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1.
In Ouwersloot and Vilà-Guerau de Arellano (Boundary-Layer Meteorol. doi:10.1007/s10546-013-9816-z, 2013, this issue), the analytical solutions for the boundary-layer height and scalar evolutions are derived for the convective boundary layer, based on the prognostic equations of mixed-layer slab models without taking subsidence into account. Here, we include and quantify the added effect of subsidence if the subsidence velocity scales linearly with height throughout the atmosphere. This enables analytical analyses for a wider range of observational cases. As a demonstration, the sensitivity of the boundary-layer height and the potential temperature jump to subsidence and the free tropospheric stability is graphically presented. The new relations show the importance of the temporal distribution of the surface buoyancy flux in determining the evolution if there is subsidence. 相似文献
2.
Parameterization of Entrainment in a Sheared Convective Boundary Layer Using a First-order Jump Model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Si-Wan Kim Soon-Ung Park David Pino Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,120(3):455-475
Basic entrainment equations applicable to the sheared convective boundary layer (CBL) are derived by assuming an inversion layer with a finite depth, i.e., the first-order jump model. Large-eddy simulation data are used to determine the constants involved in the parameterizations of the entrainment equations. Based on the integrated turbulent kinetic energy budget from surface to the top of the CBL, the resulting entrainment heat flux normalized by surface heat flux is a function of the inversion layer depth, the velocity jumps across the inversion layer, the friction velocity, and the convection velocity. The developed first-order jump model is tested against large-eddy simulation data of two independent cases with different inversion strengths. In both cases, the model reproduces quite reasonably the evolution of the CBL height, virtual potential temperature, and velocity components in the mixed layer and in the inversion layer.The part of this work was done when the first author visited at NCAR. 相似文献
3.
E. Barbaro J. Vilà-Guerau de Arellano M. C. Krol A. A. M. Holtslag 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2013,148(1):31-49
We investigated the impact of aerosol heat absorption on convective atmospheric boundary-layer (CBL) dynamics. Numerical experiments using a large-eddy simulation model enabled us to study the changes in the structure of a dry and shearless CBL in depth-equilibrium for different vertical profiles of aerosol heating rates. Our results indicated that aerosol heat absorption decreased the depth of the CBL due to a combination of factors: (i) surface shadowing, reducing the sensible heat flux at the surface and, (ii) the development of a deeper inversion layer, stabilizing the upper CBL depending on the vertical aerosol distribution. Steady-state analytical solutions for CBL depth and potential temperature jump, derived using zero-order mixed-layer theory, agreed well with the large-eddy simulations. An analysis of the entrainment zone heat budget showed that, although the entrainment flux was controlled by the reduction in surface flux, the entrainment zone became deeper and less stably stratified. Therefore, the vertical profile of the aerosol heating rate promoted changes in both the structure and evolution of the CBL. More specifically, when absorbing aerosols were present only at the top of the CBL, we found that stratification at lower levels was the mechanism responsible for a reduction in the vertical velocity and a steeper decay of the turbulent kinetic energy throughout the CBL. The increase in the depth of the inversion layer also modified the potential temperature variance. When aerosols were present we observed that the potential temperature variance became significant already around $0.7z_i$ (where $z_i$ is the CBL height) but less intense at the entrainment zone due to the smoother potential temperature vertical gradient. 相似文献
4.
