华北克拉通太古宙上壳岩早前寒武纪构造变形与变质作用关系——以北京密云沙厂地区为例

沙厂铁矿区上壳岩在太古宙时期经历了麻粒岩相、角闪岩相和绿片岩相的多相变质作用,这种多相变质作用的发生及其分布特点是与本区台怀运动旋回的两幕构造变形的形成有密切关系。本文根据不同变质相的矿物组合与不同变形幕构造片理的相互关系的研究得出角闪岩相退变是与台怀变形序列的第一幕变形相对应,而绿片岩相退变是与第二幕变形有联系的结论。退变质作用的不均匀性,即其强弱的表现与不同变形幕的构造变形有直接关系。     

构造岩碳物质拉曼光谱温度计与石英组构对造山带热演化的约束:北喜马拉雅然巴片麻岩穹隆研究实例SCIEI北大核心CSCD

东西走向的北喜马拉雅片麻岩穹隆带位于喜马拉雅造山带核心,记录了造山演化和青藏高原隆升的变质与变形信息。对穹隆构造热结构及其变形历史的重建有助于揭示喜马拉雅造山过程。本次研究选取然巴片麻岩穹隆的各类构造岩开展微观构造解析、碳物质拉曼光谱温度估算(RSCM)和石英组构学(CPO)分析,对比该穹隆各构造层变质和变形温度及其变化。研究结果揭示然巴穹隆被上、下两条环形拆离断层分为三个构造层:下拆离断层以下为下构造层,其由核部淡色花岗岩和片麻岩组成;下拆离断层和上拆离断层之间为中构造层,由强烈韧性变形的低-中级变质的片岩和少量片麻岩组成;上拆离断层以上为上构造层,由板岩、千枚岩和少量片岩组成。碳物质拉曼光谱变质温度计估算结果显示下构造层和中构造层峰期变质温度为550~600℃,上构造层峰期变质温度400~550℃。各构造层韧性变形岩石内石英组构(CPOs)特征揭示:下构造层石英以柱面滑移为主,韧性剪切变形温度超过600℃;而从中构造层底部向上构造层,石英滑移系由柱面滑移逐渐转变为底面滑移为主,响应的变形温度由550℃逐渐降低为300~350℃。综合分析解释认为然巴穹隆新生代以来经历了四期构造变形,分别对应喜马拉雅造山演化四个阶段:始新世(约45Ma)地壳增厚,发生区域变质作用,变质峰期温度达600℃(如下构造层记录),由下构造层向幔部递减(500℃到300℃);在造山伸展阶段,伴随藏南拆离系北向韧性剪切作用以及晚期南北向裂谷的启动提供的东西向伸展环境导致晚中新世淡色花岗岩底辟就位(约8~7Ma),穹隆幔部岩石遭受接触变质作用改造,接触变质峰期温度为570℃。     

1：25万呼中镇幅区域地质构造特征

本区经历了中元古代结晶基底形成阶段、早加里东古亚洲洋陆绝增生阶段、中华力西期陆壳过渡演化及滨太平洋大陆边缘活动带诸多旋回复杂的构造岩浆活动,其形成发展与构造岩浆演化在本区形成五个不同地质构造单元。本文对各构造单元及主要断裂的构造岩浆活动,变质变形,岩浆侵入与喷发及构造演化史进行了概略简述。     

政和地区变质岩石的变质结晶作用与变形作用的关系

政和地区变质岩石在晋宁期遭受了３期构造变形作用（Ｄ）。以这３期构造变形作用为相对时间标志，讨论了变质砂泥质岩石中各种不同产状、不同种类变质矿物的生长期，确定了基质主要加粗期为Ｄ２－Ｄ３变形期间的静态期。进而将晋宁期变质作用划分为早期、主期和晚期３个变质阶段，变质作用的主期为Ｄ２变形期和Ｄ２－Ｄ３变形期间静态期。     

