCAR再分析月资料，根据北极涛动经向振荡的特征构建一个新的AO指数，使其能较好地表现AO的季节变化，并用回归分析和相关分析方法对指数进行检验。同时，用滑动平均方法对北极涛动的年代际变化进行研究，发现北极涛动在70年代中期存在位相突变，由负位相转为正位相，并解释了这种位相突变的气候意义。     

热带太平洋盐度年际变化对海表温度异常作用比较：1997/1998、2014/2015和2015/2016年El Niño事件

海洋盐度变化为研究气候变化的机制提供了一个新的视角。本文通过对比1997/1998年、2015/2016年两次强厄尔尼诺（El Ni?o）事件和2014/2015年特殊El Ni?o事件,对盐度变化及其影响海表面温度异常（SSTA）的物理过程进行了比较分析。研究表明,El Ni?o和南方涛动（El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation, ENSO）发展的强弱与热带西太平洋大范围海表层盐度异常（SSSA）及其向东扩散的差异有明显关联。1997/1998、2015/2016年赤道东太平洋SSTA的增暖,对应两次强El Ni?o事件,在发生年4月,中西太平洋海域出现了明显的负SSSA,之后东移至日期变更线以西,SSSA引发的混合层深度（MLD）变浅、障碍层厚度（BLT）变厚,导致热带中—西太平洋表层升温增强,促使了赤道中太平洋的早期变暖;2014/2015年弱El Ni?o事件虽然在发生年4月,位于赤道中西太平洋出现了负SSSA,但没有发展东移,导致BLT的增厚过程减弱,对表层温度的调制作用减弱甚至消失。三次事件对应的盐度变化过程中,水平平流和淡水通量（FWF）引起的表层强迫是影响盐度收支的主要因子,水平平流影响盐度异常的前期变化,触发事件的发生;热带太平洋西部降水引起的FWF负异常的影响最为显著,对ENSO异常信号出现后SSSA的维持起决定性作用。相比较两次强El Ni?o事件,2014/2015年El Ni?o对应的早期FWF负异常没有发展和东移,并且之后迅速减弱,导致中西太平洋盐度负趋势减缓,MLD加深,BLT变薄,促使上表层海水冷却,抑制了赤道东太平洋的早期变暖和ENSO发展。研究结果表明,盐度变化与ENSO密切相关,热带中西太平洋海域早期表层盐度变化可能可以作为SSTA的指数。特别地,SSSA在调节SSTA时,不仅影响它的强度,而且可以作为判断ENSO是否发展及其强弱的前兆因子。     

2016年和1998年汛期降水特征及物理机制对比分析

利用多种大气环流、海表温度、积雪面积等数据,并利用个例对比分析和统计方法,研究了2016年汛期（5-8月）中国旱、涝特征及与1998年的异同点,并对比分析了这两年导致降水异常的大气环流和外强迫因子。结果表明:（1）2016年汛期中国降水总体偏多,长江中下游和华北各有一支多雨带。与1998年相比,这两年南方多雨带均位于长江流域,梅雨雨量均较常年偏多1倍以上,但梅雨季节进程有显著差异,1998年发生典型的“二度梅”,而2016年梅雨结束后长江流域降水显著偏少,主要降水区移至北方。（2）2016年5-7月乌拉尔山高压脊明显偏弱,而1998年欧亚中高纬度呈“两脊一槽”型,这与北大西洋海温距平在这两年前冬至春季几乎完全相反的分布型密切相关。（3）这两年5-7月热带和副热带地区环流较为相似,副热带高压偏强、偏西,东亚夏季风偏弱,来自西北太平洋的水汽输送通量均在长江中下游形成异常辐合区,这主要是受到了前期相似的热带海温异常的影响,均为超强厄尔尼诺事件和热带印度洋全区一致偏暖模态。（4）这两年8月环流形势有显著差异,2016年8月副热带高压断裂,西段与大陆高压结合持续控制中国东部上空,夏季风迅速转强,长江流域高温少雨。而1998年8月夏季风进一步减弱,长江流域发生“二度梅”。2016年8月MJO异常活跃并长时间维持在西太平洋地区,激发频繁的热带气旋活动,对副热带地区大气环流的转折有重要作用。而1998年8月MJO主要活跃在印度洋地区,使得副高持续前期偏强的特征。除海洋和上述环流差异外,2016年前冬至春季青藏高原积雪的冷源热力效应远不及1998年强,这可能是导致2016年夏季风偏弱的程度不及1998年,而2016年汛期华北降水较1998年偏多的原因之一。      

