琼西南千家地区地层的变形变质特征及划分

根据地层的变形变质特征，将琼西南千家地区的地层（狭义的）划分为岩石地层、构造地层及构造岩层3个系列。从各类地层的变形变质特征来看，该地区至少发生过6次重大地质事件。     

变质沉积岩区岩石地层（广义）的划分与研究

变质沉积岩区岩石地层（广义）的划分与研究熊家镛，胡建军（云南地勘局区调所）１变质地层研究历史的回顾长期以来，人们对变质岩区地层的研究，由于认为变质岩石中发育的透入性面状构造总是与变质岩区内岩层间的界线平行（Ｓ；／／ＳＯ），在实际工作中则普遍将其作为原...     

构造变质岩石地层的概念、单位命名系统及研究方法──以辽河岩群为例

在概要地讨论了辽河岩群基本地层学特征基础上,提出了构造变质岩石地层的概念,其含义为经强烈构造变形的中浅变质沉积（含火山沉积）岩系构成的岩石地层单位的一种类型。构造变质岩石地层单位是强变形、中浅变质沉积岩区１∶５万填图的基本填图单位。建议采用岩群、岩组、岩段等地层单位命名系统,强调了变形、变质、沉积综合研究方法。     

孔兹岩系事件与太古宙地壳构造演化

孔兹岩系是太古宙高级变质岩区中较为常见的变质沉积岩石的地层单位,它以富铝（含墨）的矽线榴云片麻岩为特征,伴有石英岩、钙硅酸盐岩及富镁大理岩等组合而成的一套岩石地层。内蒙古大青山地近近年来研究工作的重要进展之一,是对发育在该区的孔兹岩系进行了系统构造地层学研究,提出了由下至上三个岩层单位组成的地层序列;即榴云片麻岩岩组、含黑榴云片麻岩岩组及大理岩岩组或透辉片麻岩岩组,下与兴和岩群的麻粒岩系,上与浅变质的古元古代美岱召岩群呈不整合接触。根据侵入孔兹岩系中的单斜辉石斜长角闪岩的Sm-Nd同位素年龄2800Ma（杨振升等,另文发表）,确定孔兹岩系时代应属中太古代,按区域太古宙地层构造格架,在大青山－乌拉山及色尔腾山地区孔兹岩系应位于新太古代色尔腾山群之下。大青山地区所建立的孔兹岩地层层序及其在太古宙地层系统中的位置,无疑对相邻地区高级变质区的岩石地层研究有重要借鉴意义。联系到全球太古宙高级变质区中相当于孔兹岩系的组成分布的广泛性与其惊人的相似性,作者建议使用孔兹岩系事件一词来表达3500－2800Ma时期地壳上曾经存在超洲际规模的克拉通大陆,这规模巨大的克拉通的富铝（含黑）碎屑岩－石英岩－碳酸盐岩（钙硅酸盐）的沉积事件,即孔兹岩系事件。     

北京地区太古宙岩石,地层单元划分及其特征

北方市密云、怀柔、平保和昌平地区太古宙岩石可划分为混合岩化表壳岩系和非层状岩系两大类岩石、地层单元。前者包括大漕－沙厂混合岩化表壳岩系和四合堂混合岩化表壳岩系;后者主要为ＴＴＧ（Ａ）－Ｍ－Ｍｅ杂岩,它包括苇子峪、阳坡地、马圈子、对角沟门和冯家峪等杂岩。太古宙表壳岩系的原岩建造有杂砂岩＋英安质、安山质炎山岩及其碎屑岩＋铁硅质沉积岩建造,含铁硅质岩的绿岩建造和绿岩建造三类。表壳岩系区域变质作用和太古宙     

对河北省太古宙地层及主要构造事件的划分

应用活动观点划分麻粒岩相，高角闪岩相和低角闪岩相３个地层区。将全省太古宙地层划分为子岭片麻岩，变质火山－沉积岩系，面型英云闪长质－花岗闪长质片麻岩，ＴＴＧ型高位侵入岩套和花岗岩等５大套岩石地层，并按基本岩石地层单位建立地层序列表，对太古宙一早元古代壳运行和主要构造事件，多期变质作用等进行论述，划分出三期褶被，三期韧性剪切带，提出区域性递增变质带新概念，论证了安子岭片麻岩是最古老的的陆壳。     

高级变质区岩石地层系统建立的思考与实践——以内蒙古大青山—乌拉山地区为例

作者通过两个项目的区域地质调查研究，在大青山—乌拉山及其邻区重建了早前寒武纪地层系统，将新建的美岱召岩群列入古元古代。对区内高级变质岩石地层进行重组，在麻粒岩系中划分了2个岩组，归并为桑干岩群，将乌拉山岩群划分为上、下两个亚岩群，下亚岩群片麻岩系，上亚岩群相当于集宁群，可称孔兹岩系。提出本区高级变质区的主期构造是穹形构造与穹间褶皱群构造组合样式(简称“穹—褶”构造)，确立了大型顺层滑脱构造系统是决定高级变质岩石地层空间分布、组成特征和相互关系的关键因素，提出了研究高级变质岩石地层系统建立的方法与步骤。     

