汶川大地震中德阳市水库土坝的震害特征

汶川特大地震给四川省德阳市水库土坝造成了不同程度的震损。依据德阳市境内66座高危以上险情水库土坝震害考察资料和现场震害调查结果,对震损水库土坝进行了分类统计,研究其震害特征及震损原因,结果表明：小型水库均质土坝在此次地震中震损数量最多、险情严重,且震害类型丰富;典型震害包括裂缝、滑坡、沉陷、渗漏以及泄水建筑物与其它附属设施损坏。以德阳市3座典型震损水库土坝为例,分析了水库土坝的基本情况、震前运行状况及震损情况,进而提出了有效的震后抢险措施。     

土坝的地震易损性和震害速评

搜集了我国近年来几次大地震时处于５～１０度地震区内的１８０座水库土坝的震害资料,经分析后把影响震害的因素定为坝高、“水深比”、地基条件、地震烈度;震害等级取为“严重”、“较重”、“轻微”、“完好”。分别给出了适用于地震危害性评估时表示土坝地震易损性的震害概率矩阵,和适用于用确定性方法快速评估震害等级的表达式。最后给出了某土坝用两种方法进行震害评估的例子．     

罗江县水库土坝汶川大地震震害调查与分析

5·12汶川8.0级大地震对德阳市罗江县的水库造成了不同程度的破坏,经济损失严重,若水库出现渍坝现象,将会带来更大的损失。对罗江县19座高危以上险情水库的土坝震害进行了调查研究.发现典型的震害现象包括裂缝、渗漏、防浪墙损坏以及泄水建筑物和附属设施的损毁等。根据水库土坝的震前病害调查资料可以看出：水库土坝在地震前多是带病运行,严重影响地震时水库运行的因素主要有土料或填筑质量差、坝基问题、坝体结构设计不当、蚁害、观测设施不全等。依据震后水库土坝的破坏形态,分析了水库大坝的震前病害对大坝震害现象的影响。为今后水库土坝的抗震设计提供基础性的资料。     

珠江三角洲土坝和堤围震害初步预测

珠江三角洲经济发达，人口众多，水网密布，大部分又属于地震基本烈度７度区。在其范围内有属于大中型水库的土坝５５座，堤围总长数百ｋｍ。有关部门要求对土坝和堤围进行震害预测。本项预测采用概率方法，首先根据５５座土坝和５９个重点堤围的座标进行概率地震危险性分析，给出它们在一定预测年限Ｔ（取５０年和１００年）的地震烈度Ｉ的超越概率；其次根据近年我国发生的几次强震时处于不同烈度区内的土坝和堤防的震害资料，形成表示土坝和土堤地震易损性的震害概率矩阵；然后，根据上述两方面结果用概率公式评价各土坝和堤围卢、在预测年限内各震害等级的超越概率，并取１０％超越概率为标准，估计震害等级。     

汶川地震中绵阳市梓潼县水库土坝震害调查与分析

5·12汶川特大地震对绵阳市梓潼县170座水库造成了不同程度的破坏和严重的经济损失.依据绵阳市梓潼县水库地震灾害的现场科学考察资料,对绵阳市梓潼县48座高危以上险情水库土坝的震损情况做了初步总结和分析.典型震害现象包括裂缝、渗漏以及泄水建筑物和附属设施的损毁等;以梓潼县3座典型震损水库土坝为例,总结了震损水库的特点和经验教训,给出了一些建设性结论.     

鲁甸5.6级地震震害分析

通过对云南鲁甸5．6级地震中47个居民点的震害调查,给出了本次地震的等烈度分布图,分析了场地条件与震害的关系、各类房屋的震害特征、典型房屋震害累积效应以及生命线工程震害。结果表明：这次地震比2003年11月鲁甸5．1、5．0级两次地震破坏严重,形成了Ⅷ度破坏区及较大范围的Ⅶ度和Ⅵ度破坏区,盆地区的震害比基岩区的要重．其主要原因是：①盆地区广泛分布有软弱地层;②震区建筑结构简易,抗震能力极差;③三次地震震区基本重叠,震害累积效应表现突出。     

唐山震害与发震构造的关系

唐山震害与发震构造的关系关于唐山地震的地质背景以及发震构造，地震学者们从不同的角度做了不同的论述，已经揭示了唐山地震发震构造的总体面貌。本文只是根据唐山震害与发震构造的关系，谈一谈个人认识。１９９０－１９９２年，我们对唐山地震震害进行了较为全面的调查...     

青海省玛沁县5.0级地震的烈度分布及其构造环境

在玛沁县５．０级地震的宏观调查的基础上,分析了烈度和断层与震害间的相互依存关系,阐述了发震构造（库玛断裂带）的新活动特征,并对地震形成的区域构造环境及地震发展趋势进行探讨。     

基于震害资料的西藏地区典型民居易损性分析

我国的地震大多发生在农村地区,当地民居的抗震能力是评估地震灾害风险、确定地震保险方案的主要因素.本文基于近2000年以来西藏地区发生破坏性地震灾害的调查结果,总结了西藏地区土木结构和石木结构等民居的主要震害特点.在实际震例中,西藏民居的震害主要以Ⅵ度和Ⅶ度的数据为主,缺少Ⅷ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ度的震害数据.本文采用经验震害矩阵推演...     

台湾海峡地震余震及汕头市地基震害初步预测

根据灰色系统的一阶灾变模型，对台湾海峡７．３级地震的ＭＬ≥５．０级余震进行了预测，给出了未来可能的发震时间；根据汕头市国际大酒店地下室记录的这次地震的地面加速度时程，反演计算得到了基岩加速度时程，据此进行了地震反应分析，并对地基震害作了分区。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.