贵州普定后寨地下河流域岩溶水特征研究

岩溶地区由于独特的地貌地质结构,其岩溶水特也具有特殊性和复杂性,以贵州普定后寨地下河流域为例,从岩溶水形成机制出发,通过脉冲试验和降雨天然脉冲分析,论述了流域岩溶水水文特征、水化学特征以及其与流域贮水结构、地貌地质结构的相线关系以及隙流水和管流水的转化关系,这对非均一含水介质岩溶水运动研究、岩溶水文模拟及岩水资源开发利用均有一定的参考意义。     

重庆岩溶区景观格局特征分析

借用景观空间格局指数分析重庆岩溶区景观格局框架, 辨识影响景观格局的驱动因素。结 果表明： 重庆岩溶区景观分布不均匀,少数几类控制着整体景观。嵌块体几何形状较复杂,被分割 程度较低,破碎化现象不明显, 空间异质化程度低。各亚区景观多样性, 均处于最大值2.81 的中 间段, 有一种或少数几种景观类型起支配地位。人工干扰程度和丰富度依I、II 和III 区地势降低 的态势而增加, 异质化程度、不均匀性和优势度则呈相反趋势。分维数差异不明显, 形状指数变幅 较大, 不同区景观嵌块体几何形状较复杂且差异悬殊。森林景观嵌块体密度和分离度按I、II 和 III 区的顺序依次增加, 耕地、园地和居民工矿用地则分别依次减少。边界密度除了III 区水域为 63.03 外, 其余都在1.82~9.14 之间。景观整体特征I 和II 区相似, 而与III 区存在显著差异。内地 质作用在大的环境背景下控制着岩溶区景观格局特征的基本框架, 外营动力在较短时空尺度上 决定岩溶区景观格局特征的纵深态势。研究可为区域岩溶景观格局调控、景观规划和生态经济的 持续发展等宏观决策提供科学依据和理论支撑, 为岩溶区区域生态安全评价积累数据基础。     

喀斯特槽谷区表层喀斯特水化学的暴雨动态特征

喀斯特水化学是在碳酸盐岩-水-CO2气三相相互作用的开放系统中形成的,水化学变化既反映了喀斯特含水介质特点和喀斯特发育的程度,又反映了喀斯特区水土流失的进程。选择重庆市南川区南平镇兰花沟为代表,以兰花沟喀斯特动力系统观测站为依托,采用多功能自动化观测仪CTDP300,对暴雨条件下表层喀斯特泉的pH、电导率、水温和水位进行了连续自动监测。监测结果表明:1.表层喀斯特带对降雨很敏感,其喀斯特水化学明显受降雨条件的影响。在强降雨开始时,喀斯特水pH升高,水温降低、电导率降低、PCO2降低,方解石饱和指数(SIc)升高,喀斯特泉水化学表现出雨水的"活塞效应"。2.在强降雨中后期,表层喀斯特水pH、电导率、水温下降,方解石饱和指数(SIc)降低,这表明稀释作用可贯穿整个降雨过程,但在降雨后3～4 h,表层喀斯特带的高裂隙率和渗透性开始发挥作用,水动力作用和CO2效应逐渐占据主导地位。因此,降雨过程中有两个重要的作用在控制着水化学的动态变化,一是雨水的稀释作用,二是碳酸盐岩-水-CO2气相互作用。3.根据喀斯特水化学在降雨条件下不同结构的含水介质中的反应,兰花沟表层喀斯特带含水介质以管道为主。4.土地利用类型的改变也会影响到表层喀斯特水化学对暴雨的响应。     

柴达木盆地北缘冷湖四号构造油田水水化学组成及其分布特征

柴达木盆地北缘冷湖地区赋存大量深部油田水。分析结果显示,冷湖四号构造地区的油田水为CaCl_2型,具有较高Ca含量,一些成分还具有比较明显的区域分异特征。相比柴达木盆地西部,柴北缘油田水的矿化度、K、B、Li等明显偏低。油田水水化学特征系数指示了研究区地层具有良好的封闭性,主要化学组分的富集作用与浓缩作用密切相关。推测碳酸盐、硅酸盐在长期水—岩作用下的溶解对油田水主要化学成分有重要贡献,而区域断裂的发育导致少量样品中的高F含量。     

