Cyclic palaeokarst surfaces in Aptian peritidal carbonate successions (Taurides, southwest Turkey): internal structure and response to mid-Aptian sea-level fall

The sedimentology and cyclic stratigraphy of palaeokarst structures in Aptian peritidal carbonate successions are interpreted using field and laboratory microfacies analyses of closely spaced samples from measured outcrop stratigraphic sections in southwest Turkey. Cycles displaying shallowing-upward metre-scale cyclicity are generally composed of lime mudstones/wackestones/packestones at the bottom and stromatolites or lime mudstones with charophytes and ostracods at the top. Subaerial exposure structures such as in situ karst breccias, dissolution vugs/pipes, mud cracks and sheet cracks are encountered at the top of the cycles. The presence of limestone layers between the successive karst breccia levels indicates that they are in situ palaeokarst structures, not recent karstifications or deep penetration from the upper palaeokarst surface down to the older strata. Palaeokarst breccia deposits are interpreted as mantling breccia formed as a result of epikarstification. Three main palaeokarst levels are recorded in nearly all sections. The sedimentology of the palaeokarst breccias, their position in cyclic peritidal carbonates and the biostratigraphic framework are used to trace the record of the global mid-Aptian sea-level fall in the southwest Taurides. The successive occurrences of three karst breccia levels close to the mid-Aptian sea-level fall correspond to falling periods of high-amplitude sea-level fluctuation within a late high-stand or early fall condition of a third-order sea level.     

Sulfide‐bearing palaeokarst deposits at Lune River Quarry,Ida Bay,Tasmania

The Lune River Quarry at Ida Bay, Tasmania exposes numerous palaeokarst features developed in the Ordovician Gordon Limestone. These palaeokarst features contain carbonate and siliciclastic deposits probably representing Late Devonian to early Late Carboniferous and Late Carboniferous karstification and sedimentation. Five facies of palaeokarst deposits are recognised, namely megabreccia, graded‐bedded carbonate, laminated sandstone/siltstone, diamictite/quartz‐lithic sandstone and coarse crystalline calcite. Pyrite, dolomite and sphalerite were emplaced in the palaeokarst deposits after the Carboniferous. These deposits are probably associated with a phase of hydrothermal cave development in Exit Cave, which adjoins the quarry. Pyrite weathering accounts for the abundance of gypsum speleothems and cave breakdown in Exit Cave.     

中国南方地区奥陶系热液-岩溶改造型白云岩储层发育机理——以黔中地区下奥陶统为例

以黔中地区下奥陶统为例,通过野外剖面观测、实验分析等工作,揭示了白云岩的热液-岩溶改造特征,并探讨了其发育机理。研究区下奥陶统红花园组和桐梓组以白云岩为主,在白云岩构造裂缝和溶蚀孔洞中见白云石、方解石、沥青的充填,具有典型的斑马纹状构造。充填白云石为粗晶粒状的鞍形白云石,具有弯曲晶面和波状消光的特征,阴极发光呈现较强的红色。充填白云石的碳同位素δ~(13)C在-2.2‰~-0.8‰之间,平均值为-1.47‰,氧同位素δ~(18)O在-12.2‰~-7.6‰之间,平均值为-9.4‰,与围岩白云石相比明显偏轻。充填白云石的稀土元素具有典型的Eu正异常特征,δEu最高达91.9。根据地质演化背景和流体作用类型,奥陶系白云岩储层发育过程为:早奥陶世沉积过程中发生同生/准同生白云石化作用;中晚奥陶世至早志留世,受都匀运动影响,白云岩暴露至地表遭受岩溶作用,形成岩溶孔洞型白云岩储层;中泥盆世遭受构造热液进一步对白云岩进行的溶蚀改造,所形成的溶蚀孔洞为天然气的主要储集空间。     

