大同—阳高地震前后地震波速比在源区与场区的变化特征

计算了１９８５年至１９９２年发生在ψＮ３９°００‘￣ψＮ４１°００’,λＥ１１２°００‘￣λＥ１１４°３０’范围内的１２７次ＭＬ≥２．０地震的波速比值,分析了１９８０年大同一阳高６．１级地震前后源区与场区波速比的时空变化特征及其差异,对计算结果进行了ｔ检验,源区与场区波速比的时空变化及ｔ检验结果表明,大同－阳高６．１级地震前,源区波速比存在比较明显的下降－－低值－恢复－恢复－高值过程。场区测表现也     

张北6.2级地震前后地震波速比在源区与场区的变化特征

计算了 1 991年～ 1 999年发生在北纬 3 9°0 0′～ 42°0 0′,东经 1 1 2°3 0′～ 1 1 6°0 0′范围内的ML≥ 2 .0级地震的波速比 ,分析了张北 6 .2级地震前后源区与场区波速比的时空变化特征及其差异 ,发现 6 .2级地震前源区和场区波速比在时间分布上都出现较明显的低值异常 :下降—低值—平静—恢复—发震过程。在空间分布上低值异常比较集中和同步。对计算结果进行了 t检验 ,源区与场区波速比的时空变化及 t检验表明 6 .2级地震前源区与场区波速比异常非常明显 ,场区 1 995年开始出现波速比在正负之间比较大的变化后持续低值。 6 .2级地震后源区和场区的波速比计算结果一致 ,时空变化均为正常     

渤海海域波速比异常研究及地震危险性分析

本文应用文献［１］中的波速比计算公式和误差公式，对渤海海域（北纬３７°～３９°１０’，东经１１８°～１２１°３０’）范围内，１９７０年１月～１９９３年８月发生的ＭＬ≥２．０级的２８０余次地震，计算其波速比值。对计算结果进行了ｔ检验。通过１９８３～１９９３年波速比的时间变化和空间分布特征与地震学分析预报方法程式指南的异常判据比较分析，对渤海海域近期的地震活动趋势，提出了初步的预报意见。     

菏泽5.9级地震前后地震波速比在源区与场区的变化特征

计算了１９７９—１９８７年发生在北纬３４°３０＇一３６°＇１０，东经１１５°—１１７°４５＇范围内１４８次ＭＬ≥２０级地震的波速比值，分析了１９８３年菏泽５．９级地震前后源区与场区波速比的时空变化特征及其差异，对计算结果进行了ｔ检验，源区和场区波速比的时空变化及ｔ检验结果表明，５．９级地震前，源区波速比存在比较明显的下降一低值一恢复过程。场区则表现了５．９级地震临震前的低值异常。５．９级地震后源区和场区的波速比计算结果一致，时空变化均为正常。     

丽江、宁蒗强震的波速比时空演化图象和数值分析

通过对１９９６年２月３日滇西北丽江７０级地震前波速比时空演化图象的动态追踪,同时对比了相距９０ｋｍ的１９７６年１１月７日、１２月１３日宁蒗６７、６４级地震。发现,不同作者在不同时间研究的滇西北地区这两次重复发生的强震在孕育过程中波速比的时空演化图象十分相似：强震前５～７年,强震孕震区出现波速比高值异常区;强震前３～４年,孕震区的波速比大面积低值异常;强震前１～２年左右,孕震区再次出现范围略小的波速比高值异常区;强震发生在波速比低值异常区包围的两次高值异常区重叠部位。两次强震前滇西北波速比月均值均持续低值异常数年后,在震前１年左右出现明显的偏离平均值,当高、低值异常均趋于正常时,强震的孕育进入短临阶段。进一步研究波速比高、低值异常区的数值分布,显示出：第一次高值异常区中波速比最大的地震发生在异常区的边缘;低值异常区和第二次高值异常区中波速比最小和最大的地震发生在异常区内。这些波速比最大、最小的地震距主震的距离不超过６０ｋｍ。     

北部湾发生6.1,6.2级强烈地震

北部湾发生６．１、６．２级强烈地震据粤桂琼三省（区）地震台网测定，１９９４年１２月３１日１０时５７分在琼州海峡以西北部湾海域（北纬２０°２３′，东经１０９°２５′）发生６．１级地震。至１９９５年１月１０日１８时止，共记录余震１４２次，其中ＭＬ≥２级７...     

丽江,宁蒗强震的波速比时人演化图象和数值分析

通过对１９９６年２月３日滇西北丽江７．０级地震前波速比时空演化图象的动态追踪,同时对比了相距９０ｋｍ的１９７６年１１月７日,１２月１３日宁蒗６．７,６．４级地震。发现不同作者在不同时间研究的滇西北地区这两次重复发生的强震在孕育过程中波速比的时空演化图象十分相似：强震前５－７年,强震孕震区出现波速比高值异常区;强震前３－４年,孕震区的波速比大面积低值异常;强震前１－２年左右,孕震区再次出现范围略小的     

安徽及邻区平均波速比的测定及研究

将安徽及邻区(29°~36°N,114°~124°E),按1°×1°分成70个区,依据中国地震局分析预报中心编制的1998年1月1日至2003年12月31日全国地震月报目录,采用单事件多台观测资料,在所分区域里进行平均波速比值的计算,结果在其空间分布图像中显示了一定的特征。这些特征可能与地质构造环境即地质构造所形成的断裂带两侧的介质特性差异有关。计算所得的各区平均波速比对以后波速比值的变化分析有一定的参考作用。     

吐鲁番地区中强地震活动特征分析

引言本文根据新疆维吾尔自治区地震局《新疆维吾尔自治区地震资料汇编》、《新疆维吾尔自治区地震目录》以及中国地震局分析预报中心编制的《中国西部地震目录》等有关资料,从中选取了本世纪近百年内吐鲁番地区（φＮ４１°１５′～４３°３０′,λＥ８８°００′～９１°３０′）ＭＳ≥４．７地震作为研究样本,从不同角度分析讨论了地震活动的迁移规律、震中分布特征和中强震的轮回、交替特征,并在此基础上提出了该地区近几年地震活动的发展趋势。　１　吐鲁番地区中强地震的时空分布１．１　地震活动概况吐鲁番盆地位于天山地区东部,…     

内蒙古东部地区波速比变化特征研究

以内蒙古地震监测台网的监测能力和资料完整性为基础,结合内蒙古东部地区（41°～51°N,114.5°～124.6°E）实际地震地质构造特点,选取了内蒙古东部地区（41°～51°N,114.5 ° ～ 124.6°E） 2008-2012年的ML≥2.0地震作为研究对象,利用多台和达法计算得出了该区域的平均波速比及其变化特征.通过分析该地区两次中等地震震例,发现内蒙古东部地区在中等地震前后波速比时间变化存在显著异常,符合“下降—低值—恢复—发震”的规律,且存在着震后异常期的变化;在对该区域内波速比绘制空间等值线后,发现该区域内波速比高值主要是沿着大兴安岭分布,其空间分布基本呈现东低西高、北低南高的态势.综合研究了区域地震地质背景和最近一两年研究区域内波速比变化,得出内蒙古东部地区地下介质的应力变化比较显著,具备发生中强地震的地质构造条件.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.