Influence of Total Solar Irradiance on the Earth’s Climate

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The results of analysis of variations in the total solar irradiance in the 17–24th solar activity cycles and their relation to the climate global warming are...     

Features of the Earth’s Solar Climate Changes in the Present Epoch

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - Calculated insolations of the Earth are analyzed. The main trends in the modern solar climate change are identified: increased latitudinal contrast and smoothed seasonal...     

Dynamics of the Annual Variation in the Climate Variables of the Earth’s Atmosphere and Their Relation to Solar Activity

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - In this article, the dynamics of the annual variation in the mean monthly values of temperature and precipitation is studied via the expansion of series into natural...     

New Methodology for Computation of the Earth’s Polarizability from Telluric Borehole Logging Measurements Taken at Different Frequencies

An important approach for computation of the earths polarizability is achieved by developing a novel method with new parameters called Natural Percent Frequency Effect (NPFE) and Natural Metal Factor (NMF) resulting from telluric logging data taken at different frequencies. The essential advantage of the developed approach relies on using natural electrical currents instead of an artificial electrical source usually needed in the standard frequency domain applied in the induced polarization method. Furthermore, a good qualitative correlation has been found between the new parameters and those of the traditional induced polarization method obtained in time and frequency domains. The new method has been tested in well 32 in the Rouez mine in France, where sulphide mineralization is well known to occur.     

Model of muon generation in the Earth’s atmosphere

The muon fluxes on the Earth’s surface and at depths of 7, 20, and 40 m of water equivalent are calculated based on a simple model of pion generation by primary particles with different energies. This generation model is based on the known concepts of multiple pion production. The model parameters are compared with the data obtained using accelerating machines.     

The Effects of Solar Eclipse of August 1, 2008 on Earth’s Atmospheric Parameters

Several experiments were undertaken at Kolkata (latitude: 22°34′N, longitude: 88°30′E) on the solar eclipse day of August 1, 2008 to observe the effects of the solar eclipse on Fair Weather Field (FWF) and VLF amplitude and phase. The experimental results presented here show significant deviations of the observed parameters from their normal values, as they are determined by the average of the records obtained on 5 days adjacent to the day of the solar eclipse.     

Method for Determining the Ultimate Strain for Rocks of the Earth’s Crust from the Magnitude of Relative Slips on the Earth’s Surface after a Strong Earthquake

The ultimate strain value for rocks in aggregate with their other physicomechanical characteristics plays a substantial role when solving different problems related to the bearing capacity and behavior of soils. These include determination of the maximum displacement, velocity, and acceleration values of soils during earthquakes and estimation of the potential strain energy accumulated in a medium during strong earthquake preparation. The latter parameter is also key in predicting earthquakes from the ultimate strain of rocks. The paper describes a technique developed by the author for determining the ultimate strain of soil columns under natural conditions from their relative slope on the surface after a strong earthquake. The empirical dependences of the ultimate strain of rocks on earthquake magnitude, relative slip, rupture length, and the seismic moment are obtained by analyzing their values calculated by the proposed method for 44 strong earthquakes with magnitudes of 5.6–8.5. A comparative analysis of the ultimate strain values obtained by other researchers by geodesic triangulation is performed.     

Features of the Solar Wind Plasma Flow around the Earth’s Magnetosphere

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The change in the properties of the solar wind flow as it crosses the bow shock wave front and moves in the Earth’s magnetosheath are discussed. Solar wind data...     

60-Year Cycle in the Earth’s Climate and Dynamics of Correlation Links between Solar Activity and Circulation of the Lower Atmosphere

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - Possible causes of the ~60-year periodicity observed in climatic characteristics and the evolution of long-term correlation links between the circulation of the lower...     

Impedances for induction soundings of the Earth’s mantle

Determination of impedances is necessary in order to eliminate some shortcoming of our knowledge about structures of the exciting source fields and their fickleness. The experimental impedances for induction soundings result from the impedance boundary conditions or heuristic models. The simplified models give just a rough idea of their domain of applicability. Impedances can depend on many factors, including the exciting field structures of several source types which are present in the period range of the mantle soundings (10⁴−4×10⁸ s). The problem in the mantle investigations arises if impedances measured by different methods have to be jointly inverted in order to essentially prolongate the analyzed period range and hence to increase the reliability and depth of induction soundings on land. The subject of our work is an analysis of the known magnetotelluric and magnetovariation impedances to suggest a physically substantiated approach for their joint inversions.     

Application of the radial basis function neural network to the short term prediction of the Earth’s polar motion

By a number of test cases using different sample numbers and sample lengths, we obtain a Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) model that is suitable for the short-term forecast of polar motion, especially for the ultra-short-term forecast. By using the same data sample of Earth’s polar motion, this RBFNN model can achieve better short-term prediction accuracy than the least-squares+autoregressive (LS+AR) method, and better ultra-short-term prediction accuracy than the LS+AR+Kalman method. Using this model to forecast the polar motion data from January 1, 2002 to December 30, 2007 and from January 1, 2010 to December 30, 2016, respectively, experimental results show that the ultra-short-term forecast accuracy of this RBFNN model is within a precision of 3.15 and 3.08 milliseconds of arc (mas) in polar motion x direction, 2.02 and 2.04 mas in polar motion y direction; the short-term forecast accuracy of RBFNN model is within a precision of 8.83 and 8.69 mas in polar motion x direction, and 5.59 and 5.85 mas in polar motion y direction. As is stated above, this RBFNN model is well capable of forecasting the short-term of polar motion, especially the ultra-short-term.     