Amilcare Porporato 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2009,132(2):227-240
Motivated by the observation that the diurnal evolution of sensible and latent heat fluxes tends to maintain a constant Bowen
ratio, we derive approximate solutions of the ordinary differential equations of a simplified atmospheric boundary-layer (ABL)
model. Neglecting the early morning transition, the potential temperature and specific humidity of the mixed layer are found
to be linearly related to the ABL height. Similar behaviour is followed by the inversion strengths of temperature and humidity
at the top of the ABL. The potential temperature of the mixed layer depends on the entrainment parameter and the free-atmosphere
temperature lapse rate, while the specific humidity also depends on the free-atmosphere humidity lapse rate and the Bowen
ratio. The temporal dynamics appear only implicitly in the evolution of the height of the boundary layer, which in turn depends
on the time-integrated surface sensible heat flux. Studying the limiting behaviour of the Bowen ratio for very low and very
large values of net available energy, we also show how the tendency to maintain constant Bowen ratio during midday hours stems
from its relative insensitivity to the atmospheric conditions for large values of net available energy. The analytical expression
for the diurnal evolution of the ABL obtained with constant Bowen ratio is simple and provides a benchmark for the results
of more complex models. 相似文献
5.
Mean Profiles of Moisture Fluxes in Snow-Filled Boundary Layers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Profiles of moisture fluxes have been examined for convective boundary layers containing clouds and snow, using data derived from aircraft measurements taken on four dates during the 1983/1984 University of Chicago lake-effect snow project. Flux profiles were derived from vertical stacks of aircraft cross-wind flight legs taken at various heights over Lake Michigan near the downwind shore. It was found that, if ice processes are taken into account, profiles of potential temperature and water content were very similar to those presented in past studies of convective boundary layers strongly heated from below. Profiles of total water content and equivalent potential temperature adjusted for ice were nearly invariant with height, except very near the top of the boundary layer, suggesting that internal boundary-layer mixing processes were rapid relative to the rates at which heat and vapour were transported into the boundary layer through entrainment and surface fluxes. Ice was found to play a significant, measurable role in boundary-layer moisture fluxes. It was estimated that 40 to 57% of the upward vapour flux was returned to the surface in the form of snow, converting about 45 to 64% of the surface latent heat flux into sensible heat in the snow-producing process. Assuming advective fluxes are relatively small (thought to be appropriate after the first few tens of km over the lake as suggested by past studies), the boundary layer was found to warm at a rate faster than could be explained by surface heat fluxes and latent heat releases alone, the remainder of the heating presumably coming from radiational processes and entrainment. Discussions of moisture phase change processes throughout the boundary layer and estimates of errors of these flux measurements are presented. 相似文献
6.
A model for the time and space variation of the internal boundary-layer height over a land area with an irregular coastline is presented. It is based on the analytical model of the boundary-layer height proposed by Gryning and Batchvarova (1990) and Batchvarova and Gryning (1991), The model accounts for the temperature jump and the mean vertical air motion at the top of the internal boundary-layer. Four cases from experiments in Nanticoke and Vancouver are used for model validation. The agreement between the calculated and measured internal boundary layer height at the observational sites is fairly good. The input information for the model consist of wind speed and direction, friction velocity and kinematic heat flux in time and space for the area, and the potential temperature gradient and the mean vertical air motion above the internal boundary layer. For the experiments used in the validation the effect of subsidence is relatively important in the afternoon under low wind speed high pressure conditions, lowering the height of the internal boundary layer by up to 10%, and it is negligible in the morning hours. The effect of the mixing height over the sea is found to be negligible. 相似文献
7.
Cyrille Flamant Jacques Pelon Bart Brashers Robert A. Brown 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,93(1):47-73
The internal thermal boundary layer developing over the Mediterranean during a cold-air outbreak associated with a Tramontane event has been studied by means of airborne lidar, in situ sensors, and a modelling approach that consisted of nesting the University of Washington (UW) planetary boundary-layer (PBL) model in an advective zero-order jump model. This approach bypasses some of the deficiencies associated with each model: the absence of the dynamics in the mixed layer for the zero-order jump model and the lack of an inversion at the PBL top for the UW PBL model. Particular attention is given to the parameterization of the entrainment flux at the PBL top. Values of the entrainment closure parameter derived with the model when matching PBL structure observations are much lower than those derived with standard zero-order jump models. They also are in good agreement with values measured in different meteorological situations by other studies. This improvement is a result of the introduction of turbulent kinetic energy production in the mixed layer. 相似文献
8.
