点电荷微元与偶极子源的时域电磁场响应对比(英文)

电偶极子依靠两个等量异号电荷的加速运动实现电磁场辐射,同样地,时变点电荷微元可以依靠单个电荷的加速运动产生电磁场。基于这种电磁场理论实质,本文开展了点电荷微元与偶极子源的时域电磁场响应对比研究。首先,给出三维导电空间点源的时间域位函数;然后,利用辅助位函数与电场、磁场响应之间的关系,给出均匀无耗全空间的点电荷载流微元时间域电场、磁场的表达式。并从阶跃关断时刻、近源区场、远源区场等方面对比分析全空间中两种源的异同。研究结果表明:在近源区,两种源产生的场差别较大;在远源区,两种源产生的场几乎相同。通过实际观测的数据和使用电偶极子源公式对简化模型计算结果的对比,认为点电荷微元场的空间分布更符合实际场源产生的电场、磁场分布特征。     

可控源电磁三维频率域有限元模拟

本文采用电磁场的磁矢量位和电标量势,将Maxwell方程组化为位势的类似于Helmholtz型方程,并引入罚项及稳定化方法克服了电磁三维有限元算法中的伪解及数值不稳定性;采用人工边界把计算区域局域化,将均匀半空间中水平电偶极子源产生的位势值作为人工边界上的第一类边界条件以表示源的作用,减少了实际的计算区域.理论模型和复杂模型的计算结果均表明,可控源电磁三维有限元数值模拟给出了稳定、可靠的电磁场分布.     

时间域航空电磁扩散特征和成像深度研究

为了研究时间域航空电磁系统扩散特征,基于连续性边界条件将电磁场向下延拓得到地下介质中各点处的频率域响应,通过傅里叶变换将其变换到时间域.计算阶跃波形发射时垂直磁偶极子和水平磁偶极子在均匀半空间介质和两层介质中产生的电磁场,通过电流密度矢量图和随时间变化的电流密度等值线展示电磁场在地下介质中的扩散过程.电磁场在地下的扩散受电阻率结构的影响.在良导地区电磁场扩散慢、衰减快,而在高阻地区电磁场扩散快、衰减慢.垂直磁偶极子在地下产生的感应电流形成一个电流环随时间向下、向外扩散.水平磁偶极子在地下产生的感应电流形成两个互相叠加的电流环.时间域电磁场扩散代表着真正物理意义上的电磁扩散,因为它展示了地下电磁场空间分布随时间的变化和场强的衰减.基于对感应电流环的研究,我们探究了扩散深度和时间域航空电磁数据成像深度的关系.时间域电磁场扩散规律的研究不仅加深了对电磁扩散特征的理解,更有助于提高航空电磁数据解释水平.     

镜像法求浅海中静态电偶极子在空气中的电磁场

为对水中目标电磁特性进行数学建模及深度换算,以及对水中目标实施空中探测、定位,将镜像法应用于存在两个分界面的含导电媒质的分层媒质中,在唯一性原理的基础上,推导了空气-海水-海床三层模型下,位于海水中的任意静态电偶极子在源所在媒质区域以外的空间中-空气中的电场、磁场分布的解析表达式,并以单位偶极矩的水平电偶极子为例进行了仿真计算和特征分析.所得解析表达式为后续相关研究提供理论基础,仿真结果和文献对比,表明浅海环境下海水中的静态电偶极子在空气中也可以产生明显的电场、磁场,而且具有明显分布特征,是值得关注的目标信号.     

两个水平界面正交方向上的高频电磁波场曲线

本文采用求极点留数的方法,计算两个水平界面的三种不同岩性介质垂直电偶极子的场,导出了场量的严格解和计算公式,并结合地下实际条件,求得了垂直界面方向的场量曲线。     

任意方向发射源在柱状多层介质中的电磁场的理论计算

针对柱状多层介质测井模型,本文给出了井轴上沿任意方向的发射源在介质空间的电磁场的理论公式,利用递推方法可以很方便地进行数值计算.文中还分别对轴向与径向的电偶极子源和磁偶极子源共4种情况,给出了井轴上接收区磁场强度与侵入半径的关系曲线.     

远场地震电磁辐射强度与孕震震级关系

基于垂直电偶极子激发源模型,首先研究了远场地震电磁场辐射场及其分布特征,其次分析了远场地震电磁辐射强度与孕震震级之间的关系.结果表明垂直电偶极子激发源可以解释孕震区激发电磁辐射现象,是激发地震电磁辐射最有可能的激发源之一;远场地震电磁辐射强度的对数与地震震级呈线性关系,直线的斜率与孕震区裂隙特性分布及其电磁特性有关.研究结果对进一步认识地震电磁辐射现象和拓宽地震监测预报思路均有积极意义.     