Climate Change in China from 1880 to 1998 and its Impact on the Environmental Condition

The global mean surface air temperature (SAT) or the Northern Hemisphere mean SAT has increased since the late nineteenth century, but the mean precipitation around the world has not formed a definite tendency to increase. A lot of studies showed that different climate and environmental changes during the past 100 years over various regions in the world were experienced. The climate change in China over the past 100 years and its impact on China's environmental conditions needs to be investigated in more detail.Data sets of surface air temperature and atmospheric precipitation over China since 1880 up to the present are now available. In this paper, a drought index has been formulated corresponding to both the temperature and precipitation. Based on three series of temperature, precipitation, and drought index, interdecadal changes in all 7 regions of China and temperature differences among individual regions are analyzed. Some interesting facts are revealed using the wavelet transform method. In Northeast China, the aridification trend has become more serious since 1970s. Drought index in North China has also reached a high value during 1990s, which seems similar to that period 1920s–1940s. In NorthwestChina, the highest temperature appeared over the period 1930s–1940s. Along the Yangtze River valley in central eastern China and Southwest China, interdecadal high temperature occurred from 1920s to 1940s and in 1990s, but the drought climate mainly appeared from 1920s to early 1940s. In South China, temperature remained at a high value over the period 1910s–1940s,but the smaller-scale variation of drought index was remarkable from 1880 to 1998. Consequently, the quasi-20-year oscillation (smaller-scale variation) and the quasi-70-year oscillation (secular variation) obviously exist in temperature and precipitation series in different regions over China.Climate change and intensified human activity in China have induced certain environmental evolutions, such as the frequency change of dust-storm event in northern China, no-flow in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the runoff variation in Northwest China. On the other hand, frequent floods along the Yangtze River and high frequency of drought disaster have resulted in tremendous economic losses in the last decade in China. The primary reason for these happenings may be attributed to the evolution of the monsoon system in East Asian.     

2015年夏季东亚和南亚降水异常与热带太平洋海温异常的联系及机理

2015年我国东部夏季降水呈现南北反位相的空间分布,河套地区降水异常偏少、长江中下游地区降水异常偏多,同期印度中部地区降水负异常,上述三个区域2015年夏季降水距平百分率绝对值极大值均超过55%。东亚和南亚地区2015年夏季降水异常的形成机理主要是由于该年夏季处于El Niňo事件的发展位相,菲律宾群岛及邻近区域反气旋环流异常,江淮地区至日本列岛气旋式环流异常,对流层低层位势高度异常场和整层水汽异常输送场亦存在相一致的空间分布,表现为负位相的EAP(East Asian-Pacific)/PJ(Pacific-Japan)型遥相关,有利于河套地区降水偏少和长江流域降水偏多。热带太平洋海温异常引起热带地区Walker环流负异常,热带西太平洋地区上空受异常下沉气流控制,热带印度洋区域对流层盛行东风异常,减弱了印度夏季风,并造成了印度中部地区夏季降水偏少。另一方面,印度上空对流层低层受异常反气旋控制,该异常反气旋北侧的西风异常沿着青藏高原南麓向东运动,增强了与EAP/PJ型遥相关相联系的异常水汽输送,有利于维持和增强河套地区降水负异常和长江中下游地区降水正异常。     

