从上地幔相关的交代钛氧化物矿物研究看中国及南非金伯利岩地球化学性质的相似性

通过对山东蒙阴金伯利岩中富含硅酸盐不相容元素的锶钛铁矿族（ＬＩＭＡ系列）、磁铁铅矿族（ＨＡＹＩ系列）矿物及其相关的钛氧化物矿物的探针成分分析，对比南非Ｄｅｂｅｅｒｓ，Ｊａｇｅｒｓｆｏｎｔｅｉｎ及Ｂｕｌｔｆｏｎｔｅｉｎ等地金伯利岩区的相似矿物研究，发现这类矿物的产出、相互关系及化学成分非常相近，与共生的金云母、碱性闪石等含水矿物一起，反映了富Ｋ，Ｂａ，Ｔｉ，Ｚｒ，Ｎｂ，ＲＥＥ等不相容元素的流体对先前亏损的方辉橄榄岩的交代作用．ＬＩ－ＭＡ，ＨＡＹＩ系列矿物是流体对镁钛铁矿、铬尖晶石等的继承交代产物．不相容元素的局部富集还可形成一些罕见的矿物相，如ＲＥＥ－Ｔｉ及Ｚｒ－Ｔｉ氧化物．与之相关的呈海绵边或基质、空洞充填产出的钙钛矿、富锰钛铁矿、富锰锌尖晶石、柱红石、铬阿玛科矿等，则与碳酸盐化及金伯利岩岩浆晚期不相容元素的浓聚有关．对这类矿物化学成分及相互关系的研究，不但从微观角度揭示了不相容元素在部分上地幔岩石中的富集，提供了卷入交代流体的总成分目录，而且表明南非和山东金伯利岩地球化学性质的相似性     

山东金伯利岩蒙山矿研究的新进展：上地幔含太阳离子Cr,Ti,Fe…

本文回顾了国内外金伯利岩及其它地幔岩中发现的Ｋ、Ｂａ、Ｃａ、ＲＥＥ的Ｔｉ－Ｃｒ－Ｆｅ－Ｍｇ氧化物矿物的研究现状，包括沂蒙矿系列、蒙山矿系列及柱红石系列。在此基础上概括性地总结了笔者近一、二年对山东蒙阴金伯利岩中蒙山矿矿物所进行的微区矿物学方向研究取得的最新进展，包括①揭示了Ｋ、Ｂａ、Ｃａ、ＲＥＥ等半径较大的元素在蒙山矿中的不均匀分布特点；②首次在金伯利岩中发现了蒙山矿系列矿物的Ｃａ端元－Ｃａ蒙山矿     

金伯利岩中新发生的两种Zr—Ti,REE—Ti氧化物矿物：上地幔含太阳离子C…

在研究沂蒙矿，蒙山矿等地幔矿物时，新发现了两种Ｚｒ－Ｔｉ，ＲＥＥ－Ｔｉ氧经物矿物。Ｚｒ－Ｔｉ氧化物新相６个样品点的探针成分分析：ＴｉＯ２２７．７５６－４６．８１１，ＺｒＯ２３１．７２４－５８．０９２，ＴＦｅＯ２．７５－５．８２，Ｃｒ２Ｏ３１．７２８－４．６５，Ｎｂ２Ｏ５１．３５３－４．３５７，Ｔａ２Ｏ５０．１５５－２．８１４，ＳｉＯ２０．８９４－１３．７４９，主次元素的成分变化幅度均较大，但以氧为     

新发现的沂蒙矿类质同象系列矿物：K（Ti5Fe3Cr2Mg2）12O19及Ba（…

在山东蒙阴金伯利岩中，首次发现了沂蒙矿类质同象系列新的富Ｔｉ矿物（变）种。理想的晶体化学式可表达为：Ｋ（Ｔｉ５Ｆｅ３Ｃｒ２Ｍｇ２）１２Ｏ１９（简称Ｋ－Ｔｉ沂蒙矿）（Ｂａ，Ｋ）（Ｔｉ５Ｆｅ４Ｍｇ２Ｃｒ）１２Ｏ１９（简称Ｂａ－Ｔｉ沂蒙矿）从而与原来确定的沂蒙矿Ｋ（Ｃｒ５Ｔｉ３Ｆｅ２Ｍｇ２）１２Ｏ１９和钡钛铁铬矿（Ｂａ，Ｋ）（Ｃｒ４Ｆｅ４Ｔｉ３Ｍｇ）１２Ｏ１９ｇ一起构成了金伯利岩中ＡＭ１２Ｏ１９磁铁铅矿     