辽南变质核杂岩构造

辽东半岛南部变质核杂岩构造展布于旅顺、大连、金州、庄河、普兰店地区。印支旋回太平洋板块对亚洲板块俯冲作用引起的岩浆活动在本区东部形成热隆起，诱使陆台中上元古界－古生界盖层自东向西滑移伸展。随伸展运动的进行，在太古宙变质杂岩顶部形成韧性剪切带；在盖层与基底不整合面形成剥离断层；在盖层内部形成中间韧性构造变形层和上部脆性构造变形层。在不同的构造层次中形成样式各异的构造群落，同时伴随变质作用及成矿作用。     

吉林省大黑山条垒南段古生代晚期─中生代构造演化

根据大黑山条垒南段的地质建造及构造形变特征,结合区域地质资料,将本区古生代晚期一中生代构造演化史划分为３个构造阶段,即海酉一印支期、燕山期和四川期。不同时期的构造变形、岩浆活动和应力场等特征不同：海西－印支期以ＳＮ向挤压为主;燕山期为ＮＷ－ＳＥ向挤压,平均差应力值为１１２．５ＭＰａ;四川期最大主压应力轴呈ＮＮＥ－ＳＳＷ向,平均差应力值为１０１．４ＭＰａ。四川期为本区构造格架基本定型的时期。     

闽北政和地区晋宁期变质岩系的变形变质作用

政和地区变质岩形成于晋宁期，遭受了四期复杂的构造变形作用。其中，Ｄ１、Ｄ２和Ｄ３发生于晋宁期。Ｄ２期形变造就了区域性宏观面理构造和松源复背斜，岩石面理产状不代表原始沉积层理，屈轴面叶理。Ｄ４期变形为后期加里东运动的产物。变质岩石由绿泥石－黑云母带、石榴石带、十字石带和矽线石带组成一个热背斜式递增变质带，热背斜形态接近于松源复背斜。本区晋宁期变质作用可分为早期、主期和晚期三个变质阶段，各变质带的ＰＴ     

新疆阿祖拜地区变质作用特征及构造演化

新疆阿祖拜地区发育两种类型的区域变质作用,第一种类型属于区域低温动力变质作用,第二种类型属于区域动力热流变质作用。变质作用时代发生在晚古生代华力西期,其间有3个阶段变形变质作用发生,早期阶段以形成低温绿片岩相变质岩石组合为主,构造片理(S1)与原岩沉积层理(S0)基本一致。中期阶段以区域动力热流变质作用为主,形成典型的递增变质带,并使早期构造片理(S1)发生紧闭褶皱,也是阿尔泰华力西期造山带变形变质的主期。晚期阶段为退化变质作用,变质作用轻微,变形作用不明显。不同阶段和不同的变形变质作用类型代表了不同的大地构造环境,记录了造山带的演化历史和动力学过程。     

吉林省大黑山条垒南段古生代晚期─中生代构造演化

根据大黑山条垒南段的地质建造及构造形变特征，结合区域地质资料，将本区古生代晚期一中生代构造演化史划分为３个构造阶段，即海酉一印支期、燕山期和四川期。不同时期的构造变形、岩浆活动和应力场等特征不同：海西－印支期以ＳＮ向挤压为主；燕山期为ＮＷ－ＳＥ向挤压，平均差应力值为１１２．５ＭＰａ；四川期最大主压应力轴呈ＮＮＥ－ＳＳＷ向，平均差应力值为１０１．４ＭＰａ。四川期为本区构造格架基本定型的时期。     

塔里木盆地北缘兴地断裂构造变形特征

兴地断裂发生在中元古代末期，使中元古巨厚的沉积岩发生了强烈褶皱和隆起，并伴有大量岩浆侵入和区域变质作用。在兴地断裂形成的同时，发生了第一期构造变形，其特点以韧性变形为主，由三个变形幕构成，形成了本区主要构造骨架；晚元古代本区进入晋宁期发展阶段，团结的塔里木地台基底局部裂开，形成一系列近东西向的断陷盆地，发生了第二期变形，形成以塑性变形为主的板劈理和千枚理为其特征。该期变形结束了塔里木基底发展，进入了稳定盖层沉积发展阶段；进入早古生代，兴地断裂控制了该时期的沉积作用，之后发生第三期变形，以脆性变形为主，形成一系列碎裂岩和脆性变形组构，使兴地断裂形成几十米乃至上百米宽的破碎带，从而改造了早期的糜棱岩；至中、新生代，兴地断裂再次活动，形成断裂两侧南升北降的扭动形迹。通过对兴地断裂的深入探讨，笔者认为：该断裂具有线性特征明显，活动时间漫长，构造变形复杂，是塔里木盆地北缘规模巨大的复活大断裂。     

