Beta gyres in global analysis fields

A three-component decomposition is applied to global analysis data to show the existence of a beta gyre, which causes Tropical Cyclone (TC) to drift from a large-scale environmental steering current. Analyses from the Global Data Assimilation and Prediction System (GDAPS) of the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), the Global Forecast System (GFS) of NCEP, and the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) are used in this study. The structure of the beta gyre obtained in our analyses is in good agreement with the theoretical structure, with a cyclonic circulation to the southwest of the TC center, an anticyclonic circulation to the northeast, and a ventilation flow directed northwestward near the center. The circulation of the beta gyre is strongest at the 850-hPa level where the cyclonically swirling primary circulation is strongest, and decreases with height, in a pyramid shape similar to the primary circulation. The individual structure of the beta gyre is case- and model-dependent. At a certain analysis time, one model may clearly reveal a well-defined beta gyre, but the other models may not. Within one model, the beta gyre may be well defined at some analysis times, but not at other times. The structure of the beta gyre in the analysis field is determined by the nature of the vortex initialization scheme and the model behavior during the 6-h forecast in the operational data assimilation cycle.     

季风涡旋影响西北太平洋台风生成初步分析

西北太平洋对流层低层大尺度低频环流季风涡旋与台风生成有密切的关系。利用时间滤波方法将季风涡旋和台风环流从逐日台风风场中分离出来,对两次季风涡旋活动个例分析发现,气旋初始扰动都首先出现在季风涡旋中心东部,一次季风涡旋活动可以伴随着一个或几个热带气旋的生成。通过进一步分析2000—2009年季风涡旋活动与热带气旋的生成关系发现,虽然季风涡旋的定义与环流强度和持续时间有关,但是热带气旋的生成位置大多数分布在季风涡旋的中心和东部,这可能与季风涡旋的Rossby波能量频散有关。     

Idealized Numerical Simulations of Tropical Cyclone Formation Associated with Monsoon Gyres简

Monsoon gyres have been identified as one of the important large-scale circulation patterns associated with tropical cyclone （TC） formation in the western North Pacific.A recent observational analysis indicated that most TCs form near the center of monsoon gyres or at the northeast end of the enhanced low-level southwesterly flows on the southeast-east periphery of monsoon gyres.In the present reported study,idealized numerical experiments were conducted to examine the tropical cyclogenesis associated with Rossby wave energy dispersion with an initial idealized monsoon gyre.The numerical simulations showed that the development of the low-level enhanced southwesterly flows on the southeasteast periphery of monsoon gyres can be induced by Rossby wave energy dispersion.Mesoscale convective systems emerged from the northeast end of the enhanced southwesterly flows with mid-level maximum relative vorticity.The simulated TC formed in the northeast of the monsoon gyre and moved westward towards the center of the monsoon gyre.The numerical experiment with a relatively smaller sized initial monsoon gyre showed the TC forming near the center of the initial monsoon gyre.The results of the present study suggest that Rossby wave energy dispersion can play an important role in TC formation in the presence of monsoon gyres.     

Bias Analysis in the Simulation of the Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Characteristics by Two High-Resolution Global Atmospheric Models

This study compares the atmosphere-only HighResMIP simulations from FGOALS-f3-H(FGOALS) and MRIAGCM3-2-S(MRI) with respect to tropical cyclone(TC) characteristics over the Western North Pacific(WNP) for the July–October months of 1985–2014. The focus is on investigating the role of the tropical easterly jet over the Western Pacific(WP＿TEJ) in modulating the simulation biases in terms of their climatological distribution and interannual variability of WNP TC genesis frequency(TCGF) based on the a...     

2008年全球重大天气气候事件概述

2008年,全球表面气温为有器测记录以来的第十暖年.年初,暴风雪、严寒、低温、雨雪和冰冻天气席卷欧洲东南部经中亚至中国的多个国家和地区,北美也频繁遭受暴风雪的袭击;中国北方出现严重冬春连旱;夏季,东亚、南亚、欧洲中东部、美国密西西比河流域等地遭受不同程度的暴雨洪涝;年内,澳大利亚持续干旱.5月,拉尼娜事件结束.1月,北半球积雪面积达到历史最大值.2008年,西北太平洋热带气旋活动较常年异常偏少,大西洋飓风活动接近常年.     