山东金伯利岩中新发现的柱红石亚族矿物—K—Cr柱红石：上地幔含…

在山东蒙阴金伯利岩的副矿物蒙山矿中，首次发现了成分为柱红石类的新矿物相。对其成分进行探针分析，其一般晶体化学式可写为：Ａ１．４９９～１．７８７Ｂ１．５４８～２．３１７Ｃ５．６７５～６．３５４Ｏ１６。其中Ａ＝Ｋ、Ｂａ、Ｎａ、Ｌａ；Ｂ＝Ｃｒ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｇ、Ｖ；Ｃ＝Ｔｉ、Ｚｒ、Ｎｂ等，平均计算化学式为：（Ｋ１．２５６Ｂａ０．２４１Ｎａ０．０８５Ｌａ０．０４６）１．６２８（Ｃｒ１．８１７Ｆｅ０．３２１Ｍｇ０     

辽宁桃源——小佟家堡子金矿带煌斑岩的地球化学特征及地质意义

桃源－小佟家堡子金矿带煌斑岩为不相容元素强烈富集型，不相容元素间分馏明显，高场强元素丰度较低，低场强元素丰度较高。稀土元素高度富集［ΣＲＥＥ为３５９．８—６６９．５（×１０－６）］，为强烈的右倾轻稀土元素富集型。对比研究表明，区内煌斑岩蚀变过程中Ｋ２Ｏ、ＴｉＯ２、Ｐ２Ｏ５等的含量较稳定，Ｓｉ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｆｅ等元素有明显的带入带出。不太强烈的蚀变作用一般不会引起煌斑岩微量元素的明显带入带出，Ｎｂ、Ｚｒ、Ｙ等尤为稳定，岩石地质地球化学特征表明岩石为拉张构造环境形成。     

金沙江蛇绿岩带蛇纹岩中浅色岩类的成因

浅色岩类的岩石类型包括斜长岩和斜长花岗岩,它们均呈岩块状包裹于蛇纹岩中。浅色岩的正Ｅｕ异常明显,ＲＥＥ参数图解、Ｎｂ／Ｔａ和Ｚｒ／Ｈｆ值等均呈现分离结晶趋势,不相容元素Ｓｒ、Ｂａ、Ｎｂ、Ｔａ、Ｚｒ、Ｈｆ富集,相容元素Ｓｃ、Ｖ、Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ亏损,并与其寄主岩－蛇纹岩形成强烈的互补关系。这些特征表明,浅地是幔源超基性岩浆晚期结晶分异的产物。     

上地幔交代氧化物及其相关矿物──金伯利岩中复杂氧化物的相互关系及地幔交代作用探讨

用微束分析和微区图像分析技术,研究了山东金伯利岩中沂蒙矿（系列）、蒙山矿（系列）、桂红石、Zr－REE－Ti氧化物、钛铁矿（富镁）、钙钛矿和亚铁板钛矿的成分、产出特征和相互关系。这些关系包括：①镁钛铁矿-尖晶石的固溶体分离及伴生的交代作用──沂蒙矿的形成;②蒙山矿的熔融交代作用及其形成的亚铁板钛矿;③斑点、微脉交代充填作用及其形成的柱红石、Zr－REE－Ti氧化物等新矿物相。通过研究,总结了上地幔中与氧化物矿物相关的一些显交代作用的规律,提出了上地幔中不相容元素的显交代作用可分为早、中、晚三期。这些为地幔流体交代作用的总成分目录和机理作出了重要的补充。     

沉积物微量元素示踪地壳成分和环境及其演化的最新进展：运用冰碛岩…

为查明粒度和分选作用对沉积物ＲＥＥ配分的影响，Ｃｒｉｃｈｔｏｎ等（１９９３）对比了怀俄明州东南部年龄为２．０Ｇａ的Ｌｉｂｂｙ溪群的石英岩、泥质岩和冰碛岩的成分，发现它们的ＲＥＥ型式相似（ＬＲＥＥ富集，负Ｅｕ异常），相互间的成分差异大多可用石英的稀释作用解释。除少数元素（Ｃａ、Ｓｒ、Ｎｉ和Ｃｒ）之外，Ｌｉｂｂｙ溪群和休伦超群Ｇｏｗｇａｎｄａ组冰碛岩的基质化学成分（包括ＲＥＥ）与新太古代上陆壳平均成分     