黑龙江争光金矿床隐爆角砾岩特征及其地质意义

黑龙江争光金矿床位于大兴安岭东北缘的多宝山矿集区,矿体主要呈脉状产于燕山期闪长岩体与中奥陶统多宝山组的内外接触带上,受断裂构造控制明显。在野外地质调查过程中,发现了3个隐爆角砾岩体（J-1、J-2、J-3）,角砾岩体从中心向外侧有较显著的岩石类型分带,中心为热液隐爆角砾岩,向外角砾增大,逐渐过渡为震碎角砾岩。根据胶结物的不同和穿插关系可将其分为四期,最早期为硅质胶结,中期为绿泥石胶结,其次为矿质胶结,最后为灰黑色安山质胶结,其中第二期和第三期隐爆作用与矿化关系密切。通过对隐爆角砾岩地质特征的研究,结果表明在Ⅱ号矿带绿泥石胶结隐爆角砾岩体深部具有寻找与矿质胶结隐爆角砾岩有关金铜矿化体的潜力,这对争光金矿床深部及外围找矿具有一定的指导意义。     

江西九瑞矿集区硅质断裂磨砾岩带的厘定及其成岩成矿意义

在九瑞矿集区研究叠合断裂和叠加成矿作用的基础上,我们进一步详细研究了出露在洋鸡山-丁家山-望夫山一线的硅质角砾岩,指出它们不是原先认为的石炭系沉积硅质岩,而应属于一种断裂磨砾岩,并深入探究其形成过程及与成矿之关系.断裂磨砾岩是断裂分带结构成熟的标志之一,多在剪切作用和热液作用下,断裂岩石经硅化-破裂-碎裂-粉碎-研磨,形成具有一定圆度和球度,大小差异较大的磨砾或磨粒,且又会反复的集结-破碎,不断拓宽断裂构造形成磨砾-角砾岩带.本文研究的断裂磨砾岩,呈北东向展布,延长达十几千米.成分上以硅化角砾岩为主,SiO2含量一般大于90％,石英颗粒由隐晶到显晶.一些角砾岩中含Fe2O3较高,有可能是原先的硫化物经氧化形成的褐铁矿.本区洋鸡山-丁家山-望夫山一线产出的断裂磨砾-角砾岩带,很可能是燕山期构造-岩浆-成矿事件的产物.在城门山和武山铜矿,我们之前的工作己发现存在产于泥盆系五通组和石炭系黄龙组层滑构造体系中的黄铁矿角砾岩,则有可能属于海西期同生断裂活动的产物.因此,这些不同的角砾岩具有多阶段活动和叠加成矿的特征.本文还进一步指出,九瑞地区其他层位(如泥盆系与志留系之间、志留系与奥陶系之间)发育的层滑构造体系和断裂角砾岩及热液蚀变岩,也很可能是成矿有利部位,值得今后找矿工作的关注.     

塔里木盆地寒武—奥陶系主要白云岩类型及孔隙发育特征

塔里木盆地寒武系和下奥陶统白云岩广泛发育,岩石类型复杂多样。按照结构和特殊构造两大分类依据,文中将研究区白云岩归为6大类,即泥-粉晶白云岩(又按含膏与否进一步分为含膏泥-粉晶白云岩和不含膏泥-粉晶白云岩)、粉-细晶白云岩、中-粗晶白云岩、斑状白云岩、藻纹层白云岩和膏溶角砾白云岩。每类白云岩都可以其独具特色的晶体结构和/或沉积构造与其他类型相区分。在这些白云岩中发育的孔隙类型主要有6种,即窗格孔、铸模孔、晶间孔、溶孔、角砾孔及砾间溶孔和缝合线孔,其中除窗格孔为原生孔隙外,其余均属次生孔隙。就其储集意义而言,以溶孔和晶间孔最为重要,次为角砾孔及砾间溶孔,而铸模孔和窗格孔的储集意义相对次要。缝合线孔的意义主要有二:一是可改善储集岩的渗透性,二是与斑状白云岩配合还可能构成有效储集岩。     

塔里木盆地轮南地区奥陶系潜山古岩溶及其所控制的储层非均质性

低孔低渗的碳酸盐岩通过长期的地表风化淋滤、溶蚀之后可能会成为较好的油气储集岩体。本文通过钻井、测井及岩心等资料探讨轮南地区奥陶系灰岩中的古岩溶及其对储集的控制作用。研究表明,区内古岩溶主要形成于早石炭世,岩溶作用所形成的角砾岩相是重要的储集岩类,无论是在横向上或垂向上这种储集岩体均表现出强烈的非均质性。     