2014年全球重大天气气候事件及其成因

2014年全球平均表面温度持续偏高,比1961—1990年平均值偏高0.57 ℃左右,是自1850年有历史记录以来最暖的一年。年内,赤道中东太平洋基本维持暖水状态,全球平均海表面温度突破历史纪录;北极海冰范围仍处于记录中最低水平之一,而南极海冰范围再创历史新高。受大气环流异常以及海洋和海冰等外强迫因子的共同影响,世界范围内出现了显著的气候异常和极端事件。尤其是,2014年1—4月美国西南大部降水偏少20%~60%,平均降水量为1981年以来最少的一年,干旱发展并持续,部分地区干旱严重;6月上、中旬,印度平均气温31.2℃,较常年同期偏高1.2℃,局部偏高4℃以上,是1961年以来历史同期最高值,印度首都新德里8日最高气温达47.8℃,创该市62年来最高记录。进一步研究发现,1—4月,美国西南部地区持续处于高空脊的控制下,来自东北太平洋和墨西哥湾的水汽输送严重不足是导致干旱发生的直接原因;而印度夏季风北推进程滞缓和高压脊的持续控制是造成6月印度高温的主要原因。     

EFFECT OF THE LINEAR BETA TERM ON MOVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF TROPICAL CYCLONE

The dynamics of tropical cyclone is investigated in a nondivergent,barotropic model with nobasic flow.The effect of linear beta term on the movement and development of tropical cyclone isemphatically demonstrated.The streamfunction tendency due to the symmetric component of linearbeta term appears in a dipole-like pattern with an east-west symmetry,which maintains andintensifies the large-scale beta gyres and causes the tropical cyclone to have a westerly movingcomponent.The streamfunction tendency due to the asymmetric component of linear beta termarises in an ellipse pattern with a north-south major axis,which weakens the tropical cyclone.Thestreamfunction tendency due to the asymmetric component of linear beta term and the intensity oflarge-scale cyclonic beta gyre synchronously vary in a fluctuating manner with time.     

西北太平洋近赤道热带气旋生成的特征分析

1979—2012年西北太平洋存在70个形成于0°～5°N的低纬度地区的热带气旋(TC),占TC总量的8%,其中达到台风等级的个数占64%。而针对此类缺少一定科氏力作用而形成的罕见TC生成的研究相对较少。本文利用JTWC的TC最佳观测资料、ERA-Interim再分析资料,以及NOAA-OISST海温资料,以西北太平洋近赤道TC为研究对象,统计诊断了其年际、年代际、季节分布特征,分析了其大尺度环境背景场,重点探讨了近赤道TC生成的影响因子。研究结果表明,近赤道TC具有明显的年际与年代际变化,并且近赤道TC具有与西北太平洋总TC恰好相反的季节变化。近赤道TC生成的大尺度环境背景场是东北冬季风与其在近赤道地区偏转形成的西北风之间的气旋性环流。对流层低层的绝对涡度动力项与对流层中层的湿度热量项是近赤道TC生成的主要贡献因子,并且相对于5°～10°N生成的TC,近赤道TC对对流层低层的正涡度与对流层中层的湿度条件的要求更高。     

β涡旋的垂直结构及其对热带气旋移动的影响

应用准地转斜压模式数值模拟热带气旋的移动，分析大尺度β涡旋的水平和垂直结构及其对热带气旋移动的。研究结果表明，两β涡旋之间的准均匀流（通风气流）仍然与热带气旋的运动相关。     

1994年影响山东的热带气旋分析

１９９４年为影响我国的热带气旋明显偏多年。利用常规天气图和海温资料，对本年度登陆北上热带气旋偏多的环流背景和海温场特征进行了分析，指出，西太平洋副热带高压稳定偏北和海面温度明显偏高，是北上热带气旋偏多的主要原因。同时，还对热带气旋移动路径、所在位置与山东降水的时空分布及降水强度之间的关系进行了简单的统计分析，其结果可供热带气旋的业务预报参考。     

2012年全球重大天气气候事件及其成因

2012年,全球气温偏高,可能为有观测记录以来的第九个最暖年,北半球经历了有记录以来第二个最热的夏季。年内,2011/2012年拉尼娜事件于2012年初结束,北极海冰范围创历史新低,世界范围内出现了显著的气候异常和极端事件。年初,低温、寒流和暴雪袭卷欧洲和东亚地区;5月,亚马孙河流域因强降水遭遇50年不遇的洪水;6—9月,美国发生1956年以来最严重的干旱;6月以来,多个强台风袭击东亚、东南亚和美国东海岸。全球极端偏暖事件主要出现在欧洲中部和南部、北美洲中部和南部、南美洲南部、亚洲西部、南部和东北部等地;极端偏冷事件主要出现在亚洲大部、欧洲东部和美洲东部的局部等地。欧洲中部、非洲西部、南美洲中南部、南亚、东南亚和东北亚南部等地区出现了极端强降水事件。分析指出,大气环流异常是上述全球重大天气气候事件的直接原因;此外,全球变暖背景下西风基本流偏弱,环流经向度加大、移速减缓和大气环流异常的持续性增强,也为极端事件的发生提供了有利的动力背景。     

