对豆荚状铬铁矿床成因的认识

文章提出豆荚状铬铁矿床不是上地幔局部溶融后的残余物，而是亏损地幔又经部分溶融形成的溶体发生液相不混溶，导致硅酸盐岩浆和富铬矿浆的形成。当比重不同高度分馏的溶体在上升过程发生了分离，轻熔体上升侵入于岩浆房、重熔体和铬铁矿浆，就地堆积或贯入围岩形成豆荚状铬铁矿床。豆荚状铬铁矿的伴生围岩纯橄岩，不是高度亏损的上地幔残余，可能是与铬铁矿浆伴随的一种硅酸盐熔体 。与大量纯橄岩脉伴随的基性岩、超基性岩脉，也属     

豆荚状铬铁矿床的研究现状及进展

豆荚状铬铁矿床是工业上冶金级铬铁矿石的最主要来源,对于其成因研究依然是各国地质学家最为关注的热点之一。文章着重概述了近年来国内外地质学者对豆荚状铬铁矿床成因研究的现状和最新进展。最新研究表明,显生宙以来的豆荚状铬铁矿床具有一定的成矿专属性,主要赋存于蛇绿岩套底部(壳-幔边界,即岩石莫霍面)地幔橄榄岩中的一定层位中。世界上含矿的地幔橄榄岩普遍具有垂直熔融分带特征,即上部偏基性,下部偏酸性。豆荚状铬铁矿床与纯橄岩-方辉橄榄岩相密接相关,却很少见有豆荚状铬铁矿床产于二辉橄榄岩中。豆荚状铬铁矿的成矿作用经历了由洋中脊(MOR)扩张环境向岛弧体系俯冲环境的转变过程,而岛弧环境(岛弧、弧后盆地、弧前盆地等)是形成冶金级豆荚状铬铁矿的最为有利的构造环境。富铬铬铁矿与纯橄岩、玻安岩(Boninite)均为亏损地幔橄榄岩再次高度熔融的最终产物,而玻安岩普遍产于岛弧环境。虽然玻安岩不是铬的有效载体,但玻安岩的熔离促使铬铁矿达到进一步的富集。铬铁矿中的铬来自原始地幔,主要来自于地幔橄榄岩中两种辉石的不一致熔融及其对副矿物铬尖晶石的改造。随着部分熔融程度的增高,地幔橄榄岩逐渐向富镁方向演变,而对应的造矿铬尖晶石也逐渐向富镁、富铬方向演变。     

中国蛇绿岩型铬铁矿的研究进展及思考

中国广泛分布有不同时期的蛇绿岩。相对于全球一些大型蛇绿岩铬铁矿床(如 Kempirsai,Bulquiza,Guleman 等), 我国同期蛇绿岩中赋存的铬铁矿床规模都较小(如萨尔托海,东巧,罗布莎等)。近年来的研究认识到绝大多数成矿的蛇绿 岩都形成于俯冲带上覆岩石圈。熔 - 岩反应是目前用来解释豆荚状铬铁矿成因的流行假说,但仍然不能解释铬元素的有效 富集过程——即铬铁矿矿床的形成过程。高铬含量是岛弧玄武岩原始岩浆的特征,但与成矿要求的铬含量相差甚远;岛弧 原始玄武岩浆结晶出富铬尖晶石,有利于成矿,但这个岩浆演化和相平衡过程仍然难以造就具有工业意义的矿体、矿床。 那么存在形成富铬熔体的机制吗?又如何运移这些富铬熔体并集中结晶成矿?这些仍然是豆荚状铬铁矿成因的关键问题, 有待于进一步思考研究。     

再论西昆仑库地蛇绿岩及其构造意义

近年从事西部造山带,特别是西昆仑造山带研究的国内外地质学家,对库地蛇绿岩的发生时限、环境及其构造演化讨论较热烈。原因是:它很可能是中国较早发生的古蛇绿岩之一,涉及青藏高原北缘是否存在“原(古)特提斯(ProterozoicTethys)”大洋以及地质历史早期板块构造演化特征、Rodinia古陆的裂解-聚合等问题,讨论焦点是对该蛇绿岩发生的时限和形成环境的判别、认识问题。本文结合历次对该蛇绿岩的观察,重点就最近该蛇绿岩中石英辉长岩的锆石SHRIMP-Ⅱ测年给出510Ma±4Ma及其构造意义作一简要报道。     