T72界面与塔中隆起上奥陶统碳酸盐岩古岩溶储层

T7^2界面为上奥陶统桑塔木组泥岩与良里塔格组灰岩地震反射界面,是塔里木盆地塔中、塔北隆起上奥陶统内部的一个重要构造-层序转换面,是早古生代碳酸盐台地型沉积向陆源碎屑充填沉积转换的标志.过去普遍认为两个组之间为连续沉积,界面性质系海侵上超并赋予“淹没台地”的涵义.但随着近年塔河油田南部地区的勘探和塔中隆起区北缘Ⅰ号断裂带油气富集规律性的深入研究,表明T7^2界面是一个区域性的古暴露界面和沉积间断界面.界面之下的上奥陶统良里塔格组顶面有明显的削蚀和截切现象,残存厚度在塔北、塔中之间存在极大的差异,反映塔北隆起T7^2界面的构造及风化壳岩溶作用明显强过塔中隆起.古暴露和风化壳岩溶作用导致T7^2界面之下的良里塔格组碳酸盐岩广泛发育岩溶,是塔中低凸起北缘Ⅰ号断裂构造带的主要油气藏聚集层位;在塔河南部,形成了一套厚度最大可达300m并贯穿良里塔格组与下伏恰尔巴克组、一间房组和鹰山组的古岩溶洞穴系统,造就了塔河油田今天以南部斜坡区上奥陶统良里塔格组灰岩古岩溶洞穴系统为主要油气储层的勘探大场面.     

Sphalerite-bearing detrital ‘sand’ bodies in Mississippi Valley-type zinc deposits Mascot-Jefferson City district,Tennessee

The Mississippi Valley-type sphalerite mineralization in the Mascot-Jefferson City zinc district of East Tennessee occurs as open-space fillings in breccia bodies within the upper part of the Knox Group (Lower Ordovician) which is truncated by a regional unconformity. A lower age limit of mineralization is constrained by the formation of solution-collapse breccia bodies, which are believed to be related to the post-Knox unconformity. The breccias contain irregularly distributed “sand” bodies that represent cavities filled with well-laminated and size-graded, sphalerite-bearing, detrital, internal sediments. The texture, composition, and fluid inclusion characteristics of the sphalerite, are consistent with its local derivation from the wallrocks as detrital grains. The conformability between the laminations in the sediments and the bedding planes of the host carbonate rocks suggests that the sand bodies formed prior to the regional deformation event (Alleghenian orogeny). The stylolitization of carbonate and sphalerite clasts in the internal sediments as well as the deformation of the sphalerite are also consistent with a pre-Alleghenian age for the emplacement of the main-stage sphalerite mineralization in the Mascot-Jefferson City district and, by analogy, in other Lower Ordovician-hosted Mississippi Valley-type districts of the southern Appalachians.     

A Mesoproterozoic palaeokarst on the North China Craton in the Xingcheng area of Liaoning Province,China: characteristics and significance on paleogeography

ABSTRACT

Palaeokarsts are rarely preserved and recognized from Precambrian strata. However, a Mesoproterozoic palaeokarst was recently discovered on the top of the Tuanshanzi Formation in Xingcheng, Liaoning Province, China. This palaeokarst recorded karstification fissures, three types of breccias and unique vadose filling. Four factors: no bedding fillings, vadose cements, restricted palaeokarst development, and the overlying beds without involved any karstification, supported this palaeokarst occurred before the deposition of the Dahongyu Formation. Relative sea-level changes and tectonic movement provided the essential external cause for this palaeokarst, which revealed the hiatus between the Dahongyu Formation and the Tuanshanzi Formation in the Yan-Liao Aulacogen of the North China Craton. This finding was significant and valuable for discussing the ‘Xingcheng Movement’ and unconformity contact relationships between the two formations observed around the basin. As the palaeokarst did not extend to the interior of the basin and the unconformity occurred mainly in the margins of basin, the significance of them is always underestimated. Nevertheless, this palaeokarst and other sedimentary features could represent an apparent transition of Yan-Liao Aulacogen basin evolved from rift to depression under the background of Supercontinent Columbia breakup.     