河南省嵩山地区登封群研究的新进展

经重新研究,将原登封群分为３套岩石序列：（１）新太古代构造地层单位登封岩群,为变质表壳岩系,代表绿岩建造;（２）新太古代构造岩石单位,为变质侵入岩系;（３）古元古代侵入岩系。     

北京地区太古宙岩石、地层单元划分及其特征

北京市密云、怀柔、平谷和昌平地区太古宙岩石可划分为混合岩化表壳岩系和非层状岩系两大类岩石、地层单元。前者包括大港一沙厂混合岩化表壳岩系和四合堂混合岩化表壳岩系;后者主要为TTG（A）-M-Me杂岩,它包括苇子峪、阳坡地、马圈子、对角沟门和冯家峪等杂岩。太古宙表壳岩系的原岩建造有杂砂岩＋英安质、安山质火山岩及其碎屑岩＋铁硅质沉积岩建造,含铁进质宕的绿岩建造和绿岩建造三类。表壳岩系区域变质作用和太古宙TTG质岩形成的时代均发生于新太古代。推测大港-抄厂表壳岩系及苇子峪TTG（A）－M-Me杂岩中的主体表壳宕系成岩时代为中太古代晚期,其它TTG－M－Me杂老中的表壳岩系成岩时代为新太古代早期。     

琼西南千家地区地层的变形变质特征及划分

根据地层的变形变质特征,将琼西南千家地区的地层(狭义的)划分为岩石地层、构造地层及构造岩层3个系列.从各类地层的变形变质特征来看,该地区至少发生过6次重大地质事件.     

Upper Silurian and Devonian pelagic deep-water radiolarian chert from the Khangai–Khentei belt of Central Mongolia: Evidence for Middle Paleozoic subduction–accretion activity in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt

Recent mapping projects undertaken in Central Mongolia have revealed the widespread occurrence of radiolarian chert within a Paleozoic accretionary complex. We present the results of the first detailed tectonostratigraphic and radiolarian biostratigraphic investigations of the Gorkhi Formation in the Khangai–Khentei belt of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.The Gorkhi Formation consists of sandstone shale, alternating sandstone and shale of turbidite affinity and chert with small amounts of siliceous shale, basalt, limestone, and clast-bearing mudstone. Radiolarian chert that is completely devoid of terrigenous clastic material is commonly associated with underlying basalt (sedimentary contact) and with conformably overlying siliceous shale and turbidite deposits. The tectonic stacking of basalt–chert and chert–turbidite successions is the most remarkable structural feature of the formation.The recovery of moderately well-preserved radiolarians and conodonts from red chert led to the recognition of four radiolarian assemblages that have a combined age range from the latest Silurian (Pridolian) to the Late Devonian (Frasnian). No age control exists for the siliceous shale, shale, and sandstone, although they are considered to be latest Devonian or slightly younger on the basis of stratigraphic relationships with underlying chert.The Gorkhi Formation has previously been interpreted as a thick sedimentary basin deposit overlying an unexposed Archean–Neoproterozoic basement; however, the stratigraphy within individual tectonic slices clearly corresponds to that of an ocean plate stratigraphy of an accretionary complex generated by the trenchward movement of an oceanic plate. From the lowermost to uppermost units, the stratigraphy comprises ocean floor basalt, pelagic deep-water radiolarian chert, hemipelagic siliceous shale, and terrigenous turbidite deposits. The biostratigraphic data obtained in the present study provide corroborating evidence for the existence of an extensive deep-water ocean that enabled the continuous sedimentation of pelagic chert over a period of nearly 50 million years. These data, together with structural data characterized by tectonic repetition of the stratigraphy, indicate that these rocks formed as an accretionary wedge along an active continental margin, possibly that of the Angara Craton. The mid-oceanic chert was probably deposited in the Northern Hemisphere portion of the Paleo–Pacific Ocean that faced the Angara Craton and the North China–Tarim blocks. Thus, we propose that subduction–accretion processes along the Paleo–Pacific rim played an important role in the accretionary growth of the active continental margin of the Angara Craton, directly influencing the evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.     