蛇绿岩豆荚状铬铁矿床研究进展与展望

赋存于蛇绿岩中的豆荚状铬铁矿床是全球铬资源的主要来源之一，具有重要战略及经济价值。目前关于豆荚状铬铁矿床的成因尚存分歧。本文总结了全球豆荚状铬铁矿床在矿床地质和矿床地球化学方面的共性特征，以及豆荚状铬铁矿床的成矿模型。这些模型在解释豆荚状铬铁矿矿床成因时还存在一些问题，如成矿母岩浆的地幔源区特征、形成条件、性质，难以限定成矿母岩浆的通量，如何精细刻画地幔中Cr及铬铁矿迁移-富集过程，俯冲动力学过程对成矿有何贡献，等。针对这些问题，未来的工作可聚焦于熔体包裹体研究、探索矿体下部是否存在深部岩浆房、熔-岩反应及流体搬运铬铁矿的实验岩石学及热力学模拟研究，以及探索与俯冲过程密切相关的成矿因素。     

对豆荚状铬铁矿床成因及评价准则的新认识

产于蛇绿岩套地幔橄榄岩中的豆荚状铬铁矿床，有高铬及高铝两种类型；前者属于ＰＰＧ蛇绿岩系列，后者属于ＰＴＧ蛇绿岩系列。作者的最新研究成果表明，高铬型铬铁矿是原始地幔岩高度熔融再造的产物。高熔系指随熔融程度的增高，原始地幔岩中的单斜辉石斜方辉石，借助于不一致熔融转变为橄榄石和铬尖晶石，导致了纯橄的形成。     

库地铬铁矿地质特征及西昆仑北蛇绿岩带铬铁矿成矿远景探讨

西昆仑地区是国内最重要的超基性岩出露区之一,原生的铬铁矿均与超基性岩有关.库地蛇绿岩中发现了具工业意义的铬铁矿体,以库地蛇绿岩铬铁矿为典型矿床,对整条西昆仑北蛇绿岩带进行成矿远景探讨,以期对该区域铬铁矿找矿工作起指导作用.     

豆荚状铬铁矿床研究回顾与展望

豆荚状铬铁矿是蛇绿岩的特征性矿产,对其成因的认识还存在较大的分歧,包括:（1）早期岩浆熔离;（2）地幔熔融残余;（3）熔体-岩石反应.豆荚状铬铁矿及其围岩地幔橄榄岩中大量异常地幔矿物群的发现,引起了地质学家对其形成过程的重新思考.回顾了铬铁矿的研究,借助pMELTS热力学软件模拟浅部地幔过程,使用定量化的方法限定这些过程对豆荚状铬铁矿形成的贡献,通过一个新的角度讨论其形成.初步模拟结果显示,单独的地幔部分熔融、熔体分离结晶以及拉斑质熔体与亏损地幔的反应等过程形成的铬铁矿,无论在数量还是品位上都难以达到矿床水平,暗示豆荚状铬铁矿的形成可能为多种作用耦合的结果,或与深部地幔作用有关.      

西昆仑库地蛇绿岩铬铁矿中铬尖晶石化学特征及其地质意义

库地蛇绿岩属于西昆仑早古生代蛇绿岩带,主要由变质橄榄岩、堆晶橄榄岩、基性火山岩和石英岩等组成.库地蛇绿岩体具有较好的岩相分带,其中纯橄岩相与辉橄岩相中产出豆荚状铬铁矿.与其他岩相对比,铬铁矿具有最高的Cr2O3含量、最大的Mg#值和最小的Fe#值,表明铬铁矿形成于富Mg的环境,且经历了更高程度的部分熔融.利用铬铁矿(铬尖晶石)矿物的化学成分,得出铬尖晶石的结晶温度为1366～1404℃,平均1379℃;压力为2.98～3.03GPa,平均3.00GPa;地幔部分熔融程度F为17.33%～18.84%,平均18.28%.结合已有的研究成果,推测库地蛇绿岩的基底橄榄岩单元源区为石榴石二辉橄榄岩,形成于亏损的软流圈地幔,对应的大地构造位置为消减带之上岛弧环境.     