Interaction between soil hydrology and boundary-layer development 总被引:14,自引:1,他引:14
A two-layer model of soil hydrology and thermodynamics is combined with a one-dimensional model of the planetary boundary layer to study various interactions between evolution of the boundary layer and soil moisture transport. Boundary-layer moistening through surface evaporation reduces the potential and actual surface evaporation as well as the boundary-layer growth. With more advanced stages of soil drying, the restricted surface evaporation allows greater sensible heat flux which enhances boundary-layer growth and entrainment drying.Special individual cases are studied where the wind speed is strong, solar radiation is reduced, transpiration is important, the soil is thin, or the soil is covered with organic debris. 相似文献
9.
Some of the most widely used slab model formulations for applications in the convective boundary layer are analysed and discussed. Three main classes are identified based on different approximations of the turbulent kinetic energy equation. The models appear to be quite insensitive to the initial values for boundary-layer height, and temperature discontinuity at the boundary-layer top. The slab models are applied to a case of sea-land transition from the literature, and a case of convective boundary layer time evolution over a homogeneous terrain at San Pietro Capofiume (Bologna, Italy). The different parameterisations turn out to be almost equivalent for the cases studied. The models generally underpredict the value for the height, while all give very good estimates for the mean mixed-layer temperature. 相似文献
10.
Impact of Boundary-Layer Processes on Near-Surface Turbulence Within the West African Monsoon 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Fabienne Lohou Frédérique Saïd Marie Lothon Pierre Durand Dominique Serça 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2010,136(1):1-23
High frequency measurements of near-surface meteorological data acquired in north Benin during the 2006 West African monsoon
seasonal cycle, in the context of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) experiment, offer insight into the
characteristics of surface turbulence in relation to planetary boundary-layer (PBL) processes. A wide range of conditions
is encountered at the lower and upper limits of the PBL: (i) from water-stressed to well-fed vegetation, and (ii) from small
to large humidity and temperature jumps at the PBL top inversion, due to the Saharan air layer overlying the monsoonal flow.
As a result, buoyant convection at the surface and entrainment at the PBL top play very different roles according to the considered
scalar. We show that, when the boundary-layer height reaches the shear level between the monsoonal and Harmattan flows, the
temperature source and humidity sink at the boundary-layer top are sufficient to allow the entrainment to affect the entire
boundary layer down to the surface. This situation occurs mainly during the drying and moistening periods of the monsoon cycle
and affects the humidity statistics in particular. In this case, the humidity turbulent characteristics at the surface are
no longer driven solely by buoyant convection, but also by entrainment at the boundary-layer top. Consequently, the Monin–Obukhov
similarity theory appears to fail for the parameterisation of humidity-related moments. 相似文献
11.
Studies of entrainment across the top of the boundary layer rely to a great extent on identification of the boundary-layer
top, inversion properties, entrainment-zone depth, and the temporal changes in all of these. A variety of definitions and
techniques have been used to provide automated and objective estimates; however, direct comparisons between studies is made
difficult by the lack of consistency in techniques. Here we compare boundary-layer depth, entrainment-zone thickness, and
entrainment rate derived from several commonly used techniques applied to a common set of large-eddy simulations of the idealized,
dry, convective boundary layer. We focus in particular on those techniques applicable to lidar backscatter measurements of
boundary-layer structure. We find significant differences in all the quantities of interest, and further that the behaviour
as functions of common scaling parameters, such as convective Richardson number, also differ, sometimes dramatically. The
discretization of the possible values of some quantities imposed by the vertical grid is found to affect some of the results
even when changes to model resolution does not affect the entrainment rate or scaling behaviour. This is a particular problem
where entrainment parameters are derived from a single mean profile (e.g. the buoyancy-flux profile), but not where they are
derived from the statistical properties of large numbers of individual profiles (e.g. the probability distribution of the
local boundary-layer top at each model grid point). 相似文献
12.