1960—2015年中国冬半年极端降温过程事件的时空演变特征

利用1960-2015年中国2 474个站点的逐日最低气温资料,采用REOF方法将中国分为7个区域,通过对每个区域内所有站点降温阈值进行平均,得到了7个降温阈值。当某区域内测站单日降温幅度超过区域平均阈值时,认为该测站发生一次极端降温事件。7个区域降温平均阈值各异,总体呈北大南小特征,最大降温-10.6℃,最小-7.6℃。根据上述定义,研究了中国冬半年极端降温过程事件的时空演变特征。结果表明：极端降温事件发生频数呈北多南少的空间分布。北部地区存在多个频发中心,在42°N和35°N附近存在两个高频发生带。南部地区频数呈一定的带状分布,在25°N附近发生该事件的频率亦高于南部其他地区。近56 a来,极端降温事件频数变化总体呈减少趋势,前期较明显,中后期趋于稳定。各年代频数的空间分布基本一致,但前期总体表现为北部增多。而在1990s则转变为南负北正的空间分布,后期中部及沿海地区发生了趋势符号的年代际改变。进一步分析表明,各区域极端降温频数突变的年份均不一致且突变前后的频数存在较大差异。这些结果可为深刻认识极端低温事件的变化规律和气候预测提供线索。     

2015-2019年贵港市臭氧污染特征及其与气象要素的关系

为研究贵港市O3(臭氧)污染特征及其与气象要素的关系,对2015-2019年贵港市国家空气自动监测站和同期贵港国家气象观测站逐日、逐时气象资料进行了研究和分析.结果表明:近5a来贵港市O3污染日趋严重;O3污染存在明显的季节变化,秋＞夏＞春＞冬;O3浓度日变化特征呈单峰型,8:00出现谷值,15:00-16:00出现峰...     

1998年长江流域洪涝灾害的气候背景和大尺度环流条件

分析１９９８年夏季长江中游严重洪涝灾害前期以及洪水出现期的和大尺度环流的作用。厄尔尼诺事件为这次长江流域夏季洪涝提供了气候背景。在梅雨前期江南出现７个月的多雨期,这使得梅雨开始时暴雨区的土壤水分接近饱和,江河湖的水位很高。梅雨期出现强降水后,大量雨水只能涌向河流,使得江河泛滥;土壤水分饱和也使得暴雨区的水分内循环增强。研究表明：１９９８年梅雨期降水强度较大,这期间有来自南海南部的两次大气低频振荡,输送大量不稳定的湿空气到暴雨区。７月下旬出现二度梅以及８月长江上游出现５次洪峰都与当时西风带南部静止波列的调整有关。     

1998年夏季亚洲地区低频大气环流的特征及其与长江中下游降水的关系

利用日本GAME资料、TRMM卫星资料及中国730站降水资料研究了1998年夏季亚洲地区对流层至平流层低频振荡(LFO)的传播特征及该年长江中下游夏季降水变化的LFO型,结果表明:1998年5-8月,在青藏高原经纬度上,对流层LFO的东西向传播特征与季节变化有关.在东西方向上,高原和东亚大陆雨季开始前,LFO以向东传播为主;在雨季开始后,LFO以向西传播为主.南北方向上,LFO的传播在雨季前后基本一致,高原南北两侧均向高原传播.在南北方向上,青藏高原是LFO的汇;而在东西方向上,高原西部只在雨季开始后是LFO加强区,使西传进入高原的LFO继续西传.整个大气层以对流层顶(100 hPa)LFO最强,进入平流层LFO迅速减弱.1998年夏季长江中下游降水存在两次明显的LFO循环,我们根据两次降水LFO各位相合成分析了降水、500和100 hPa LFO环流以及沿30°N LFO垂直环流.结果表明:来自西伯利亚向南传播和来自孟加拉湾及南海向北传播的LFO气旋(降水谷值期)和反气旋(降水峰值期)形成了高原东部上空LFO气旋(降水谷值期)和反气旋(降水峰值期)以及来自中纬度西太平洋南下西移经日本、黄海到达中国大陆东部海洋上空的LFO反气旋(降水谷值期)和气旋(降水峰值期)的共同作用造成了长江中下游地区强烈的下沉(降水谷值期)和上升(降水峰值期),形成长江中下游降水LFO谷值期和峰值期.