杭州湾跨海大桥对钱塘江河口水流的影响

通过河工模型试验,研究建设在潮汐河口的特大型桥梁——杭州湾跨海大桥对水环境产生的影响。杭州湾跨海大桥河工模型上边界选在老盐仓,下边界定在金山,平面比尺为1000,铅直比尺为100,模拟总水域面积约2200km2;模型运用2000年9月杭州湾实测水下地形及大范围同步水文测验资料进行了验证,其精度较高。在此基础上,结合实测资料分析,运用定床模型试验对杭州湾跨海大桥建成后附近水域流态的变化及对钱塘江涌潮、上游行洪等的影响进行了分析和预测。建桥前后潮位、流速流向、潮流量以及涌潮高度等试验数据的变化表明,杭州湾跨海大桥建成后对钱塘江河口水流的影响主要在桥位近区,对涌潮、上游行洪基本没有影响。     

岱山—洋山跨海通道水沙环境影响数值模拟研究

杭州湾是世界闻名的强潮河口,具有不规则的岸线边界、独特的地形地貌特征和复杂的水动力泥沙环境。岱山—洋山跨海通道位于杭州湾湾口水域,将岱山与洋山近35 km连通,实现了上海—洋山—岱山—舟山—宁波跨海通道的全线贯通,其建设具有非常重要的意义。基于考虑波浪作用的潮流泥沙数值模型,讨论了岱山—洋山跨海通道几种工况对杭州湾大范围海域水沙环境的影响。研究结果表明：跨海通道实施后潮位变化在大桥轴线附近较为敏感,远离则基本没有影响,高低潮位变化幅度大多在2 cm以内。杭州湾涨落潮量减小小于0.6%。水流流态和水下地形仅在大桥附近水域存在明显变化。从对杭州湾水沙环境影响角度考虑,岱山—洋山跨海通道几种工况均可行,建议关注桥墩和人工岛附近的局部冲刷问题。     

金塘大桥桥轴线优化及建桥对水流和航道的影响

金塘大桥跨越灰鳖洋,连接金塘岛沥港镇与宁波镇海新泓口,全长18.5 km,为舟山连岛工程的主体.该大桥工程所在海域潮汐为非正规浅海半日潮,历年最大潮差为3.67 m,多年平均潮差为1.91 m;潮流呈往复流特征,且基本平行于峡道走向.金塘大桥水域东侧微冲,西侧微淤,深泓摆幅较小,深槽稳定.在海床演变分析的基础上,运用数学模型进行了桥轴线的优化,由实体定床与动床模型探讨了建桥对水动力的影响.数学模型选用2002年3月和11月实测水文测验资料对模型进行率定和验证.物理模型选取中值粒径为0.2 mm的塑料沙作为动床试验的模型沙,选用2002年11月实测水文测验资料对定床模型进行验证,选用2002年11月和2003年4月两次水下地形资料对动床模型进行河床冲淤验证,验证精度均满足相关规范要求.研究结果表明,以推荐的方案建桥对桥位近区的潮位、流速与潮量的影响均较小.建桥后,下游高潮位有所抬高,上游高潮位有所降低;上游低潮位有所抬高,下游低潮位略有降低.由于桥墩的阻水作用,使该桥所在海域海流流速整体上略有减小,减小量一般在5%以内;桥墩间因海流集中使流速有所增加.建桥使主航道航深有所增加,桥位近区与远区分别冲刷0.6～0.8 m和0.1～0.2 m;西航道桥轴线近区冲刷0.4～0.5 m,远区淤积0.1～0.2 m.建桥对甬江口、金塘锚地、七里屿锚地均无明显的不良影响,对北仑港区基本没有影响.     

高含沙量岛屿海域冲刷槽的成因及其建港意义——以杭州湾湾口北部洋山海域为例

采用 1999年 1～ 2月实测水文泥沙资料 ,1996年 10月底质调查资料以及 1998年水下地形测图 ,对洋山海区岛屿间水流、泥沙及水下地貌特征进行研究。分析表明 ,洋山海域属淤泥质海岸带的中等潮差近岸水域 ,缘于基岩为主体的岛屿与大流速的水流间的相互作用 ,其基本特征为大流速、多通道、高含沙量以及浅滩 (岛屿 )与深槽间布的水下地形 ,从潮量对比看 ,其主要潮汐通道南北岛链间通道为涨、落潮流共同作用且以落潮流为主的通道 ,小洋山 -镬盖塘通道为涨潮流通道 ,镬盖塘 -大岩礁通道为落潮流通道。基于以上认识 ,港口整体布局类型可分为人工岛型和单通道型 ,而布置起步工程时 ,应注意其附近小洋山 -镬盖塘通道以涨潮流为主的特性 ,为减少对原始流场影响 ,以布置在小洋山岛西南侧为佳。     