成层自重弹性-粘弹性半空间内膨胀源引起的地表形变和重力变化s

研究了两个弹性层覆盖于一个Maxwell半空间模型内膨胀源(Mogi模型)引起的地表形变和重力变化．着重研究了数值计算方法和Maxwell半空间介质流变特性对地表垂直位移和重力的影响．研究结果表明，Maxwell半空间介质流变特性对地表垂直位移和重力的空间分布和量级都有影响，尤其当源处于岩石层的地壳以下时，介质流变特性对位移和重力有较大影响；当膨胀和岩浆侵入地壳内时，半空间流变特性的影响较小．并且，地表重力与垂直位移的比值不是常数，而是随时间变化．本文的模型和数值方法，可以用于模拟火山区、地壳隆起区、地震区和地热场等长期地表形变和重力观测结果．      

井间电磁场时域有限差分数值模拟

为进一步了解井间地下介质结构及其电性特征,本文用时域有限差分方法(FDTD),实现了井间电磁场响应的数值模拟.激发源是探测深度相对磁偶极子更大一些的电偶极子,首先选择一个位于井轴上的垂直电偶极子作为场源,并假设参与计算的介质相对于发射井井轴是轴向对称的,这样可将研究区域作为二维问题处理.推导了二维井间电磁波传播时域差分公式.该方法适用于任何方向入射的电偶极子源,尤其善于解决频域差分方法所难以描述的宽频脉冲.给出了井间金属圆柱和矿体圆柱数值模拟2个例子,结果表明,时域有限差分方法能有效的模拟井间地下介质中电磁波的传播,揭示电磁波传播规律.该方法速度快、精度高、结果稳定,适合用于井间电磁场反演成像的正演响应计算.     

地-井瞬变电磁多分量响应数值分析（英文）

本文对地-井瞬变电磁法多分量响应进行计算分析。规则局部体瞬变场响应的计算方法与解释模型对于实际导电围岩模型的适用性较差,针对该问题,本文提出了一种基于地下瞬态电磁场数值模拟的计算分析方法。瞬变电磁场模拟方面,本文以时域有限差分法实现正演模拟,引入采用Gaver-Stehfest逆拉氏变换与Prony法的离散镜像法求解初始电磁场,应用透射边界条件保证迭代计算精度。通过均质半空间模型算例,证明该套方法可行。响应分析方面,设定含井旁目标体和导电围岩的地电模型,以上述方法对地下瞬态电场进行正演,以多分量观测装置为例换算感应电动势。通过对比各条件下瞬态电场与多分量响应,得出结论:地-井瞬变电磁多分量感应电动势响应反映了地下瞬态电场沿水平、垂直方向的梯度变化;响应特征取决于地层中瞬变场在不同条件下的"扩散、衰减、畸变"过程和观测位置的电磁场状态。本文的计算分析方法兼顾围岩背景场与局部体异常场,较之传统局部体瞬变场原理能够更全面的反映地质信息。     

VERTICAL FREQUENCY EFFECT SOUNDING IN INDUCED POLARIZATION AND GALVANIC RESISTIVITY METHODS *

It has been shown that for a polarizable layer as a transmission medium there is an indirect proportionality between the frequency effect (fe) in induced polarization (IP) and the wave number of the electrical induced field. Making use of this relationship for a two layered earth a polarization transform function has been obtained. Since the mathematical expression for the polarization transform function is the same as that of the resistivity transform function, it is possible to make direct interpretation for IP frequency effect field curves. Thus, AA or QQ type resistivity sequences can be interpreted from induced polarization response of a horizontally stratified earth without resistivity extrema. A depth factor has been defined in order to obtain the true depth using the apparent depth. In this way, some electromagnetic effects between horizontal layers with different polarizabilities can partly be eliminated.     

计算层状介质中电磁场的层矩阵法

现有人工源频率域电磁法的研究大多仅针对某种具体的方法,而较少将问题综合起来分析.本文综合多种方法的共同点提出了层矩阵法,它采取了源置于层间的模型进行公式的推导,理论上可以计算任意层状介质中任意位置的任意场源在空间中任意位置产生的场强,可适用于多种电磁法的正演模拟计算.层矩阵法的核心是对空间域的变量x, y, z中的x和y变量进行傅氏变换后转换到波数域k_x和k_y中,在波数域利用边界条件,用层矩阵建立起各层的关系后计算得到各层的波数域电磁场值,然后经过二维反傅氏变换最终得到空间域中任意位置的场值.因为文中定义的层矩阵是建立层关系的关键,所以称此方法为层矩阵法.本文以水平电偶源为例独立推导了层状介质中人工源频率域电磁场解的理论公式.为了验证方法的正确性,文中建立了多种模型,利用自行编排的程序将层矩阵法与现有文献的各种解析公式的解进行了对比,结果表明本文提出的层矩阵法是灵活的、可靠的.     