西准噶尔地区中奥陶纪火山岩的地球化学特征

西准噶尔西南部奥陶纪蛇绿岩中出露的火山岩包括枕状和块状熔岩、玄武安山岩和安山岩，并与超镁铁质岩紧密共生。岩石化学成分表明枕状玄下岩具有低钛和钾的特征，而块状玄武岩富Ｋ２Ｏ、Ｐ２Ｏ５和ＴｉＯ２。与亏损型大洋中脊玄武岩相比，唐巴勒枕状玄武岩表现为大离子亲石元素富集，亏损Ｔｉ，Ｎｉ，Ｃｒ和Ｚｒ。这些特点说明该建造属岛弧火山活动的产物，但它们的Ｓｒ，Ｔｈ，Ｔａ，ＨＲＥＥ的丰度参及Ｔｉ／Ｖ，Ｌａ／Ｔａ值都与     

Metasomatic processes in the lithospheric mantle beneath the V. Grib kimberlite pipe (Arkhangelsk diamondiferous province,Russia)

New data on metasomatic processes in the lithospheric mantle in the central part of the Arkhangelsk diamondiferous province (ADP) are presented. We studied the major- and trace-element compositions of minerals of 26 garnet peridotite xenoliths from the V. Grib kimberlite pipe; 17 xenoliths contained phlogopite. Detailed mineralogical, petrographic, and geochemical studies of peridotite minerals (garnet, clinopyroxene, and phlogopite) have revealed two types of modal metasomatic enrichment of the lithospheric-mantle rocks: high temperature (melt) and low-temperature (phlogopite). Both types of modal metasomatism significantly changed the chemical composition of the peridotites. Low-temperature modal metasomatism manifests itself as coarse tabular and shapeless phlogopite grains. Two textural varieties of phlogopite show significant differences in chemical composition, primarily in the contents of TiO₂, Cr₂O₃, FeO, Ba, Rb, and Cs. The rock-forming minerals of phlogopite-bearing peridotites differ in chemical composition from phlogopite-free peridotites, mainly in higher FeO content. Most garnets and clinopyroxenes in peridotites are the products of high-temperature mantle metasomatism, as indicated by the high contents of incompatible elements and REE pattern in these minerals. Fractional-crystallization modeling gives an insight into the nature of melts (metasomatic agents). They are close in composition to picrites of the Izhmozero field, basalts of the Tur’ino field, and carbonatites of the Mela field of the ADP. The REE patterns of the peridotite minerals make it possible to determine the sequence of metasomatic enrichment of the lithospheric mantle beneath the V. Grib kimberlite pipe.     

山东金伯利岩蒙山矿(mathiasite)研究的新进展──上地幔含大阳离子Cr、Ti、Fe氧化物矿物研究之三

本文回顾了国内外金伯利岩及其它地幔岩中发现的K、Ba、Ca、REE的Ti-Cr－Fe－Mg氧化物矿物的研究现状，包括沂蒙矿系列、蒙山矿系列及柱红石系列。在此基础上概括性地总结了笔者近一、二年对山东蒙阴金伯利岩中蒙山矿矿物所进行的微区矿物学方向研究取得的最新进展，包括：①揭示了K、Ba、Ca、REE等半径较大的元素在蒙山矿中的不均匀分布特点；②首次在金伯利岩中发现了蒙山矿系列矿物的Ca端元——Ca蒙山矿及K－Ba－Ca三个端元蒙山矿在同一矿物颗粒中的共存现象；③进行了高分辨透射电镜工作，拍摄了晶格条纹象，从而完善了蒙山矿的晶体结构资料；④确定了蒙山矿后期熔融交代形成的多种矿物相。这些研究成果，证实了地幔交代作用的存在和复杂性，应引起矿物岩石学界的充分重视。     

Metasomatism in mantle xenoliths from the Letlhakane kimberlites: estimation of element fluxes