西藏罗布莎蛇绿岩豆荚状铬铁矿石中的合金成分

从西藏雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带的罗布莎豆荚状铬铁矿床中 ,揭示出包含 70～ 80种矿物的一个地幔矿物群 ,其中特别引人注意的是含有多种合金。本文报道了已发现的合金类型和它们的化学成分。这些合金矿物主要通过人工重砂选矿提取的 ,少数合金在矿石光片中可以见到。本文报道的部分合金系有 :Ni(Fe) - C- Cr系 ,W-Cr- Co系 ,Al- Fe- L a系 ,Fe- Si- Ti系 ,Ag- Sn- Si系 ,Ni- Ir- Fe系 ,Fe- Pd- Pt系 ,Fe- Ni- C系。这些碳化物、金属硅以及铁合金等表明它们形成于还原环境 ,然而主岩铬铁矿石则形成于氧化环境 ,认为罗布莎铬铁矿是从玻安质岩浆中结晶的。这样合金矿物可能是外来晶体 ;或者它们形成于地核被后来上升的地幔柱带到浅部 ,包在铬铁矿中 ;或者是滞留在地幔中的成核物质后来被铬铁矿捕获。     

藏南罗布莎蛇绿岩豆荚状铬铁矿中的铂族元素和贱金属合金

铂族元素和贱金属合金矿物选自西藏南部罗布莎蛇绿岩的豆荚状铬铁矿石中,包括Os-Ir、Os-Ir-Ru、Pt-Fe、Ir-Ni-Fe、Fe-Ni-Cr和Fe-Co,它们都具有成分上的广阔变动.此外还见到少量的金刚石、石墨、SiC和未定名的Cr-C、Fe-Si等合金;自然Fe、Ni、Cr、Cu和Si.这些合金和自然元素矿物是选自于铬铁矿的人工重砂样品中,但是有些矿物呈包裹体或呈连晶与铬尖晶石共生.它们大多为半自形和它形的颗粒状矿物,偶有完好晶体保存,矿物粒径0.05~0.5 mm.有些矿物颗粒呈浑圆形,认为是液态乳滴.富Ru的铂族元素合金,Fe-Ni、Fe-Co合金,以及自然铁和自然镍,可以被解释成由铂族硫化物蚀变物.但是Pt-Fe、Os-Ir、Ir-Ni-Fe、FeSi合金、自然Si、FeO(方铁矿)等,认为是来自地幔的外来(捕虏)晶体,是被地幔柱搬运到浅部的,最后被铬铁矿浆捕获并成为其包体.     

Crystallization of Podiform Chromitites from Silicate Magmas and the Formation of Nodular Textures

Abstract: Podiform chromite deposits consist of numerous individual accumulations of chromite in the mantle sequences of ophiolites, suggesting formation in separate, mini-magma conduits in the upper mantle. They may show unique nodular and orbicular textures. Simple mixing of two distinct magmas, invoked for chromite deposits in layered intrusions, is inadequate to explain the formation of podiform chromite deposits. More likely, melt/rock interaction triggers the precipitation of chromite by addition of newly-formed droplets of melt to the main body of magma passing through a conduit, a process similar to that of magma mingling but involving a turbulent, moving magma so that newly-formed melt droplets behave like snowballs. These droplets concentrate chromite to form an outer shell and, while the magma is moving upwards, less dense silicate melts are squeezed out of the droplets as the shell collapses to form a nodule. Upon cooling, both orbicular and nodular textures are preserved in the chromitite.     

遵化豆荚状铬铁矿岩浆流变学性质

对遵化豆荚状铬铁矿中250个铬铁矿豆体的形态、大小、向椭球体转变的程度等统计分析表明,豆体在上升期间与岩浆作用的过程中伴有由等轴体(近似为球体)向椭球体转变的过程。其主要原因是豆体在相对岩浆运动的过程中,豆体的表面与岩浆之间的粘滞摩擦造成的。粘滞摩擦力的大小、作用于豆体表面的时间又取决于岩浆的粘度、豆体相对于岩浆的沉降速度、豆体半径的大小及岩浆上升的速度,所以这些因素将决定豆体变形(磨蚀、椭球化)的程度。因此,可用豆体与岩浆相互作用的物理过程来模拟豆体的变形特点,而反过来据实测的豆体变形程度数据又可推算岩浆真实的上升速度。     

Podiform Chromitites in the Luobusa Ophiolite (Southern Tibet): Implications for Melt-Rock Interaction and Chromite Segregation in the Upper Mantle