Microstructures and flow mechanisms in regional metamorphic rocks of Japan

A number of microstructural features indicate a difference in the dominant deformation mechanism between the higher temperature Ryoke and the lower temperature Sambagawa and Shimanto metamorphic belts of Japan. The microstructures of metacherts containing deformed radiolaria are divided into two types: in both the Sambagawa and Shimanto belts the quartz grains are tabular while in the Ryoke belt they are equiaxed. TEM studies of these metacherts revealed that the tabular grains contain abundant subboundaries consisting of large numbers of network dislocations and bowe-out dislocations, while the equiaxed grains contain no subboundaries and have low densities of dislocations which are not bowed-out. There is a corresponding difference in the textures (lattice preferred orientation of quartz): the Ryoke metacherts display randomly distributed c-axes of quartz, while the Sambagawa and Shimanto metacherts show conspicuous crossed girdle patterns with some asymmetry. There is a third difference between these regions: in the metacherts of the Ryoke metamorphic belt, the strain magnitudes determined from deformed radiolaria increase with increasing volume fraction of mica in the same metamorphic P and T conditions, while in the Sambagawa and the Shimanto metamorphic cherts the strain magnitudes decrease with increasing the mica fraction.These microstructures, textures, and rheological behaviours of quartz-mica rocks suggest a change of deformation mechanism between the lower temperature Sambagawa and Shimanto, and the higher temperature Ryoke metamorphic belts. Since random fabrics of c-axes of quartz are inconsistent with lattice rotation due to dislocation glide, the Ryoke metacherts may have deformed by pressure-solution.     

Microfabrics of UHP metamorphic granites in the Dora Maira Massif, western Alps – no evidence of deformation at great depth

In the Dora Maira Massif, western Alps, essentially undeformed ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic granites (Brossasco granite) are embedded in, and locally grade into, granite gneisses or augengneisses and mylonites. In this study, the quartz microfabrics of the undeformed granites are compared against the augengneisses and mylonites in a representative number of samples from several locations. In the undeformed granites, the fine-grained quartz aggregates that formed from coesite upon decompression are characterized by a foam structure and random crystallographic orientation. In the deformed granites, the quartz microstructures and the crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) indicate deformation by dislocation creep. Most of the deformation of the granites (if not all) must have happened at a late stage during exhumation, after transformation of coesite to quartz, at greenschist facies conditions in the middle crust. The deformed granites provide no evidence of deformation during subduction, at (U)HP metamorphic conditions, and in the earlier stages of exhumation. The diameter of internally undeformed slices of continental crust subducted to and exhumed from about 100 km can exceed that of the presently exposed Brossasco granite, i.e. it can be on the kilometre scale.     

秦岭商丹糜棱岩带石英组构特征变化及成因分析

商丹糜棱岩带岩湾、沙沟和商南等3个区段石英C-轴组构和显微构造特征表明,该带自西向东石英C-轴组构形式由单一环带型转为Y-轴方向的点极密型,然后变为Ⅰ型交叉环带型,构造变形环境从低绿片岩相过渡到中-高绿片岩相,然后变为高绿片岩相-低角闪岩相。构造变形环境差异是造成石英组构形式变化的主要因素。随着温压条件的升高,石英滑移系从以底面〈a〉滑移系和柱面〈a〉滑移系的共同作用为主转向以单一柱面〈a〉滑移系为主,进而底面〈a〉滑移系和柱面〈a〉滑移系又重新变得活跃,且菱面滑移系的作用也变得十分重要。     