Arnold F. Moene Berenice I. Michels Albert A. M. Holtslag 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,120(2):257-274
For the presentation and analysis of atmospheric boundary-layer (ABL) data, scales are used to non-dimensionalise the observed quantities and independent variables. Usually, the ABL height, surface sensible heat flux and surface scalar flux are used. This works well, so long as the absolute values of the entrainment ratio for both the scalar and temperature are similar. The entrainment ratio for temperature naturally ranges from −0.4 to −0.1. However, the entrainment ratio for passive scalars can vary widely in magnitude and sign. Then the entrainment flux becomes relevant as well. The only customary scalar scale that takes into account both the surface flux and the entrainment flux is the bulk scalar scale, but this scale is not well-behaved for large negative entrainment ratios and for an entrainment ratio equal to −1. We derive a new scalar scale, using previously published large-eddy simulation results for the convective ABL. The scale is derived under the constraint that scaled scalar variance profiles are similar at those heights where the variance producing mechanisms are identical (i.e., either near the entrainment layer or near the surface). The new scale takes into account that scalar variance in the ABL is not only related to the surface flux of that scalar, but to the scalar entrainment flux as well. Furthermore, it takes into account that the production of variance by the entrainment flux is an order of magnitude larger than the production of variance by the surface flux (per unit flux). Other desirable features of the new scale are that it is always positive (which is relevant when scaling standard deviations) and that the scaled variances are always of order 1–10. 相似文献
13.
Resolved Versus Parametrized Boundary-Layer Plumes. Part II: Continuous Formulations of Mixing Rates for Mass-Flux Schemes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The conditional sampling of coherent structures in large-eddy simulations of the convective boundary layer (Couvreux et al.
Boundary-layer Meteorol 134:441–458, 2010) is used to propose and evaluate formulations of fractional entrainment and detrainment
rates for mass-flux schemes. The proposed formulations are physically-based and continuous from the surface to the top of
clouds. Entrainment is related to the updraft vertical velocity divergence, while detrainment depends on the thermal vertical
velocity, on buoyancy and on the moisture contrast between the mean plume and its environment. The proposed formulations are
first directly evaluated in simulations of shallow clouds. They are then tested in single-column simulations with the thermal
plume model, a mass-flux representation of boundary-layer thermals. 相似文献
14.
A. van de Boer A. F. Moene A. Graf D. Schüttemeyer C. Simmer 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2014,152(1):19-44
We present a method to detect influences of boundary-layer processes on surface-layer measurements, using statistics and spectra of surface-layer variables only. We validated our detection method with boundary-layer measurements. Furthermore, we confirm that Monin–Obukhov similarity functions fit well to temperature-variance data obtained at two different homogeneous surfaces. However, we found that humidity variance measurements deviate from the universal functions above one of the two studied surfaces for days on which entrained air reached the surface layer. These results confirm that Monin–Obukhov similarity theory should be used with care in the analysis of surface-layer data. Finally, we propose the use of an extra term in flux-variance relations that depends on the entrainment ratio for humidity and on the boundary-layer height. If boundary-layer measurements are not available, we show how the entrainment ratio for humidity can be approximated from the skewness of the humidity distribution. 相似文献
15.
16.
Aggeliki Dandou Maria Tombrou Klaus Schäfer Stefan Emeis Anna P. Protonotariou Elissavet Bossioli Nikolaos Soulakellis Peter Suppan 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2009,131(3):425-440
An attempt is made to correlate the mixing heights, derived from ceilometer and Sodar measurements, to those simulated by
different atmospheric boundary-layer parameterization schemes. The comparison is performed at two sites (one suburban and
one rural) close to Munich, Germany for two spring and two winter days. It is found that, under convective conditions, the
mixing height determined, by both Sodar and ceilometer, corresponds to the middle or the top of the entrainment zone, respectively,
as calculated from the eddy-viscosity profiles. Under stable conditions, the measured mixing height is related to the height
where eddy viscosities attain their minimum values (Sodar) or to the height of residual mechanical turbulence (ceilometer).