陆相地层层序到储层流动单元的层次结构分析

层序地层学的层序和储层的流动单元都具有层次性，不同的学有不同的划分和描述，为了统一从陆相地层层序到储层流动单元的层次结构，并落实到含油气系统、沉积结构单元等具体运用上，根据前人的研究成果，结合个人认识，将陆相层序到储层流动单元的层次结构从大到小依次划分为7个层次：大层序、中层序、层序、亚层序、准层序、小层序和均质段，并较详细论述了这7个层次的成因、特征、意义和应用。     

Stratigraphy and structure of Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica

Deception Island is an active volcano with a large structural collapse caldera that has been interpreted by several investigators as having been generated by different processes. The general stratigraphy and structural study of the volcano is presented, with special emphasis on the distribution and structural disposition of the different stratigraphic units. The rocks of Deception Island have traditionally been divided into pre- and post-caldera products. A subdivision of the pre-caldera deposits, called ‘pre- and syn-caldera deposits,’ has been observed in two main units. Bulk magnetic susceptibility analyses are used to support the field stratigraphy presented. The localization and distribution of dikes is used to assign the central collapse of the volcano to rifting induced by tensional tectonics occurring in the Bransfield Strait and the presence of transcurrent faults around the island.     

基于GMS的北京顺平地区三维地质结构模型

地下水数值模拟软件GMS提供了基于钻孔资料的三维地层生成模块,借助于GMS软件中地层模拟模块,利用钻孔数据、地层剖面资料、地质图和DEM数据,结合虚拟钻孔方法,构建了复杂地质结构区—北京顺平地区三维地层结构模型,模型包括太古宇密云群,长城系、蓟县系、青白口系、寒武系、奥陶系、石炭—二叠—侏罗系、深层第四系和浅层第四系等9组地层,刻画出了各层分布的空间范围,模拟了山区地表高程的起伏变化、断层产生的地层错动等情况,为研究区地质和水文地质条件分析及地下水数值模型的建立奠定了基础。     

Late Jurassic-Cretaceous fluvial evolution of central Africa: Insights from the Kasai-Congo Basin,Democratic Republic Congo

The Congo Basin in central Africa is one of the largest intracratonic sedimentary basins in the world. The geological knowledge of Congo Basin is mainly based on studies from the central part of the basin (“Cuvette Centrale”). We present the results of sedimentary provenance investigations of the Jurassic–Cretaceous strata from the southwestern part of the basin, called the Kasai region. This study combines sandstone petrography with U-Pb and Lu-Hf analyses of detrital zircons to assess the stratigraphy, sedimentary provenance and drainage history of the Upper Jurassic-Cretaceous strata in the Kasai region. The stratigraphy is subdivided into a single Upper Jurassic unit (J1) and four Cretaceous units (C1–C4). Petrographically, sandstones from all units except the conglomeratic C3 are texturally and compositionally mature, dominated by quartzarenite and subarkosic compositions. These characteristics can be attributed to considerable recycling of older sedimentary strata and crustal sources, along with long distance fluvial and aeolian processes. The analyses of fifteen detrital zircon samples from the Upper Jurassic–Cretaceous strata yielded mainly Archean and Proterozoic zircons. This result suggests that sandstones are likely sourced from the underlying Archean-Paleoproterozoic Congo–Kasai Craton and from nearby Proterozoic mobile belts, particularly the Irumide and Lufilian Belts to the south of the basin. The dominance of Archean and Proterozoic detrital zircons in Upper Jurassic–Cretaceous strata suggests that the Kasai portion of the Congo Basin experienced exhumation and erosion, which is possibly associated with far-field reactivation of Archean and Proterozoic structures during and following Gondwana rifting in the late Mesozoic. A large fluvial drainage network sourced from the south of the basin, is interpreted to have developed across central Africa during the Late Jurassic–Cretaceous. This fluvial system is believed to have flowed northward across the Congo Basin and ultimately drained into a wrench fault system called the Central African Shear Zone, which extends in an ENE direction from the Gulf of Guinea through Cameroon into Sudan and Kenya.     

构造——蛇绿混杂岩工作方法、研究途径及填图单位划分

板块聚敛、洋盆封闭，洋壳残片（蛇绿岩）构造侵位到陆壳（陆源碎屑岩）之上形成了构造－－蛇绿混杂岩。它由以脆性剪切破裂为主的刚性构造包体和以韧－脆性剪切变形为主的剪切基质两部分组成。由构造－－蛇绿混杂岩研究应采用大比例尺精细露头填图，详测剖综合研究方法。同时对构造－－蛇绿混杂岩带填图单位划分方案进行了讨论，提出了对构造－－蛇绿混杂岩带建立杂岩。对蛇绿岩刚性构造块体建立杂岩组合、杂岩体等级体制划分方案；对其它刚性构造块体建立岩片、岩块级非正式地层单位，对剪切基质建立相当与岩组，岩段级非正式地层单位。     