全球变暖背景下西北太平洋冬季热带气旋的活动

Using tropical cyclone （TC） observations over a 58-yr period （1949-2006） from the China Meteorological Administration, the 40-year ECMWF Reanalysis （ERA-40）, NCEP-NCAR reanalysis, and the Hadley Centre sea ice and sea surface temperature （HadISST） datasets, the authors have examined the behaviors of tropical cyclones （TCs） in the western north Pacific （WNP） in boreal winter （November-December-January-February）. The results demonstrate that the occurrences of wintertime TCs, including super typhoons, have decreased over the 58 years. More TCs are found to move westward than northeastward, and the annual total number of parabolic-track-type TCs is found to be decreasing. It is shown that negative sea surface temperature anomalies （SSTAs） related to La Nifia events in the equatorial central Pacific facilitate more TC genesis in the WNP region. Large-scale anomalous cyclonic circulations in the tropical WNP in the lower troposphere are observed to be favorable for cyclogenesis in this area. On the contrary, the positive SSTAs and anomalous anticyclonic circulations that related to E1 Nifio events responsible for fewer TC genesis. Under the background of global warming, the western Pacific subtropical high tends to intensify and to expand more westward in the WNP, and the SSTAs display an increasing trend in the equatorial eastern-central Pacific. These climate trends of both atmospheric circulation and SSTAs affect wintertime TCs, inducing fewer TC occurrences and causing more TCs to move westward.     

登陆中国热带气旋台风季参数的气候特征分析

 利用1949-2006年登陆中国的热带气旋（TC）资料,分析登陆TC台风季参数的气候特征,结论如下：1) 登陆中国的初旋①以南海生成为主（占5成半）,终旋以西太平洋为主（高达8成）,近50多年来初、终旋源地分别呈现向东北、西北移动的趋势;2) 广东（浙江）初旋最早（晚）,广西、浙江（广东、海南）终旋较早（晚）,广东（浙江）台风季最长（短）。近50多年来除浙江台风季呈延长的线性趋势外,其余各省台风季变短或变化不明显。     

2013年全球重大天气气候事件及其成因

2013年,全球气温持续偏高,与2007年并列为第六个最暖年份,其中气温异常偏高的地区主要位于澳大利亚、北美洲北部、南美洲东北部、非洲北部以及欧亚大陆的大部地区。年内,赤道中东太平洋基本维持弱冷水状态,北极海冰范围仍处于记录中最低水平之一,而南极海冰范围则创历史新高。受大气环流异常以及海洋和海冰等外强迫因子的共同影响,世界范围内出现了显著的气候异常和极端事件,年初寒流和暴风雪袭卷亚洲、欧洲部分地区和北美洲,澳大利亚出现了极端高温天气;6—9月中欧、亚洲和北美洲部分地区遭受暴雨洪涝的袭击,期间北半球大部地区则发生了极端高温天气;6月以来多个强台风袭击东亚、东南亚和北美洲东海岸。分析指出,大气环流异常是上述全球重大天气气候事件的直接原因,而太平洋海温异常通过海气相互作用对大气环流异常产生重要影响。此外,在全球升温的过程中,伴随着气温平均值和变幅增大,致使发生极端天气气候事件的概率增加,这为全球许多国家和地区出现异常天气提供了有利的气候背景条件。     

一次热带气旋外围下沉气流造成的珠三角地区连续灰霾天气过程分析

通过研究广州番禺大气成分站的气溶胶颗粒物质量浓度(PM10和PM2.5)、黑碳浓度、臭氧浓度等大气成分要素,常规地面气象要素以及气流后向轨迹、垂直速度、位温和边界层高度等资料,结合热带气旋路径和天气形势对热带气旋外围下沉气流造成的一次珠三角地区连续灰霾天气过程的形成原因和变化特征进行了分析.由于热带气旋移动缓慢,其外围下沉气流使珠三角地区形成了层结稳定、静小风和晴朗少云的天气条件,导致珠三角地区出现连续的灰霾天气.在这次灰霾过程中,气溶胶粒子来源以本地源为主,并且以细粒子为主,PM2.5占PM10的比例接近70％,黑碳浓度占PM10的6.0％左右;在凌晨,由于边界层高度降至最低,垂直扩散条件差,同时相对湿度也达到峰值,气溶胶吸湿增长明显,易出现能见度低值.     