PROCEDES DE FILTRAGE ET DE FOCALISATION DE CHAMP POUR LA DETECTION ELECTROMAGNETIQUE DES CARRIERES SOUTERRAINES *

The electromagnetic surface detection of underground quarries by classical methods becomes difficult when they are situated at depths greater than ten meters and when the thickness and conductivity of the superficial layers are irregular. The problem is tackled in two stages: at first using successive approximations, characteristics of the miscellaneous layers of a stratified medium are identified, and the quarries are then detected by observation of the conductivity changes of one of the lower layers. Computer interpretation, however, is necessary. The chances of detection of the quarries are considerably improved by a field localization method developed by us: computer interpretation is eliminated. The new aspect is an auxiliary transmitter which annuls the currents induced by the principal transmitter in the uppermost—generally more conductive—layers. The theoretical and experimental results show that the probability of detection of the quarries by this method are four times as high as by the classical one.     

TUTORIAL DISTRIBUTION OF ALTERNATING ELECTRICAL CHARGES IN A CONDUCTING MEDIUM*

The main features of the distribution of volume and surface charges in a conducting medium can be described separately for direct and alternating electromagnetic fields. The density of charges depends on the conductivity of a medium and on the electrical field. The relation is particularly simple for the quasi-stationary field, i.e., when the influence of displacement currents is negligible. Conditions are formulated under which electrical charges arise in a conducting medium: electrical charges are shown to exist for direct and quasi-stationary fields when there is a component of electric field parallel to the gradient of conductivity. The density of these charges is proportional to the applied electric field.     

Reducing the non-axisymmetry of a planetary dynamo and an application to saturn

Abstract

If a conducting fluid shell is undergoing spin-axisymmetric differential rotation and overlies the dynamo generating region of a planet then it is capable of greatly reducing the non-spin-axisymmetric components of the generated field, provided the appropriate magnetic Reynolds number is large. The model, closely related to the electromagnetic skin effect, is quantified and applied to Saturn. The observed small dipole tilt (～ 1°) of Saturn's magnetic field can be explained because of the presence of a stably stratified conducting layer overlying the dynamo region. This layer is a predicted consequence of the thermal evolution, arises because of the limited solubility of helium in metallic hydrogen (Stevenson, 1980), and appears to be required by the Voyager infrared observations indicating depletion of helium from Saturn's atmosphere. The much larger dipole tilt angles of Jupiter and the Earth indicate the absence of any such stable, differentially rotating layer with a large magnetic Reynolds number.     

The Quasi-Stationary Field in the Even-Charged Body Model of Seismic Electromagnetic Signals

Analytic expressions of a quasi-stationary field caused by an even-charged body in a three-layer medium are obtained from an electrostatic field.Analysis and studies on it are carried out to obtain some guiding results in observing and analyzing seismic electromagnetic precursor indications.     

Insight into the marine controlled‐source electromagnetic signal propagation

In marine controlled‐source electromagnetic (CSEM) surveys the subsurface is explored by emitting low‐frequency signals from an electric dipole source close to the sea‐bed. The main goal is often to detect and describe possible thin resistive layers beneath the sea‐bed. To gain insight into how CSEM signals propagate, it is informative to study a stratified model. The electromagnetic field is then given in terms of integrals over TE‐ and TM‐polarized plane‐wave constituents. An asymptotic evaluation of the field integrals for large propagation distances results in explicit spatial expressions for the field components and the derived expressions can be used to analyse how the CSEM signals propagate. There are two major signal pathways in a standard CSEM model. One of these pathways is via the thin resistive layer and the resulting response is accounted for by a pole in the reflection response for the TM mode. The signal is propagating nearly vertically down to the resistor from the source, then guided while attenuated along the reservoir, before propagating nearly vertically up to the receiver. The response is slightly altered by the sea‐bed interface and further modified in shallow water due to multiple reflections between the sea‐surface and sea‐bed at both the source and receiver sides. The other major signal pathway is via the resistive air half‐space, the so‐called airwave. The airwave is generated by the TE mode and interacts with the subsurface via vertically propagating signals reflected between the sea‐surface and subsurface at both the source and receiver sides.     

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD OF SOURCES AT THE SURFACE OF A HOMOGENEOUS CONDUCTING HALFSPACE WITH HORIZONTAL ANISOTROPY: APPLICATION TO FISSURED MEDIA*

The electric and magnetic fields generated by horizontal electric and vertical magnetic dipoles lying on the surface of a conducting medium with horizontal anisotropy are investigated. Full expressions of their Fourier transforms are given, and the fields for a vertical magnetic dipole are calculated numerically. The radial and vertical magnetic components are found to be independent of the receiver-transmitter direction, whereas the other magnetic and electric components strongly vary with this direction. These results give useful criteria for defining the direction and amplitude of anisotropy from ground data; a ground experiment on fissured limestone was found to confirm the expected variations of the various field components. It is believed that this electromagnetic method can be used in order to provide information about the direction and amplitude of electric anisotropy.     

Hydroacoustic wave in the external alternating magnetic field

The electromagnetic fields induced by hydroacoustic waves, propagating in a liquid conducting medium in an alternating magnetic field, have been considered. The equation, relating the induced magnetic field to the undisturbed antenna field and acoustic wave parameters, has been obtained. The spatial—temporal pattern of the induced field has been constructed in the case when acoustic wave propagates along a direct line with an alternating current.