The Luobusa ophiolite in the Indus—Yarlung Zangbo sutureof southern Tibet hosts the largest known chromite deposit inChina. The podiform chromitites occur in a well-preserved mantlesequence consisting of harzburgite with abundant lenses of dunite.The harzburgites have relatively uniform bulk-rock compositionswith mg-numbers [100 Mg/(Mg + Fe)] ranging from 89 to 91 andshow flat, unfractionated, chondrite-normalized platinum groupelement (PGE) patterns. Their accessory chromite varies widelyin cr-number [100Cr/(Cr + Al)] (18–66). These rocks areessentially residua left after extraction of mid-ocean ridgebasalt (MORB)-type magmas. The podiform chromitites displaynodular, massive, disseminated and banded textures and typicallyhave dunite envelopes that grade into the surrounding harzburgiteand diopsidic harzburgite with increasing pyroxene contents.They consist of relatively uniform chromite with high cr-numbers(74–82), have strongly fractionated, chondrite-normalizedPGE patterns with enrichment in Os, Ir and Ru relative to Rh,Pt and Pt, and are believed to have formed from a boniniticmagma produced by a second stage of melting. Dunites containaccessory chromite intermediate in composition between thoseof harzburgite and chromitite and are believed to be the productsof reaction between new boninitic magmas and old MORB-type peridotites.The melt-rock reaction removed pyroxene from the peridotitesand precipitated oli-vine, forming dunite envelopes around thechromitite pods. The melts thus became more boninitic in compositionand chromite saturated, leading to precipitation of chromitealone. The interplay of melt-rock interaction, chromite fractionationand magma mixing should lead to many fluctuations in melt composition,producing both massive and disseminated chromitites and phaselayering within individual podiform bodies observed in the Luobusaophiolite. KEY WORDS: boninitic magmas; dunite envelope; melt—rock interaction; MORB peridotities; podiform chromitites ^*Corresponding author. Present address: Department of Geology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont, Canada P3E 2C6.     

Modification of the High-Pressure-Type Chromites into the Low- Pressure-Type: Petrological Investigation of the Podiform Chromitites in the Luobusa Ophiolite, Tibet

<正>The podiform chromitites in the Luobusa ophiolite,Southern Tibet,have received much attention because of the presence of ultrahigh-pressure minerals,such as microdiamonds(Bai et al.,1993;Yang et al.,2007;Xu et al.,2009),coesite(Yang et al.,2007)and highly reduced metal phases(Bai et al.,2000;Robinson et al.,2004).The     

Subduction Initiation for the Formation of High-Cr Chromitites in the Kop Ophiolite,NE Turkey

正The Kop ophiolite in NE Turkey,representing a forearc fragment of Neo-Tethys ocean,mainly consists of a paleoMoho transition zone(MTZ)and a harzburgitic upper mantle unit.The Kop MTZ locally contains cumulate     

Petrology and PGE Abundances of High‐Cr and High‐Al Podiform Chromitites and Peridotites from the Bulqiza Ultramafic Massif,Eastern Mirdita Ophiolite,Albania

The Bulqiza ultramafic massif, which is part of the eastern Mirdita ophiolite of northern Albania, is world renowned for its high-Cr chromitite deposits. High-Cr chromitites hosted in the mantle section are the crystallized products of boninitic melts in a supra-subduction zone (SSZ). However, economically important high-Al chromitites are also present in massive dunite of the mantle-crust transition zone (MTZ). Chromian-spinel in the high-Al chromitites and dunites of the MTZ have much lower Cr# values (100Cr/(Cr+Al)) (47.7–55.1 and 46.5–51.7, respectively) than those in the high-Cr chromitites (78.2–80.4), harzburgites (72.6–77.9) and mantle dunites (79.4–84.3). The chemical differences in these two types of chromitites are reflected in the behaviors of their platinum-group elements (PGE). The high-Cr chromitites are rich in IPGE relative to PPGE with 0.10–0.45 PPGE/IPGE ratios, whereas the high-Al chromitites have relatively higher PPGE/IPGE ratios between 1.20 and 7.80. The calculated melts in equilibrium with the high-Cr chromitites are boninitic-like, and those associated with the high-Al chromitites are MORB-like but with hydrous, oxidized and TiO2-poor features. We propose that the coexistence of both types of chromitites in the Bulqiza ultramafic massif may indicates a change in magma composition from MORB-like to boninitic-like in a proto-forearc setting during subduction initiation.     

Diamonds and Highly Reduced Minerals from Chromitite of the Ray-Iz Ophiolite of the Polar Urals: Deep Origin of Podiform Chromitites and Ophiolitic Diamonds

<正>The Uralide orogenic belt is a major early Paleozoic suture zone extending more than 3000 km in a N-S direction,and geographically divides Europe from Asia(Chemenda et al.,1997).Ophiolites,podiform chromitites and high pressure metamorphic rocks are well developed in the orogenic belt(Leech and Ernst,2000).The Ray-Iz