Mechanisms of fine extinction band development in vein quartz: new insights from correlative light and electron microscopy

Fine extinction bands (FEBs) (also known as deformation lamellae) visible with polarized light microscopy in quartz consist of a range of nanostructures, inferring different formation processes. Previous transmission electron microscopy studies have shown that most FEB nanostructures in naturally deformed quartz are elongated subgrains formed by recovery of dislocation slip bands. Here we show that three types of FEB nanostructure occur in naturally deformed vein quartz from the low-grade metamorphic High-Ardenne slate belt (Belgium). Prismatic oriented FEBs are defined by bands of dislocation walls. Dauphiné twin boundaries present along the FEB boundaries probably formed after FEB formation. In an example of two sub-rhombohedral oriented FEBs, developed as two sets in one grain, the finer FEB set consists of elongated subgrains, similar to FEBs described in previous transmission electron microscopy studies. The second wider FEB set consists of bands with different dislocation density and fluid-inclusion content. The wider FEB set is interpreted as bands with different plastic strain associated with the primary growth banding of the vein quartz grain. The nanometre-scale fluid inclusions are interpreted to have formed from structurally bounded hydroxyl groups that moreover facilitated formation of the elongate subgrains. Larger fluid inclusions aligned along FEBs are explained by fluid-inclusion redistribution along dislocation cores. The prismatic FEB nanostructure and the relation between FEBs and growth bands have not been recognized before, although related structures have been reported in experimentally deformed quartz.     

辽东鞍山齐大山韧性剪切带运动学解析及形成机制

关于太古宙早期地壳演化构造机制的争论已经持续了数十年,其焦点主要集中于水平构造还是垂向构造两大经典构造模式的探讨.对于早期地壳构造演化方面的研究,将会有助于我们更好地理解早前寒武纪的地球动力学机制.本文对华北克拉通东北部鞍山地区花岗-绿岩带内齐大山韧性剪切带的构造变形特征进行了详细的解析,揭示了该区新太古代垂向构造作用样式.研究结果表明,齐大山韧性剪切带内花岗质岩石长英质矿物塑性拉长特征明显,条带状构造发育,面理向NWW方向陡倾,不对称组构特征和矿物拉伸线理产状指示向NWW的陡倾正滑移剪切作用.变形岩石中的长英质矿物均发育中低温显微变形特征,石英C轴电子背散射衍射（EBSD）组构分析揭示石英以菱面＜a＞和底面＜a＞滑移系为主,岩石经历了中低温非共轴变形.根据矿物的变形行为以及石英的结晶优选方位推测变形温度约为400~500℃,岩石变形特征以位错蠕变为主.有限应变分析结果表明,靠近铁矿带方向,构造岩类型由L=S构造岩过渡为LS构造岩,岩石应变强度呈明显增强趋势.运动学涡度测量结果显示齐大山韧性剪切带内大多数岩石样品的W_k值大于0.75,岩石形成于以简单剪切作用为主的一般剪切作用.对比花岗-绿岩带西侧的白家坟韧性剪切带,显示二者均具有相向的陡倾正滑移运动学特征,表明新太古代时期鞍山地区地壳构造演化模式以垂向构造作用为主.      

Deformation mechanisms in some cover thrust sheets from the external French Alps

Rocks from two parts of the Ultradauphinois Zone of the external French Alps have been examined, and the mechanisms by which they were deformed have been assessed from petrographic data. Jurassic and Triassic limestones deformed by pressure solution, dissolving non-ferroan-calcite and precipitating ferroan-calcite. Calcite pressure shadows are usually less elliptical in shape than pyrite pressure shadows, and grain boundary sliding is therefore thought to have played a significant role. Eocene rocks deformed by a variety of mechanisms. Limestones show mylonitic textures, whereas limestone conglomerates with a quartz-sandstone matrix deformed by pressure solution of calcite and grain boundary sliding of quartz. A model for enhanced diffusion of silica along mica seams is proposed to account for planar quartz-mica boundaries. Greywackes deformed by incongruent pressure solution, involving the metamorphic reaction of feldspar to mica and quartz, coupled with the replacement of feldspar by calcite.     