南秦岭寒武-奥陶纪碳酸岩台地演化

南秦岭早古生代碳酸岩台地属于扬子板块北部被动大陆边缘。台地经历了３个演化阶段:①下-中寒武统缓坡沉积阶段；②中寒武统-下奥陶统镶边陆棚沉积阶段；③中-上奥陶统混合陆棚沉积阶段。下志留统的进积陆源碎屑沉积淹没了全区。从台地相带的展布规律和古地理轮廓推测，早古生代时台地北侧可能存在一个已消失了的古陆。     

Superimposed deformation in seconds: breccias from the impact structure at Kentland, Indiana (USA)

Breccias from the central uplift at the Kentland, Indiana impact structure have outcrop and microscopic characteristics that give insight into events that may occur in a carbonate-dominated sedimentary sequence in the moments following hypervelocity impact. Three distinct types of brecciated rock bodies — fault breccias, breccia lenses, and breccia dikes — suggest multiple mechanisms of fragmentation. The fault breccias occur along steeply dipping faults that coincide with compositional discontinuities in the stratigraphic succession. The breccia lenses and dikes are less localized in occurrence and show no systematic spatial distribution or orientation. The fault breccias and breccia lenses show no consistent cross-cutting relationships, but both are transected by the breccia dikes. Textural analysis reveals significant differences in particle size distributions for the different breccias. The fault breccias are typically monomict, coarsest and least uniform in grain size, and yield the highest power-law exponent (fractal dimension) in plots of particle size vs. frequency. The polymict dike filling is finest and most uniform in grain size, has the lowest power-law exponent, and is locally laminated and size-sorted. SEM images of the dike-filling breccia show that fragmentation occurred to the scale of microns. Material within the breccia lenses has textural characteristics intermediate between the other two types, but the irregular morphology of these bodies suggests a mechanism of formation different from that of either of the other breccia categories. The breccia lenses and dikes both have sub-mm-scale spheroidal vugs that may have been formed by carbon dioxide bubbles released during sudden devolatilization of the carbonate country rock. Collectively, these observations shed light on the processes that occur during the excavation and modification phases of crater formation in carbonate strata — heterogeneous, polyphase, multiscale deformation accomplished over a time interval of seconds.     

Lower Miocene gypsum palaeokarst in the Madrid Basin (central Spain): dissolution diagenesis, morphological relics and karst end-products

Abstract The Miocene sedimentary record of the Madrid Basin displays several examples of palaeokarstic surfaces sculpted within evaporite formations. One of these palaeokarstic surfaces represents the boundary between two main lithostratigraphic units, the Miocene Lower and Intermediate units of the Madrid Basin. The palaeokarst formed in lacustrine gypsum deposits of Aragonian age and corresponds to a surface palaeokarst (epikarst), further buried by terrigenous deposits of the overlying unit. Karst features are recognized up to 5·5 m beneath the gypsum surface. Exokarst and endokarst zones are distinguished by the spatial distribution of solution features, i.e. karren, dolines, pits, conduits and caves, and collapse breccias, sedimentary fills and alteration of the original gypsum across the karst profiles. The development of the gypsum palaeokarst began after drying out of a saline lake basin, as supported by recognition of root tubes, later converted to cylindrical and funnel‐shaped pits, at the top of the karstic profiles. The existence of a shallow water table along with low hydraulic gradients was the main factor controlling the karst evolution, and explains the limited depth reached by both exokarst and endokarst features. Synsedimentary fill of the karst system by roughly laminated to massive clay mudstone with subordinate carbonate and clastic gypsum reflects a punctuated sedimentation regime probably related to episodic heavy rainfalls typical of arid to semi‐arid climates. Duration of karstification is of the order of several thousands of years, which is consistent with previous statements that gypsum karstification can develop rapidly over geologically short time periods.     

