肺部孤立性小结节病变的CT表现及鉴别诊断

目的讨论肺部小结节的良恶性病变的影像表现及鉴别诊断. 材料与方法搜集经手术证实的肺部小结节病变共17例(直径〈3.0cm〉,男性11例,女性6例,年龄38-83岁,平均63.2岁.采用PQ5000螺旋CT机进行螺旋扫描,7例进行增强扫描,其中5例进行三维重建结果 17例病变中恶性病例12例,良性病例5例,恶性病变中腺癌8例,鳞癌2例,转移癌2例,良性病变中结核3例,炎性结节2例CT征象包括分叶征14例,胸膜凹陷征7例,血管集束征8例,毛刺征14例,密度不均匀者13例.结论 CT扫描对于鉴别肺部良恶性小结节病灶有重要价值.     

CT灌注成像及动态增强扫描在肺部结节影像诊断中的价值初步探讨

目的：探讨CT动态增强扫描及灌注成像在肺部结节影像诊断中的价值。材料与方法：对34例肺部结节（恶性结节17例,良性结节11例,活动性炎症结节6例）进行单排螺旋CT动态增强扫描。对45例肺部结节（恶性结节24例,良性结节13例,活动性炎症结节8例）进行双排螺旋CT灌注扫描及动态增强扫描。对增强扫描病例绘出三类型结节的动态增强时间-密度曲线;对灌注扫描病例用随机灌注软件进行分析处理,得出病灶感兴趣区血流量、血容积、平均通过时间及血管表面通透性,比较三类型结节各灌注参数之间的差异。结果：良性结节动态增强时间密度曲线低平,CT值增加约10Hu;活动性炎性结节之时间密度曲线为速升速降型,CT增强值增加约62Hu;而恶性结节为速升慢降型,CT值增加约46Hu。恶性结节和活动性炎性结节的血容积及血管表面通透性值高于良性结节,良性结节的血容积值一般小于6.5mL·100g^-1,血管表面通透性值小于30mL·min^-1·100g^-1）。结论：CT灌注成像可以提供肺内结节的血流灌注的定量信息,CT动态增强扫描及灌注成像有助于肺内结节的鉴别诊断。     

探讨宝石CT靶重建模式显示活体肺组织结构的优势

目的:比较肺CT靶重建（局部小扫描视野（FOV）薄层CT成像）和常规肺CT图像的质量以及对正常活体肺结构的显示情况。方法:对74例受检者分别行常规肺CT扫描（5mm）及靶重建（FOV 20cm,层厚1.25mm）。两名放射科医师分别判定常规肺CT成像、正常肺野小FOV薄层CT成像的图像质量:肺小叶结构、肺动静脉-支气管分支的显示（1～4级）及判断信心强度;3级和4级图像以小FOV薄层CT成像（1.25mm）显示数较多者作为标准,进一步判断常规肺CT扫描（5mm）成像的敏感性,两名观察者间的一致性做Kappa检验。结果:1级和2级图像质量在常规肺CT扫描和肺小FOV薄层CT成像间无统计学意义;3级和4级图像质量,肺小FOV薄层靶重建CT成像明显优于常规肺CT扫描,在两名观察者间均有统计学差异（P<0.05）;参照肺小FOV靶重建成像,常规肺CT扫描（5mm）成像,3级图像敏感性分别为97.1%、98.6%;4级图像敏感性分别为80.8%和85.3%。诊断信心水平明显提高（P<0.05）。在肺小FOV靶重建CT成像、常规肺CT成像上的图像质量的判断,两名观察者间具有较好的一致性（k=0.717,0.746）。结论:肺小FOV薄层CT成像较常规CT图像,能增加正常肺微细结构的显示能力和增加观察者判断信心。      

螺旋CT扫描高分辨薄层对肺内微小结节诊断的评价

本文通过对２０例小于１ｃｍ的肺内微小结节病灶的分析，比较了螺旋ＣＴ扫描，常规ＣＴ扫描，及胸部平片在临床应用的价值，认为螺旋ＣＴ扫描高分辨薄层重建可以提高肺内微小结节的检出率，并有利于研究结节的内部，边缘和结节的周围情况，从而对早期肺癌的定性诊断和鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

CT和检验指标对浸润倾向肺腺癌的诊断模型建立

目的:根据多排螺旋CT肺部亚实性结节(SSN)三维重建的定量参数、血液肿瘤标志物和血常规指标,建立用于判断有浸润倾向肺腺癌的多参数诊断模型.材料与方法:回顾性纳入107例接受薄层CT扫描,术后行组织学检查,并做了血液肿瘤标志物和血常规检查的患者.评估指标包括患者年龄、性别;SSN在CT三维重建中的最大径、总体积、实性成...     