Electrification of Dielectric Satellites under the Influence of Electron Flows of the Earth’s Radiation Belts

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The effect of electron fluxes from the Earth’s radiation belts on satellites made of dielectric materials is studied theoretically. Spherical shaped nanosatellites...     

Towards a More Realistic Depiction of the Earth’s Surface on Maps

In 2000, the shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) produced the most complete, highest resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of the Earth. These data were used to create global 3″ DEM and to correct 30″ DEM which are both available on the internet. After a careful survey in the Institute of Geodesy and Cartography, Poland, these elevation data were recognized as extremely valuable and worth developing a unique form of visualization. As a result, a new design of a physical map of Europe at scale of 1:10 million was developed. For depicting the shape of the terrain, an original modification of combined shaded relief was employed, to reveal all the nuances of elevation data. True colors of the Earth’s surface represented on the map originated from MODIS satellite image. The combination of true colors and terrain features made a realistic map, showing the landscapes as if from a point above the Earth. The image of the terrain is extremely detailed as it is based on the abundance of data defining the elevation of each point of land.     

Bursts of Auroral-Hiss VLF Emissions on the Earth’s Surface at L ~ 5.5 and Geomagnetic Disturbances

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - We have studied the geomagnetic conditions during the occurrence of auroral-hiss VLF emissions on the Earth’s surface in the form of noise bursts at frequencies...     

Monitoring of solar proton events at altitudes up to 1000 km: Data from the Russian space experiments. Solar proton effects in the Earth’s ozonosphere

The paper illustrates the opportunities provided by the use of data from Russian satellite experiments (CORONAS and Universitetsky-Tatiana of Meteor series) on the measurement of fluxes and spectra of solar cosmic rays at altitudes of 370–1000 km for simulation of the ozonosphere state. The results of photochemical simulation and observational data analysis showing the influence of solar protons on polar ozonosphere and lower ionosphere in periods of solar proton events (SPE) on November 4, 2001, October 28, 2003, and January 16, 2005 are presented. It is shown that the solar proton action causes ozone depletion in the mesosphere above the polar regions. The strongest depletion (up to 70%) was caused by the SPE that occurred on October 28, 2003.     

Seismic response to electromagnetic sounding of the Earth’s lithosphere

The seismic catalogues of 1967?C2008 for the Bishkek geodynamical test site are analyzed for the purpose of studying the response of seismic activity to the electromagnetic sounding of the Earth??s crust during two series of field experiments with high-power controlled sources. The first series of the experiments, which were carried out in 1982?C1990, utilized the pulses provided by a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator. The sounding signals in the second series of the experiments (2000?C2005) were generated by the capacitor-thyristor source ERGU 600-2. In these experiments, temporal variations of the set of statistical parameters characterizing the seismicity, which are typically used in the studies of the background and transient modes of seismicity, were investigated in a selected spatial domain within 150 km from the current electrodes. In terms of time, the analysis was conducted on two levels of detail. The study on a temporal scale of a few years was focused on the variations that preceded, accompanied, and followed the series of the experiments, while the day-scale analysis considered variations that were observed within 10 days after each sounding event. The day-scale analysis yields the following results. The slope of the frequency-magnitude diagram of the earthquakes (b value) during the sounding events is substantially larger than its background value. The slope of the graph gradually becomes gentler within about a day and a half after termination of sounding. The seismic activity slightly enhances during the interval of sounding and abates after its termination to a minimum, which corresponds to the interval of decreasing b value. This character of variations in seismicity differs from the scenario previously established for other transitional seismic regimes. The analysis on a temporal scale of a few years revealed variations in the studied parameters of the seismicity, some of which fall in both sounding intervals of 1983?C1990 and 2000?C2005. However, these variations are not unique; their character and durations suggest their being associated with the processes of preparation and after effects of the strong earthquakes that occurred in the vicinity of the sounding dipole.     

Two-Dimensional Phenomenological Model of Ring Current Dynamics in the Earth’s Magnetosphere

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The dynamics of ring current protons with variable boundary conditions in the inner magnetosphere during a magnetic storm has been studied. The spatial and temporal...     

Application Study on Correction Method for Lag of Water Level Response to Earth Tide and Atmospheric Pressure

INTRODUCTIONBased onthe results gathered after manyyears of seismic groundwater observation,itisfoundthatthe water level in deep wells responds to the earth’s tide and atmospheric pressure and changesaccordingly,not onlyin amplitude ,but also in the phase lag by different degrees .Some phase lagslast onlyfor several minutes ,while some last aslong as more than one hour (Zhang Zhaodong,1988 ;Wang Chengmin,1990) .The result of this theoretical research shows that the phase lag response to…     

Global Cloud Cover and the Earth’s Mean Surface Temperature

The well-known 11-year cycle in low cloud cover amount for Solar Cycle Number 22 and the trend with time for Solar Cycle Number 23 are interpreted as being due to similar changes, but of opposite phase, in the mean global surface temperature of the Earth. An analysis of cloud amounts in two higher altitude bands shows that they, and the surface temperature, are roughly in phase with each other. The suggested mechanism to explain this result is that a warming of the Earth’s surface causes low clouds to rise and to be reclassified in the next upper category. The energetics of the process are shown to be satisfactory for this to be the correct explanation.     

Studying the Dynamics of Cosmic Dust Flux on the Earth’s Surface from Peat Deposits

Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth - Peat cores sampled from different climatic zones are studied. The petromagnetic and microprobe methods are used to find peat layers enriched with cosmic...