塔里木盆地塔中西部加里东中、晚期构造-层序结构与奥陶系碳酸盐岩储集体分布

不同级序层序界面与构造不整合面对碳酸盐岩储层发育与分布起主要控制作用。通过对塔中西部加里东中、晚期不整合面、晚奥陶世台缘结构、奥陶系碳酸盐岩Ⅲ-Ⅳ级以上层序与岩性段划分、32口区探井储层发育特征及11口探井碳酸盐岩及其少量缝洞充填物的碳氧、锶同位素的综合研究,提出了奥陶系碳酸盐岩多类型储集体发育的地质模式。其中,加里东中、晚期第一幕(T47)构造导致了台缘向台内发育顶部削截,发育高位体系和强烈的表生岩溶作用,后期为上超的海侵体系,构成了一个构造-岩性复合转换面。第二幕(T27)总体为海侵上超(角度)淹没不整合,局部高处有小规模剥蚀。中、上奥陶统台缘带向台内由垂向加积向进积作用增强,台缘带大的坡角有利于残厚较大的一间房组与良里塔格组发育与分布。塔中西北部奥陶系碳酸盐岩Ⅲ级以上高频层序和沉积旋回特征较为相似。奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞中方解石与其围岩的碳氧、锶同位素有较强的继承性,鹰山组灰岩或云(灰)岩及缝洞方解石中的δ13CPDB和δ18OPDB负偏变化较明显,与不同构造部位中的地层剥蚀强度或岩溶强度成正比。与良里塔格组灰岩与缝洞方解石中低锶特征不同,鹰山组中锶同位素87Sr/86Sr相对较高,受壳源锶影响相对较大,反映了其与良里塔格组沉积环境不同且其岩溶作用更广泛。鹰山组储集体发育主要受控于构造挤压断层相关褶皱控制下的地层(剥蚀)-不整合面分布,构成了继承性构造带、断层上盘等地貌高的"抬升剥蚀-潜流带残留型-强烈的多期岩溶叠加改造型"岩溶模式和构造带间或断裂下盘带等其他部位"抬升剥蚀-淋滤与潜流带分带不明显(局部充填)平缓弱改造型"的岩溶模式。     

碳酸盐岩表生岩溶与埋藏溶蚀比较——以塔北和塔中地区为例

表生岩溶与埋藏溶蚀是碳酸盐岩储层发育的最重要成岩作用,两者受岩石等内在因素的影响基本相同,但所受的外部主控因素差异显著。表生岩溶受构造不整合面、古构造等影响较大;埋藏溶蚀主要受断裂与深部流体控制。表生岩溶主要表现为垂向分带性明显的复杂孔洞缝网络结构,而埋藏溶蚀主要呈受断裂—裂隙控制的“V”形洞穴样式或与断裂有关的阶梯状分布。表生岩溶发育一些标型特征,如钙质壳,古土壤,铝土矿,淡红色方解石晶体,溶蚀沟、坑、天坑,新月形状、悬垂和纤维状渗滤砂或胶结物,岩溶角砾及与地下暗河有关的机械流水沉积;埋藏溶蚀往往发育与中低温热液有关的异形铁白云石、萤石、闪锌矿、磁黄铁矿等密西西比河谷型矿物以及塌陷构造、裂隙结构、不规则的角砾(化)岩体等。塔里木盆地塔北地区主要发育表生岩溶作用;塔中地区西北部不具备发育大规模表生岩溶的地质条件,以发育埋藏溶蚀作用为主。     

川西南上震旦统灯影组沉积期的暴露标志及其意义

对川西南乃至整个扬子区上震旦统灯影组的研究已有约70年的历史。以往的研究成果大致可归结为:(1)根据地层的岩石及生物特征将灯影组划分为:一段(下贫藻段)、二段(富藻层和上贫藻层)、三段、顶段(麦地坪段),其中一、二、三段的年代为晚震旦世,顶段为早寒武世;(2)从沉积学研究的角度出发,认为灯影组为潮坪环境的碳酸盐台地沉积;(3)通过生物地层学的研究,确定了大量的藻类、微古植物、小壳生物门类及其属种,以及与生物生存活动有关的生物遗迹化石。以往的研究成果无疑对我们分析、认识灯影组     