Microfabric of folded quartz veins in metagreywackes: dislocation creep and subgrain rotation at high stress

The microfabrics of folded quartz veins in fine‐grained high pressure–low temperature metamorphic greywackes of the Franciscan Subduction Complex at Pacheco Pass, California, were investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy including electron backscatter diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The foliated host metagreywacke is deformed by dissolution–precipitation creep, as indicated by the shape preferred orientation of mica and clastic quartz without any signs of crystal‐plastic deformation. The absence of crystal‐plastic deformation of clastic quartz suggests that the flow stress in the host metagreywacke remained below a few tens of MPa at temperatures of 250–300 °C. In contrast, the microfabric of the folded quartz veins indicates deformation by dislocation creep accompanied by subgrain rotation recrystallization. For the small recrystallized grain size of ～8 ± 6 μm, paleopiezometers indicate differential stresses of a few hundred MPa. The stress concentration in the single phase quartz vein is interpreted to be due to its higher effective viscosity compared to the fine‐grained host metagreywacke deforming by dissolution–precipitation creep. The fold shape suggests a viscosity contrast of one to two orders of magnitude. Deformation by dissolution–precipitation creep is expected to be a continuous process. The same must hold for folding of the vein and deformation of the vein quartz by dislocation creep. The microfabric suggests dynamic recrystallization predominantly by subgrain rotation and only minor strain‐induced grain boundary migration, which requires low contrasts in dislocation density across high‐angle grain boundaries to be maintained during climb‐controlled creep at high differential stress. The record of quartz in these continuously deformed veins is characteristic and different from the record in metamorphic rocks exhumed in seismically active regions, where high‐stress deformation at similar temperatures is episodic and related to the seismic cycle.     

Prograde evolution of Sulu UHP metamorphic rock in Yangzhuang,Junan region,deduced by combined Raman and petrological studies

The prograde metamorphic history of the Sulu ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic terrane has been revealed using Raman‐based barometry of the SiO₂ phases and other mineral inclusions in garnet porphyroblasts of a coesite eclogite from Yangzhuang, Junan region, eastern China. Garnet porphyroblasts have inner and outer segments with the boundary being marked by discontinuous changes in the grossular content. In the inner segment, the SiO₂ phase inclusions are α‐quartz with no coesite or relict features such as radial cracks. The residual pressures retained by the quartz inclusions systematically increase from the crystal centre to the margin of the inner segment. The metamorphic conditions estimated by calculation from the residual pressure and conventional thermodynamic calculation range from 500 to 630 °C and 1.3 to 2.3 GPa for the stage of the inner segment. Coesite and its pseudomorph occur as inclusions in the outer segment of the garnet and matrix omphacite. This occurrence of coesite is consistent with the pressure and temperature conditions of 660–725 °C and 3.1 GPa estimated by conventional geothermobarometry. Our results suggest that the quartz inclusions in the inner segment were trapped by garnet under α‐quartz‐stable conditions and survived phase transition to coesite at the peak metamorphic stage. The SiO₂ phases and other inclusions in the garnet have retained evidence of the pre‐eclogite prograde stage even during exhumation stage. The combined Raman spectroscopic and petrological approaches used here offers a powerful means for obtaining more robust constraints prograde stages involving garnet growth where different SiO₂ phases are present as inclusions.     

大别-胶南高压地体变质杂岩中流体包裹体特征和形成的热动力条件

在中国陆内南北板块之间古缝合线内大别-胶南高压地体中。分布着一套变质程度不一的杂岩系,我们将其划分出三期高峰变质作用形成的不同性质变形变质岩相带,并阐述了各自所代表的矿物流体包裹体特征,计算出它们形成时的温度、压力、氧逸度、差异应力等热动力参数,为揭示地体变形变质环境和构造演化特点,提供了可靠(?)数值根据。