自适应统计迭代重建技术在髋关节64排CT低管电流检查中的应用

目的：探讨自适应统计迭代重建（ASIR）技术在髋关节64排CT低管电流检查中的应用。方法：106例髋关节64排螺旋CT扫描患者,随机选取53例患者采用常规管电流220 m As扫描,并采用滤过反投影（FBP）方式重建。另外53例患者采用低管电流50 m As扫描,并采用30%ASIR技术。对两组髋关节图像的辐射剂量和图像质量进行评价,并比较不同重建图像在同一层面的图像噪声值和信噪比。结果：常规管电流组与低管电流组的CT剂量指数（CTDIvol）分别为（15.55±0.20）m Gy、（3.56±0.15）m Gy,低管电流组平均CTDIvol较常规管电流组降低77.1%;常规管电流组与低管电流组的剂量长度乘积（DLP）分别为（297.82±2.9）m Gy·cm、（67.59±3.3）m Gy·cm,低管电流组平均DLP较常规管电流组降低77.3%,低管电流组与常规管电流组相比,辐射剂量大大降低（P〈0.05）。常规管电流组图像质量评分为优、良、差的患者分别为49、4和0例;低管电流组图像质量评分为优、良、差的患者分别为42、11及0例。两组图像的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。图像噪声值分别为31.44、44.29,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。图像信噪比分别为11.03、10.06,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：ASIR技术应用于64排螺旋CT髋关节低管电流扫描,大幅降低辐射剂量的同时,图像质量也能满足临床诊断的需要。     

CT扫描参数及重建算法对胸部CT值影响的在体研究

目的：探讨不同扫描参数及重建算法对在体胸部各组织CT值的影响。方法：在不同CT扫描条件下测量人体胸部的气管、血管、肺、椎体与肌肉的CT值。分别设定6组不同扫描参数及重建算法：S1层厚5 mm、50%多模型自适应迭代重建技术（ASIR-V）、低剂量;S2层厚5 mm、滤波反投影（FBP）、常规剂量;S3层厚1.25 mm、50%ASIR-V、低剂量;S4层厚1.25 mm、50%ASIR-V、常规剂量;S5层厚1.25 mm、FBP、低剂量;S6层厚1.25 mm、FBP、常规剂量。扫描的辐射剂量采用两种噪声指数（NI）来进行控制,包括低剂量（NI=40）和常规剂量（NI=10）。采用t检验或秩和检验分析比较不同的两个组之间CT值的差异。结果：扫描剂量仅对气管CT值的影响具有统计学意义,对其他组织CT值无影响;扫描层厚与重建算法对胸部各个组织CT值的影响均未见统计学差异。结论：人体胸部组织CT值受CT层厚、重建算法和CT剂量的影响小,具有良好的稳定性。     

螺旋CT三维重建技术及临床应用

目的：是探讨螺旋ＣＴ三维重建技术的临床应用价值。材料与方法：为１０５例三维重建检查人分为三组：血和性病变，骨骼病变和肺内结节，扫描技术和造影剂参数按受检部位范围和病变性质具体设计。三维重建采用最大强度投影或／和表面成像显示。结果；得到全部病例都能清晰显示病变在三维立体空间的实际大小，形态，位置及周围组织结构的立体解剖关系。     

基于两种AI软件对肺结节的诊断价值评价研究

目的：探讨两种AI软件在≥5 mm肺结节中的临床应用价值。方法：选取2021年6月至2021年10月延安大学附属医院体检肺结节患者92例（共483个结节）。AI软件检测到的结节由影像学医师进行评估并记录其个数及结节类型;人工阅片由两名高年资影像学医师进行视觉评估,并以此作为识别结节的金标准。计算两个软件的检出率、假阳性率和假阴性率,评价两种AI软件的结节诊断价值;卡方检验和Fisher精确检验来比较不同软件与金标准之间的差异;最后,评价两种AI软件联合对肺结节的诊断价值。结果：软件A和软件B结节检出率为92.1%和87.0%;软件A与人工阅片的吻合度一般（Kappa=0.213）,软件B与人工阅片的吻合度较弱（Kappa=0.150）;软件A相比人工阅片对实性结节和钙化结节的检出有统计学差异;软件B相比人工阅片纯磨玻璃结节的检出有统计学差异;联合两种AI软件结节的检出率为97.1%,两种软件的联合与人工阅片比,结节类型的检出没有统计学差异。两种AI软件联合与人工阅片的吻合度较好（Kappa=0.439）。结论：两种AI软件联合会提高结节诊断及分类分析的能力;推荐联合诊断的方法用于临床,...     

多层螺旋CT在踝关节外伤诊断中的应用

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）在踝关节外伤中的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析21例踝关节扭伤后行X线平片（DR）及MSCT检查的患者影像资料。结果：确诊骨折20例,MSCT扫描检查共检出骨折46处,包括内踝13例,外踝17例,胫骨下端前结节4例,后踝12例,均可清晰显示骨折线走行及骨折块大小、移位情况。DR共检出骨折37处。结论：MSCT可准确对踝关节外伤所致骨折做出诊断,尤其可清晰显示胫骨下端前结节及后踝骨折情况。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.