During a foehn case with weak turbulence, the measured mixing height from both Sodar and ceilometer is better inferred by
considering the eddy-viscosity profiles during daytime and the height of the low-level jet during nighttime. 相似文献
17.
A. G. M. Driedonks 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1982,22(4):475-480
Jump or slab models are frequently used to calculate the depth of the convectively mixed layer and its potential temperature during the course of a clear day. Much attention has been paid theoretically to the parameterization of the budget for turbulent kinetic energy that is required in these models. However, for practical applications the sensitivity of the solutions of the model equations to variations in the entrainment formulation and in the initial and boundary conditions is also very important. We analyzed this sensitivity on the basis of an analytical solution for the model which uses the well-known constant heat flux ratio. The initial conditions for the mixed-layer height (h) and potential temperature (
m
) quickly lose their influence. Only the initial temperature deficit is important. The mixed-layer temperature at noon on convective days is insensitive to the entrainment coefficient c. It is governed by the integral of the heat input and by the stable lapse rate. A change in c from 0.2 to 0.5 leads to a variation of 20% in h. This is not very much considering the accuracy in the determination of h from actual observations. 相似文献
18.
Observations and Large-Eddy Simulations of Entrainment in the Sheared Sahelian Boundary Layer 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Guylaine Canut Fleur Couvreux Marie Lothon David Pino Frédérique Saïd 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2012,142(1):79-101
At the top of the planetary boundary layer, the entrainment of air, which incorporates dry and warm air from the free troposphere
into the boundary layer, is a key process for exchanges with the free troposphere since it controls the growth of the boundary
layer. Here, we focus on the semi-arid boundary layer where the entrainment process is analyzed using aircraft observations
collected during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis experiment and large-eddy simulations. The role of the entrainment
is specifically enhanced in this region where very large gradients at the planetary boundary-layer top can be found due to
the presence of the moist, cold monsoon flow on which the dry, warm Harmattan flow is superimposed. A first large-eddy simulation
is designed based on aircraft observations of 5 June 2006 during the transition period between dry conditions and the active
monsoon phase. The simulation reproduces the boundary-layer development and dynamics observed on this day. From this specific
case, sensitivity tests are carried out to cover a range of conditions observed during seven other flights made in the same
transition period in order to describe the entrainment processes in detail. The combination of large-eddy simulations and
observations allows us to test the parametrization of entrainment in a mixed-layer model with zero-order and first-order approximations
for the entrainment zone. The latter representation of the entrainment zone gives a better fit with the conditions encountered
in the Sahelian boundary layer during the transition period because large entrainment thicknesses are observed. The sensitivity
study also provides an opportunity to highlight the contribution of shear stress and scalar jumps at the top of the boundary
layer in the entrainment process, and to test a relevant parametrization published in the recent literature for a mixed-layer
model. 相似文献
19.
Zbigniew Sorbjan 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2009,130(1):57-69
We propose improvements in the “non-local” parameterization scheme of the convective boundary layer. The countergradient terms
for components of the momentum fluxes are introduced in a form analogous to those for other scalars. The scheme also includes
explicit expressions for entrainment fluxes of momentum, temperature, and humidity. A simplified procedure for calculating
the boundary-layer height is proposed, consisting of two steps: the evaluation of the convection level, followed by the assessment
of the depth of the interfacial layer. 相似文献
20.
Alan K. Betts 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1994,71(3):235-245
The limiting surface Bowen ratios are calculated which maintain mixed-layer saturation pressure and relative humidity, both with and without boundary-layer entrainment. The equations are formally the same as those of Culf (1994) for equilibrium evaporation, but differ numerically because the coefficients are calculated at the mixed-layer saturation temperature (at the lifting condensation level) rather than at the surface temperature. The diurnal cycle over land is used to illustrate the value of these constraints. 相似文献