柴达木盆地北缘冷湖三号构造油田水水化学特征

油田水是沉积盆地中的重要流体,通过柴达木盆地北缘冷湖三号构造油田水水化学分析,来深入理解该地区的水化学特征并探讨其成因。研究表明,冷湖三号构造油田水的矿化程度较低且以CaCl_2型水为主,硅酸盐的溶解是油田水中的K、Mg、B、Li等元素的重要来源,而油田水中F含量的异常高值很可能与区内断裂作用有关。油田水水化学特征系数分析结果指示,冷湖三号构造油田水的演化是在较好的封闭条件和还原环境下进行的。和柴达木盆地西部相比,研究区油田水主要成分的含量低于或远低于柴达木盆地西部,K、Li、B等元素均未达到矿床的边界品位,目前尚难以利用。     

海(咸)水入侵与浅层地下水水化学特征及变化研究

利用山东莱州湾沿岸海水入侵监测剖面的水化学监测数据,从水化学指标与Ｃｌ＾－含量的关系入手,采用不同侵染程度组段钭所选定的水化学指标对Ｃｌ＾－含量作回归分析的方法,对海水入侵过程中浅层一上水水化学特征变化作了研究。研究表明,多数水化学指标及几项灌溉水质指标与侵染程度有较明显的宏观相关性,但不是简单的线性关系,两个剖面分析数据的对比揭示出莱州湾东部与南部沿岸海水入侵的区域差异性。     

基于系统动力学的中国西南岩溶区的水资源承载力——以贵州省毕节地区为例

对中国西南岩溶区水资源-生态环境-社会经济反馈关系进行分析,选取贵州省毕节地区做为研究对象,建立毕节地区水资源承载力系统动力学模型;通过动态模拟和综合调试,生成5种有效方案:传统发展型方案(方案1)、节水发展型方案(方案2)、开源与环保发展型方案(方案3)、GDP快速增长型方案(方案4)和协调发展型方案(方案5)。综合分析得出方案5是调控优化方案。对方案5对应的SD模型发展趋势做分析,为毕节地区及西南岩溶区水资源可持续利用提供决策依据。     

华南沿海地区泥石流的类型特征及其动力机制分析

通过对广东清远飞来寺、广州花都梯面、佛山南海西樵山等典型泥石流案例的分析,揭示了华南沿海地区泥石流的类型特征及其动力机制,认为泥石流的流域地貌有沟谷型和坡面型两种,流体特征以水石流和稀性泥石流居多,激发泥石流的动力主要为暴雨,属台风暴雨型;在规模上各类泥石流均为小型,但灾情严重.分析认为在华南沿海地区具有泥石流条件的区域当中,降雨量达到200 mm/d时有可能发生泥石流,降雨强度达到63～86mm/h时发生泥石流的几率极大,局部地区达到43 mm/h也有可能激发泥石流.激发泥石流与降雨强度有直接关系,日降雨量的影响为其次.     

三峡库区重庆段水土流失的时空格局特征

Soil and water loss has been the most serious eco-environmental problem in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Chongqing. In this paper the authors studied the spatiotemporal features of soil and water loss from 1999 to 2004 based on RS and GIS techniques. The results showed that: (1) The soil and water loss area decreased from 1999 to 2004. (2) Soil and water loss mainly exists in purple soil, yellow soil, limestone soil, paddy soil and yellow brown soil distributed areas. (3) The dry slope land and sparse woodland that are intensively influenced by human activities experienced most serious soil and water loss. (4) Soil and water loss in the study area indicated an obvious vertical differentiation characteristic. (5) There is a significant correlation between soil and water loss and slope. (6) There is no obvious correlation between soil and water loss and aspect. (7) Soil and water loss mainly exists in the values of R between 300 and 340 distribution area. The very-high soil and water loss has obvious correlation with R. Foundation: National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40801077; Science & Technology Research Project Supported by Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, No.KJ070811; Doctoral Fund of Chongqing Normal University, No.06XLB004; Project by Chongqing Water Conservancy Bureau Author: Li Yuechen (1974–), Ph.D and Associate Professor, specialized in the study of remote sensing application and land use/land cover change.     