A suite of metasomatised xenoliths from the Letlhakane kimberlite (Botswana) forms a metasomatic sequence from garnet peridotite to garnet phlogopite peridotite to phlogopite peridotite. Before the modal metasomatism, most of the Letlhakane xenoliths were depleted harzburgites that had been subjected to an earlier cryptic metasomatic event. Modal phlogopite and clinopyroxene - Cr-spinel increase at the expense of garnet and orthopyroxene with increasing degrees of metasomatism. The most metasomatised xenolith is a wehrlite. With progressive modal metasomatism, the clinopyroxene becomes enriched in Sr, Sc and the LREE, orthopyroxene becomes depleted in Ca and Ni, but enriched in Al and Mn, and olivine becomes depleted in Al and V. Garnet chemical composition largely remains unchanged. The garnet replacement reaction seen in most xenoliths allows the measurement of the flux of trace elements through detailed modal analysis of the pseudomorphs. Mass balance calculations show that the modally metasomatised rocks became enriched in incompatible elements such as Sr, Na, K, the LREE and the HFSE (Ti, Zr and Nb). Major elements (Al, Cr and Fe) and garnet-compatible trace elements (V, Y, Sc, and the HREE) were removed during this metasomatic process. The modal metasomatism caused a strong depletion in Al, and the results challenge previous suggestions that this metasomatic process merely occurred within an Al-poor environment. The data suggest that the xenoliths represent the mantle wallrock adjacent to a major conduit for an alkaline basic silicate melt (with high contents of volatile and incompatible elements). The volatile and incompatible element-enriched component of this melt percolated into the wallrock along a strong temperature gradient and caused the observed range of metasomatism.     

Timing of Precambrian melt depletion and Phanerozoic refertilization events in the lithospheric mantle of the Wyoming Craton and adjacent Central Plains Orogen

Garnet peridotite xenoliths from the Sloan kimberlite (Colorado) are variably depleted in their major magmaphile (Ca, Al) element compositions with whole rock Re-depletion model ages generally consistent with this depletion occurring in the mid-Proterozoic. Unlike many lithospheric peridotites, the Sloan samples are also depleted in incompatible trace elements, as shown by the composition of separated garnet and clinopyroxene. Most of the Sloan peridotites have intermineral Sm–Nd and Lu–Hf isotope systematics consistent with this depletion occurring in the mid-Proterozoic, though the precise age of this event is poorly defined. Thus, when sampled by the Devonian Sloan kimberlite, the compositional characteristics of the lithospheric mantle in this area primarily reflected the initial melt extraction event that presumably is associated with crust formation in the Proterozoic—a relatively simple history that may also explain the cold geotherm measured for the Sloan xenoliths.

The Williams and Homestead kimberlites erupted through the Wyoming Craton in the Eocene, near the end of the Laramide Orogeny, the major tectonomagmatic event responsible for the formation of the Rocky Mountains in the late Cretaceous–early Tertiary. Rhenium-depletion model ages for the Homestead peridotites are mostly Archean, consistent with their origin in the Archean lithospheric mantle of the Wyoming Craton. Both the Williams and Homestead peridotites, however, clearly show the consequences of metasomatism by incompatible-element-rich melts. Intermineral isotope systematics in both the Homestead and Williams peridotites are highly disturbed with the Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of the minerals being dominated by the metasomatic component. Some Homestead samples preserve an incompatible element depleted signature in their radiogenic Hf isotopic compositions. Sm–Nd tie lines for garnet and clinopyroxene separates from most Homestead samples provide Mesozoic or younger “ages” suggesting that the metasomatism occurred during the Laramide. Highly variable Rb–Sr and Lu–Hf mineral “ages” for these same samples suggest that the Homestead peridotites did not achieve intermineral equilibrium during this metasomatism. This indicates that the metasomatic overprint likely was introduced shortly before kimberlite eruption through interaction of the peridotites with the host kimberlite, or petrogenetically similar magmas, in the Wyoming Craton lithosphere.     

Crystallization of Cr-poor and Cr-rich megacryst suites from the host kimberlite magma: implications for mantle structure and the generation of kimberlite magmas

Cr-poor and Cr-rich megacryst suites, both comprising of varying proportions of megacrysts of orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, garnet, olivine, ilmenite and a number of subordinate phases, coexist in many kimberlites, with wide geographic distribution. In rare instances, the two suites occur together on the scale of individual megacryst hand specimens. Deformation textures are common to both suites, suggesting an origin related to the formation of the sheared peridotites that also occur in kimberlites. Textures and compositions of the latter are interpreted to reflect deformation and metasomatism within the thermal aureole surrounding the kimberlite magma in the mantle. The megacrysts crystallized in this thermal aureole in pegmatitic veins representing small volumes of liquids derived from the host kimberlite magma, which were injected into a surrounding fracture network prior to kimberlite eruption. Close similarities between compositions of Cr-rich megacryst phases and those in granular lherzolites are consistent with early crystallization from a primitive kimberlite liquid. The low-Cr megacryst suite subsequently crystallized from residual Cr-depleted liquids. However, the Cr-poor suite also reflects the imprint of contamination by liquids formed by melting of inhomogeneously distributed mantle phases with low melting temperatures, such as calcite and phlogopite, present within the thermal aureole surrounding the kimberlite magma reservoir. Such carbonate-rich melts migrated into, and mixed with some, but not all, of the kimberlite liquids injected into the mantle fracture network. Contamination by the carbonate-rich melts changed the Ca–Mg and Mg–Fe crystal–liquid distribution coefficient, resulting in the crystallization of relatively Fe-rich and Ca-poor phases. The implied higher crystal-melt Mg–Fe distribution coefficient for carbonate-rich magmas accounts for the generation of small volumes of Mg-rich liquids that are highly enriched in incompatible elements (i.e. primary kimberlite magmas). The inferred metasomatic origin for the sheared peridotites implies that this suite provides little or no information regarding vertical changes in the thermal, chemical and mechanical characteristics of the mantle.     