Importance of Air-Sea Coupling in Simulating Tropical Cyclone Intensity at Landfall

An atmosphere-only model system for making seasonal prediction and projecting future intensities of landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) along the South China coast is upgraded by including ocean and wave models. A total of 642 TCs have been re-simulated using the new system to produce a climatology of TC intensity in the South China Sea. Detailed comparisons of the simulations from the atmosphere-only and the fully coupled systems reveal that the inclusion of the additional ocean and wave models enable differential sea surface temperature responses to various TC characteristics such as translational speed and size. In particular, interaction with the ocean does not necessarily imply a weakening of the TC, with the coastal bathymetry possibly playing a role in causing a near-shore intensification of the TC. These results suggest that to simulate the evolution of TC structure more accurately, it is essential to use an air-sea coupled model instead of an atmosphere-only model.     

2011年全球重大天气气候事件及其成因

2011年,全球气温偏高,为有观测记录以来的第十个暖年,是近60年来出现拉尼娜事件的年份中全球气温最高的一年。2011年,全球热带气旋活动较常年偏少。4月,一次拉尼娜事件结束,9月又一次拉尼娜事件生成。年初,低温、寒流席卷亚洲大部,暴风雪频繁袭击北美地区。西欧和中国东部出现严重春旱。夏季,非洲东部经历了20世纪80年代以来最严重的干旱,而东南亚、巴基斯坦和中南美洲洪涝灾害严重。全球极端偏暖事件主要出现在欧洲西部和西北部、南亚南部、东亚中西部、北美东南部等地;极端偏冷事件主要出现在东亚、澳大利亚、非洲南部和美国东北部和西部等地。而南美中东部、东南亚及中国东南部、日本、澳大利亚北部、非洲西部等地出现了极端强降水事件。研究发现,2010／2011年拉尼娜事件和台风活动是导致东南亚洪涝出现的重要原因,而巴基斯坦洪涝主要与印度洋正位相偶极型海温分布有关。     

Evaluation of Tropical Cyclone Intensity Forecasts from Five Global EnsemblePrediction Systems During 2015-2019

This study presented an evaluation of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity forecasts from five global ensemble prediction systems (EPSs) during 2015-2019 in the western North Pacific region. Notable error features include the underestimation of the TC intensity by ensemble mean forecast and the under-dispersion of the probability forecasts.The root mean square errors (brier scores) of the ensemble mean (probability forecasts) generally decrease consecutively at long lead times during the five years, but fluctuate between certain values at short lead times.Positive forecast skill appeared in the most recent two years (2018-2019) at 120 h or later as compared with the climatology forecasts. However, there is no obvious improvement for the intensity change forecasts during the 5-yearperiod, with abrupt intensity change remaining a big challenge. The probability forecasts show no skill for strongTCs at all the lead times. Among the five EPSs, ECMWF-EPS ranks the best for the intensity forecast, while NCEP-GEFS ranks the best for the intensity change forecast, according to the evaluation for ensemble mean and dispersion. As for the other probability forecast evaluation, ECMWF-EPS ranks the best at lead times shorter than 72 h, while NCEP-GEFS ranks the best later on.     

2009年全球重大天气气候事件概述

2009年,全球表面气温为有器测记录以来的第五暖年。年初,暴风雪、低温和寒潮天气席卷欧洲大部,北美频繁遭受暴风雪的袭击;中国北方出现严重秋冬连旱;澳大利亚东南部持续罕见高温;夏季,中国东部、南亚、欧洲多国、美国西海岸遭受高温热浪袭击;年内,澳大利亚、墨西哥、非洲东部持续于旱。6月,一次厄尔尼诺事件开始形成。2009年,西北太平洋和大西洋的热带气旋活动均较常年偏少。     

半热带气旋大暴雨天气的初步分析

对１９９５年８月１４－１７日山东连续大暴雨天气进行了分析与研究，指出了半热带地山东大暴雨天气的作用，进一步揭示出半热带气旋大暴雨天气的物理机制。