Spatiotemporal features of soil and water loss in Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Chongqing

Soil and water loss has been the most serious eco-environmental problem in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Chongqing. In this paper the authors studied the spatiotemporal features of soil and water loss from 1999 to 2004 based on RS and GIS techniques. The results showed that: (1) The soil and water loss area decreased from 1999 to 2004. (2) Soil and water loss mainly exists in purple soil, yellow soil, limestone soil, paddy soil and yellow brown soil distributed areas. (3) The dry slope land and sparse woodland that are intensively influenced by human activities experienced most serious soil and water loss. (4) Soil and water loss in the study area indicated an obvious vertical differentiation characteristic. (5) There is a significant correlation between soil and water loss and slope. (6) There is no obvious correlation between soil and water loss and aspect. (7) Soil and water loss mainly exists in the values of R between 300 and 340 distribution area. The very-high soil and water loss has obvious correlation with R.     

下垫面因素对喀斯特地区水分利用效率的影响

水分利用效率是衡量陆地生态系统对气候变化响应的重要指标,而下垫面因素通过影响局部气候进而影响水分利用效率。喀斯特地区生态缺水严重且下垫面情况复杂,但目前该区域多个下垫面因素对水分利用效率的综合影响仍不明晰。论文利用MODIS GPP和ET数据集计算中国西南喀斯特地区的水分利用效率,结合岩性组合、土壤类型、土地利用类型及地表粗糙度,采用广义线性模型,揭示了下垫面因素对水分利用效率的综合影响。结果表明：研究区水分利用效率受海拔和喀斯特发育程度综合影响,在空间上从东南向西北逐渐升高。下垫面因素中岩性组合对水分利用效率的影响表现出了喀斯特与非喀斯特地区的差异,喀斯特地区的碳酸盐岩岩性组合对水分利用效率呈负向影响,纯喀斯特岩性组合比非纯喀斯特岩性组合负向影响更强;土壤类型对水分利用效率的影响受分布海拔高度差异、土壤有机质差异及喀斯特与非喀斯特地貌差异3种因素影响;土地利用类型总体上呈植被越茂盛的地类对水分利用效率的正向影响越强的趋势;地表粗糙度的增大先对水分利用效率趋正向影响,后趋于负向影响。碳酸盐岩影响土壤性质,而土壤性质和地表粗糙度共同影响植被来对喀斯特地区的水分利用效率产生综合影响。     

重庆市岩溶泉发育特征与流量控制机制分析

为给岩溶山区的经济发展和居民的生产生活提供水资源保障,论文以重庆市为例,通过查明重庆岩溶泉及其流量的发育规律和控制机制,利用1∶200000区域水文地质图和水文地质普查报告,运用水文地质勘查、统计分析和ArcGIS的空间分析等手段,在分析岩溶发育特征的基础上,分析地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造和地表水系等因素对岩溶泉发育、分布及其流量的影响。结果表明：地势起伏度范围在0~200 m时最有利于岩溶泉的发育,随着地势起伏度的增加,岩溶泉平均流量开始逐渐减少;碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩岩组岩溶泉发育密度最大,其次为灰岩与白云岩互层岩组、灰岩岩组、白云岩岩组;构造复合部位、背斜缓翼、向斜轴部、断裂构造等地质构造部位均有利于岩溶泉发育;以岩溶水水动力特征及其与当地侵蚀基准面的相互关系为依据,将重庆市的岩溶大泉划分为以下3种类型：河床型、河岸型、河源型,而岩溶大泉分布数量由多到少分别为河岸型>河源型>河床型。     