鞍山陈台沟地区太古宙花岗岩组成与构造特征

鞍山陈台沟地区出露有大量太古宙花岗质岩石和变质层状岩系,是研究太古代地壳形成与演化的经典地区之一。通过对该区岩石单元、构造特征研究,较系统地划分了岩石单元,具体分析了各单元组构及构造变形特征。细粒奥长花岗质糜棱岩、似斑状花岗质糜棱岩和中--细粒花岗质片麻岩具有古太古代花岗质岩石的特点,共同经历地壳中--深部层次的韧性变形改造。细粒奥长花岗岩为中太古代岩浆事件的产物,表现为非透入性的变形方式和部分韧--脆性形变组构。鞍山群层状变质岩石主要记录了新太古代中--浅部地壳层次的强烈变形事件。中粗粒白云母花岗岩就位,标志早期不同的构造变形作用在新太古代末期基本结束。在此基础上,讨论了本区太古宙地壳的形成与演化过程。     

一种不规则伊/蒙混层粘土矿物堆垛序列的研究——兼论具二维晶格一维准晶格的矿物的存在

研究不规则混层粘土矿物的结构主要包括两个方面:一是混层粘土矿物的基本结构单元层的种类及比例;二是构造单元层的连结概率。不规则伊/蒙混层粘土矿物(以下简称I/S)在自然界分布极为广泛。在研究二叠/三叠系(以下简称P/T)界线层粘土矿物时,发现从我国西北到东南很多地区,该界线粘土层中均发育有I/S。利用X射线、红外光谱、电子显微镜和化学分析方法对湖南、湖北、四川和浙江等地的这种I/S,进行了系统的矿物学研究,并对其构造单元层的堆垛序列进行了深入探索(做了MacEwan一维直接傅里叶变换),还发现在c轴方向上,伊利石晶层和蒙脱石晶层的堆垛,可用Fibooacci序列进行推导,由此作者提出了这种I/S具有二维晶格一维准晶格的设想。     

Unscrambling the stratigraphy of an Archean greenstone belt; a U---Pb geochronological study of the Favourable Lake belt, northwestern Ontario, Canada

New zircon and baddeleyite U---Pb ages show that the major units of the Archean Favourable Lake greenstone belt in the northern Superior Province were formed by episodic magmatism spanning more than 250 Ma and demonstrate that the original stratigraphy is disrupted by thrusts that juxtaposed older supracrustal rocks on top of younger ones. The oldest rocks of the area are a 2950 Ma gneissic tonalite and a 3000-2960 Ma granodiorite clast from a ca. 2725 Ma conglomerate. Five distinct volcanic (and sedimentary) groups formed during presumably short-lived episodes at 2925 Ma (I), 2870 Ma (II), 2858 Ma (III), 2734 Ma (IV), and 2725 Ma (V). The youngest group contains the thickest sedimentary unit, a turbiditic and alluvial-fluvial sequence. Compression caused thrusting that placed Groups I and V on top of IV, III on V, and II on III. The thrust complex was subsequently isoclinally folded. Compression was accompanied by major plutonism that emplaced the bulk of the bounding batholiths between 2732 and 2711 Ma ago. The late tectonic, Mo-mineralized Setting Net Lake Stock in the centre of the belt has an age of about 2708 Ma and was overprinted by younger hydrothermal events that produced monazite (2706 Ma), titanite (ca. 2695-2690 Ma) and rutile (the youngest rutile at 2657 Ma). Similar late hydrothermal pulses are recorded by secondary titanite elsewhere in the belt and within the batholiths. The protracted magmatic evolution of the belt is typical of that observed in a number of greenstone belts of the northern Superior Province but is uncommon farther to the south. In contrast, the structural complications and put-of-sequence stratigraphy appear to be a quite common tectonic characteristic of greenstone belts of the whole Superior Province.     

Exploring the metamorphic consequences of secular change in the siliciclastic compositions of continental margins

Shale and greywacke compositions from the Archean to Phanerozoic record a secular change in the siliciclastic material that comprises much of Earth's continental margins, past and present. This study explores the metamorphic consequence of these compositional changes, by comparing phase equilibrium models constructed for average Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic shale and greywacke compositions equilibrated along two Barrovian-type geotherms: 1330℃/GPa(A) and 800 ℃/GPa(B). Our models show that Archean siliciclastic rocks can retain up to 4 vol.% water at middle to lower crustal conditions, nearly twice that of Proterozoic and Phanerozoic compositions. The increased ferromagnesium content of Archean siliciclastic rocks stabilizes chlorite to higher temperatures and results in a biotite-rich assemblage at solidus temperatures. Accordingly, water-absent biotite dehydration melting is predicted to play a greater role in the generation of melt in the metamorphism of Archean aged units,and water-absent muscovite dehydration melting is of increasing importance through the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic. This secular variation in predicted mineral assemblages demonstrates the care with which metamorphic facies diagrams should be applied to Archean compositions. Moreover, secular changes in the composition of shale and greywacke is reflected in the evolution of anatectic melt towards an increasingly less viscous, Ca-rich, and Mg-poor monzogranite.