杭州湾海域50年一遇波浪数值模拟研究

杭州湾外围海域岛礁众多,波浪传播机制复杂。为了了解该海域的波浪分布特征,采用MIKE 21 SW模块建立了杭州湾海域波浪数值模型,利用实测波浪资料对模型进行了验证,结果表明该模型适用于模拟杭州湾海域的波浪传播。利用1970—2002年嵊山海洋站实测极值波浪资料推算50年一遇波浪要素,将其作为模型边界条件,对杭州湾海域50年一遇的设计波浪进行了模拟,并对该海域的波浪传播特征进行了分析。结果表明,杭州湾内波高较之外海明显减小,外围众多岛礁起到了很好的遮挡保护作用。     

高含沙量岛屿海域冲刷槽的成因及其建港意义—以杭州湾湾口北部洋山海域为例

采用1999年1－2月实测水文泥沙资料，1996年10月底质调查资料以及1998年水下地形测图，对洋山海区岛屿间水流、泥沙及水下地貌特征进行研究。分析表明，洋山海域属淤泥质海岸带的中等潮差近岸水域，缘于基岩为主体的岛屿与大流速的水流间的相互作用，其基本特征为大流速、多通道、高含沙量以及浅滩（岛屿）与深槽间布的水下地形，从潮量对比看，其主要潮汐通道南北岛链间通道为涨、落潮流共同作用且以落潮流为主的通道，小洋山－镬盖塘通道为涨潮流通道，镬盖塘－大岩礁通道为落潮流通道。基于以上认识，港口整体布局类型可分为人工岛型和单通道型，而布置起布工程时，应注意其附近小洋山－镬盖塘通道以涨潮流为主的特性，为减少对原始流场影响，以布置在小洋山岛西南侧为佳。     

杭州湾北部实测波浪特征

为了解杭州湾北部波浪特性,利用杭州湾北部一年实测波浪资料,统计分析该地区的波参数变化特征,运用回归分析获得波参数之间的相关关系,并用谱参数及波谱形态分析了实测波浪频谱的变化特性。结果表明,与杭州湾南部海域波浪特性明显不同之处是热带气旋对本观测水域波浪的影响强度大于冬季季风的影响强度,较大波浪主要由热带气旋引起,并且路径相似的热带气旋在杭州湾南、北部测点引起的最大波浪其参数较为接近。研究水域常浪向分布在东东北至东南向,强浪向主要分布在东东北方向。研究成果可为河口海湾相关工程的设计建造和沿海防灾减灾提供重要参考。     

港珠澳大桥人工岛水下滩槽演变的数值模拟与工程检验

港珠澳大桥地处伶仃洋的湾口水域,东、西人工岛分别位于伶仃洋大濠深槽两侧。人工岛水域水深流急,潮流正面冲击人工岛,易造成人工岛海域水下地形发生大的变化与调整,最终形成以人工岛为中心的局部滩槽新格局。在大桥工程设计阶段,采用伶仃洋二维潮流泥沙数学模型,对人工岛建设后的伶仃洋水沙环境和水下地形冲淤进行了模拟计算。模型预测结果表明,人工岛对伶仃洋水域的水沙环境影响集中在人工岛上、下游各5 km水域内,人工岛呈冲刷趋势,岛体上下游形成以岛为中心的梭状淤积体。人工岛建设10年前后的水下地形冲淤变化结果表明,人工岛建设引起的海床冲淤变化趋势与数学模型预测结果基本一致,此为当初采用的数学模型预测效果提供了良好的佐证。     

河口区治江围涂对杭州湾水动力及海床影响分析

自二十世纪六十年代起，钱塘江河口进行了大规模治江围涂，人类活动对杭州湾水域的影响越来越为人们关注。基于实测资料的分析和潮汐水流数学模型计算，探讨了钱塘江河口区围涂对杭州湾水域潮汐水流和海床的影响。研究成果可为钱塘江河口和杭州湾的进一步开发治理和环境保护提供科学依据。     

南黄海辐射沙脊群海域的水深遥感

南黄海的辐射沙脊群海域地形地貌复杂多变,应用遥感技术来测量其水下地形不仅有可能,而且势在必行。在对沿海及长江口门内外遥感反演水下地形研究的基础上,选择沙脊群海域中有代表性的一块水域为研究区,同步测量其水下地形和水流、悬沙含量,用实测地形和MODIS影像数据建立水深反演模型,同时分析该区域的悬沙光谱特征,选择悬沙遥感参数,以MODIS数据的水深反演模型和沙脊群水域的悬沙遥感参数为依据,建立削弱悬沙影响的水深遥感模型,从而反演出1.5×104km2的辐射沙脊群水下地形。从反演结果看,所建模型的相关系数二次方的值为0.664,F-值为18662,平均绝对误差为1.52m,平均相对误差为24%,5~15m水深段的平均相对误差只有18%,反演效果较好。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.