Geochemistry and origin of the Mirny field kimberlites,Siberia

Here we present new data from a systematic Sr, Nd, O, C isotope and geochemical study of kimberlites of Devonian age Mirny field that are located in the southernmost part of the Siberian diamondiferous province. Major and trace element compositions of the Mirny field kimberlites show a significant compositional variability both between pipes and within one diatreme. They are enriched in incompatible trace elements with La/Yb ratios in the range of (65–300). Initial Nd isotope ratios calculated back to the time of the Mirny field kimberlite emplacement (t = 360 ma) are depleted relative to the chondritic uniform reservoir (CHUR) model being 4 up to 6 ɛNd(t) units, suggesting an asthenospheric source for incompatible elements in kimberlites. Initial Sr isotope ratios are significantly variable, being in the range 0.70387–0.70845, indicating a complex source history and a strong influence of post-magmatic alteration. Four samples have almost identical initial Nd and Sr isotope compositions that are similar to the prevalent mantle (PREMA) reservoir. We propose that the source of the proto-kimberlite melt of the Mirny field kimberlites is the same as that for the majority of ocean island basalts (OIB). The source of the Mirny field kimberlites must possess three main features: It should be enriched with incompatible elements, be depleted in the major elements (Si, Al, Fe and Ti) and heavy rare earth elements (REE) and it should retain the asthenospheric Nd isotope composition. A two-stage model of kimberlite melt formation can fulfil those requirements. The intrusion of small bodies of this proto-kimberlite melt into lithospheric mantle forms a veined heterogeneously enriched source through fractional crystallization and metasomatism of adjacent peridotites. Re-melting of this source shortly after it was metasomatically enriched produced the kimberlite melt. The chemistry, mineralogy and diamond grade of each particular kimberlite are strongly dependent on the character of the heterogeneous source part from which they melted and ascended.

     

Inclusions of crichtonite group minerals in pyropes from the Internatsionalnaya kimberlite pipe,Yakutia

The results of study of crichtonite group minerals in pyropes from the Internatsionalnaya kimberlite pipe are reported. Most of the studied samples are characterized by high concentrations of Sr, Ca, Na, and LREEs in comparison with minerals of the LIMA series from kimberlites of South Africa, whereas the average concentrations of Ba and K are significantly lower. Crichtonite group minerals in pyropes are characterized by predomination of Na over K in most samples and by a high concentration of Al₂O₃ (up to 4.5 wt %). Findings of inclusions of crichtonite group minerals with high concentrations of incompatible elements provide evidence for the metasomatic origin of host chromium-rich pyropes.     

山东梭罗树地幔橄榄岩微量元素的质子探针研究

作者利用质子微探针和微束ＰＩＸＥ定量分析技术，对山东梭罗树地幔橄榄岩中橄榄石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石、尖晶石和石榴石等矿物的微量元素组成与分布进行了研究。结果表明，不相容元素（Ｓｒ，Ｙ，Ｚｒ）主要富集于单斜辉石内，尖晶石则几乎富集质子探针所能检出的所有微量元素，而石榴石中微量元素含量最少。研究表明，微区微量元素分布很不均匀，推测可能受地幔交代过程中溶液的渗滤效应以及存在微粒包裹体的共同制约。     

山东梭罗树地幔橄榄岩微量元素的质子探针研究

作者利用质子微探针和微束ＰＩＸＥ定量分析技术，对山东梭罗树地幔橄榄岩中橄榄石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石、尖晶石和石榴石等矿物的微量元素组成与分布进行了研究。结果表明，不相容元素（Ｓｒ，Ｙ，Ｚｒ）主要富集于单斜辉石内，尖晶石则几乎富集质子探针所能检出的所有微量元素，而石榴石中微量元素含量最少。研究表明，微区微量元素分布很不均匀，推测可能受地幔交代过程中溶液的渗滤效应以及存在微粒包裹体的共同制约。