基于SD的水质型缺水区水系统的模拟分析——以上海杨浦区为例

针对雨量丰富的南方地区出现水质型缺水问题,采用系统动力学方法,对其水系统做模拟分析。以上海杨浦区为分析实例,根据其特征设立模型,包括5个子系统、6个调控参数。通过调整调控参数,运行模型得到所需的3种不同方案。在此基础上,找出影响需水系统的主要因素为:水价 、污水治理系数、节水意识、工艺改革。基于三种方案的作用参数和模拟结果,为解决水资源这一"瓶颈"问题,实现杨浦区水系统的供需平衡和区域的协调发展,提出具体的调整政策。其中,该政策的调控参考值 (对应年:1990/1995/2000/2005/2010/2015/2020)为:水价TPW=1.3/2.7/2.9/3.5/4.7/5.2/6.8;污水治理率TRWW=0.73/0.79/0.84/0.85/0.93/0.96/0.97;节水意识为INDEX1=2.5 (2005年后),INDEX2=1.021 (2005年前);工艺改革系数为TRT=1/1.1/1.28/1.35/1.5/1.65/1.66。在实施相应措施的基础上,采用协调发展方案,预测到2020年上海杨浦区总需水量约14.0×10⁹t,而预计工程供水能力可达到约13.9×10⁹t,基本达到水系统的供需平衡,实现区域水资源的协调发展。     

土地利用变化对水城盆地岩溶水水质的影响

The influence of land use and land cover on ecological environment is a focus of global change research. The paper chooses an industrial city-Shuicheng in Guizhou Province-as a study area because the karst water quality around the city is deteriorating with land use and land cover change.The natural susceptibility of karst water system is an important factor leading to karst water pollution.But land use and land cover change is also a main factor according to the chemical analysis of karst water quality and land use change. So it is a good way to protect karst water through rational planning and managing of land use and land cover.     

The influence of land use change on karst water quality of Shuicheng Basin in Guizhou Province

The influence of land use and land cover on ecological environment is a focus of global change research. The paper chooses an industrial city-Shuicheng in Guizhou Province-as a study area because the karst water quality around the city is deteriorating with land use and land cover change. The natural susceptibility of karst water system is an important factor leading to karst water pollution. But land use and land cover change is also a main factor according to the chemical analysis of karst water quality and land use change. So it is a good way to protect karst water through rational planning and managing of land use and land cover.     

典型喀斯特植被类型条件下绿水循环过程数值模拟

绿水对于喀斯特地区的生态恢复具有重要意义。从绿水循环过程入手,综合考虑冠层截留过程、土壤水分运动过程和植被蒸散发过程,建立典型喀斯特地区不同植被类型条件下的绿水循环过程模型。模型在小型人工模拟降雨实验和长时段监测数据的验证下,依托遥感和GIS手段,扩展到区域尺度,模拟了研究区2005年10月~2006年3月的绿水循环过程,结果表明:(1)研究区的绿水占了降雨量的87.4%,大部分降水通过冠层截留、蒸散发和入渗转化为绿水,供给生态用水。(2)典型喀斯特地区不同植被类型条件下绿水循环存在重要差异,随着喀斯特生态恢复和植被类型改变,生态系统把更多的降雨转化为绿水,即转化为生态用水。(3)模拟时段内的绿水贮存量呈增大趋势,不易发生干旱,是"春旱"和"夏旱"前绿水补充的重要时段。     

重庆喀斯特地区土地覆被类型对土壤特征的影响

1 Introduction The karst region of Southwest China, with Guizhou Province as the center, extends across Yunnan Province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Sichuan Province, Chongqing, western Hunan Province, Hubei Province, and Guangdong Province, coveri…     

Impact of land cover types on the soil characteristics in karst area of Chongqing

The 26 plots including natural forestland, secondary forestland, shrub-grassland, sloping cropland, artificial forest and abandoned field, were selected to discuss the impact of land cover on the soil characteristics in the three karst districts of Chongqing. The results showed that: (1) After the vegetation turned into secondary vegetation or artificial vegetation, or reclamation, soil physical properties would be degraded. In the surface-layer soil of sloping cropland, the contents of > 2 mm water-stable aggregates decreased obviously with apparent sandification. (2) The contents of soil organic matter and total nitrogen are controlled completely by vegetation type and land use intensity. The increasing trend is rather slow in the early days when over-reclamation is stopped and the land is converted to forest and pasture. (3) Herbaceous species increase and woody plants species decrease with the increase of land use intensity, therefore, the soil seed banks degrade more seriously. (4) The soil degradation index has been set up to describe the relative soil degradation degree under the conditions of different vegetation types. (5) Land cover has a significant effect on karst soil characteristics, land degradation in the karst ecosystem is essentially characterized by the different degradation of soil functions that serve as water banks, nutrient banks and soil seed banks.