鲁西豫东地区奥陶系顶部岩溶储集层特征及有利控制因素*

基于野外露头、岩心、薄片和测录井等地质及地球物理资料分析,并结合区域地质背景,深入研究了鲁西豫东(东濮)地区奥陶系顶部峰峰组和上马家沟组岩溶储集层发育特征、演化过程,并进一步分析优质储集层形成的主控因素,预测了有利储集层分布区。结果表明,奥陶系顶部储集层主要岩性为颗粒石灰岩、云质石灰岩、泥晶石灰岩、粉细晶白云岩、含膏白云岩和藻粘结白云岩等,裂缝和溶洞是主要储集空间类型。白云岩类储集层平均孔隙度为2.5%,平均渗透率为7.43×10^-3μm²;石灰岩类储集层平均孔隙度为2.2%,平均渗透率为2.72×10^-3μm²。储集层经历了沉积—准同生期成孔(寒武纪—中奥陶世)→风化淋滤(晚奥陶世—早石炭世)→矿物充填(晚石炭世—白垩纪末期)→溶蚀改造(古近纪)4个演化阶段。沉积相、成岩作用及构造应力控制了研究区优质储集层的形成。颗粒滩及潮坪相带、断裂发育带、白云石化作用和准同生岩溶、表生岩溶、埋藏岩溶作用6项叠合区储集层质量最优;颗粒滩及潮坪相带、白云石化作用和准同生岩溶作用、表生岩溶作用4项叠合区,以及断裂发育带、表生岩溶作用、埋藏岩溶作用3项叠合区储集层质量次之;颗粒滩及潮坪相带、断裂发育带、白云石化作用和准同生岩溶作用、埋藏岩溶作用5项叠合区储集层质量一般。     

湖南石门雄黄矿区矿化角砾岩的成因类型

湖南石门界牌峪地区雄黄矿床中伴有各类矿化角砾岩。从其岩石学、岩石化学、地球化学的特征来看，它是一种由热泉气体及部分物质在封闭还原条件下产生急剧爆发形成的特殊的角砾岩群。主要成因类型有“侵入状”角砾岩、爆破角砾岩、岩溶角砾岩和崩塌角砾岩。常见多种角砾岩叠加，它们是一种极好的控矿容矿载体，具有重要的找矿意义。     

中条山地区胡-篦型层控铜矿床角砾岩的特征及成因探讨

中条山铜矿区位于华北地台南缘,与胡-篦型层控铜矿床空间上紧密伴生。且广泛发育有一套角砾岩。根据角砾岩产状可分为两个层位,一是矿体底盘角砾岩,仅分布在老宝滩—店头一带,出露规模较大,基本不含矿;二是含矿层角砾岩,分布范围广,规模较小,矿化强烈。根据角砾岩和胶结物的成分及结构特征,笔者认为本区角砾岩是与海底热液喷气活动有关的热液沉积角砾岩。     

Depth-related variation of tourmaline in the breccia pipe of the San Jorge porphyry copper deposit,Mendoza, Argentina

The San Jorge porphyry copper deposit in Mendoza, Argentina in some parts contains breccia pipes that are strongly enriched with tourmaline of the dravite–schorl solid solution series with some quartz, muscovite, orthoclase, kaolinite, Cu sulfides and arsenopyrite. The overall composition of tourmaline is rather homogeneous with an intracrystalline variation of the Fe/Mg ratio reflected by its texture, its core-rim zonation of tourmaline and by the statistical variation of the Fe/Mg ratio. The depth-related intracrystalline changes are best interpreted as a hydrothermal collapse breccia which formed as a result of the reaction of primary hydrothermal B–Fe-enriched fluids with the country rocks enriched in Mg. The chemical composition attests to only small-scale interaction of tourmaline with silicate fragments within the tourmaline breccia itself. Tourmaline as one of the ultrastable heavy minerals in stream sediment offers a potential tool to discriminate between Cu-bearing and barren breccia pipes, using the Fe/Mg ratio of the boron silicate for distinction. Fertile breccias reveal a significantly better correlation between Fe and Mg than barren tourmaline breccias.