塔河油田中下奥陶统顶面岩溶古水系对接现象及其意义

塔河油田中下奥陶统,从加里东中期到海西期,经历多期构造运动及其引起的多期岩溶作用的叠加改造,岩溶缝洞系统非常发育。岩溶作用的发生,除地层的可溶性,主要依赖于岩溶水补给-径流-排泄过程中对岩石的溶解作用和侵蚀作用。因此,判断岩溶水的运动轨迹是一种非常重要的研究方法。基于三维地震资料,利用第三代相干体技术,刻画中下奥陶统顶面的岩溶古水系,发现上奥陶统覆盖区下部依然有许多地表水系存在,并且大多与上奥陶统缺失区的古水系对接。根据现代岩溶理论,划分奥陶系岩溶层组,厘定水文地质条件,分析两种不同时期岩溶古水系的形成和消亡过程,这对恢复古岩溶发育环境,划分古岩溶发育阶段,揭示古岩溶的发育规律具有重要的意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘岐山剖面中奥陶统平凉组沉积环境分析

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘岐山剖面平凉组以碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩混积为特征,根据岩性特征可将平凉组分为七段。其中碎屑岩约占80%,主要分布在平一、三、五、七段;碳酸盐岩约占20%,主要分布在平二、四、六段。研究表明,岐山剖面平凉组属于大陆斜坡环境,是一套多旋回沉积,其中一-二段、三-四段、五-六段分别构成一个海进海退旋回,属于上斜坡-下斜坡交互沉积环境,第七段单独构成一个海进旋回。至唐陵组初期,海水开始退去。     

Ordovician eclogites from the Chinese Beishan: implications for the tectonic evolution of the southern Altaids

Numerous lenses of eclogite occur in a belt of augen orthogneisses in the Gubaoquan area in the southern Beishan orogen, an eastern extension of the Tianshan orogen. With detailed petrological data and phase relations, modelled in the system NCFMASHTO with thermocalc , a quantitative P–T path was estimated and defined a clockwise P–T path that showed a near isothermal decompression from eclogite facies (>15.5 kbar, 700–800 °C, omphacite + garnet) to high‐pressure granulite facies (12–14 kbar, 700–750 °C, clinopyroxene + sodic plagioclase symplectitic intergrowths around omphacite), low‐pressure granulite facies (8–9.5 kbar, ～700 °C, orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + plagioclase symplectites and coronas surrounding garnet) and amphibolite facies (5–7 kbar, 600–700 °C, hornblende + plagioclase symplectites). The major and trace elements and Sm–Nd isotopic data suggest that most of the Beishan eclogite samples had a protolith of oceanic crust with geochemical characteristics of an enriched or normal mid‐ocean ridge basalt. The U–Pb dating of the Beishan eclogites indicates an Ordovician age of c. 467 Ma for the eclogite facies metamorphism. An ³⁹Ar/⁴⁰Ar age of c. 430 Ma for biotite from the augen gneiss corresponds to the time of retrograde metamorphism. The combined data from geological setting, bulk composition, clockwise P–T path and geochronology support a model in which the Beishan eclogites started as oceanic crust in the Palaeoasian Ocean, which was subducted to eclogite depths in the Ordovician and exhumed in the Silurian. The eclogite‐bearing gneiss belt marks the position of a high‐pressure Ordovician suture zone, and the calculated clockwise P–T path defines the progression from subduction to exhumation.     

安徽南部下、中奥陶统紫台组碳酸盐岩微相与海平面变化

下、中奥陶统紫台组形成于华南奥陶纪生物大辐射的关键时期,其中蕴藏了一些与大辐射有关的重要信息。笔者通过对安徽南部石台丁香剖面、池州洪家剖面的紫台组进行野外实测、采样、室内切片和镜下观察与分析,共识别出9个碳酸盐岩微相,即:MF-1钙质泥岩、MF-2泥质泥晶灰岩、MF-3泥晶灰岩、MF-4腹足类—介形虫生屑泥晶灰岩、MF-5海绵骨针含生屑泥晶灰岩、MF-6含生屑泥质泥晶灰岩、MF-7生屑泥质泥晶灰岩、MF-8生屑泥晶灰岩和MF-9泥晶生屑灰岩。这些微相主要形成于深潮下带及相邻环境中。研究表明:皖南紫台组沉积时期水深波动幅度不大,且自早至晚沉积水深逐渐加大;丁香剖面由于更接近台地边缘,总体沉积水深要大于洪家剖面。在2条剖面的紫台组中识别出至少5次比较显著的海平面上升事件,它们与上扬子区海侵事件具有良好的对应关系,并可以与澳大利亚、北欧、北美、华北等板块进行对比。由此推断,区域性相对海平面变化、甚至全球性海平面变化控制着下扬子区下、中奥陶统紫台组的沉积及其变化。     

四川盆地东部黄龙组古岩溶地貌研究

作为川东地区最重要的天然气储集类型之一的石炭系黄龙组古岩溶型储层,业已引起众多油气地质工作者的重视。通过古岩溶作用标志识别和成因分析,采用残余地层厚度法、地貌法和印模法等技术手段对川东地区黄龙组古岩溶地貌进行恢复,从中划分出岩溶高地、岩溶斜坡和岩溶盆地三个岩溶地貌单元和峰丛、溶沟、落水洞、坡地、谷地、浅洼、残丘和槽地等微地貌单元,在平面上细分出七个典型的古岩溶地貌分区,并对分区内的岩溶地貌特征进行了研究,认为不同古岩溶地貌分区所处的地理位置及微地貌单元组成特征具有明显差异,从而直接影响到天然气藏的发育。在此基础上,对川东地区古岩溶及储层发育控制因素进行了分析,认为构造、气候、岩性、层位、古地形、古水文条件和不同的岩溶地貌形态影响和控制着古岩溶储层的发育与区域分布。上述研究成果将为川东石炭系古岩溶型储层评价与有利区带优选提供可靠依据。     

Ordovician Basement Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in the Tarim Basin, China

Ordovician marine carbonate basement traps are widely developed in the paleo-highs and paleo-slopes in the Tarim Basin. Reservoirs are mainly altered pore-cavity-fissure reservoirs. Oil sources are marine carbonate rocks of the Lower Paleozoic. Thus, the paleo-highs and paleo-slopes have good reservoiring conditions and they are the main areas to explore giant and large-scale oil reservoirs. The main factors for their reservoiring are: (1) Effective combination of fenestral pore-cavity-fracture reservoirs, resulting from multi-stage, multi-cyclic karstification (paleo-hypergene and deep buried) and fracturing, with effective overlying seals, especially mudstone and gypsum mudstone in the Carboniferous Bachu Formation, is essential to hydrocarbon reservoiring and high and stable production; (2) Long-term inherited large rises and multi-stage fracture systems confine the development range of karst reservoirs and control hydrocarbon migration, accumulation and reservoiring; (3) Long-term multi-source hydroc     

Provenance analysis and tectonic setting of the Ordovician clastic deposits in the southern Puna Basin, NW Argentina

Provenance studies on Early to Middle Ordovician clastic formations of the southern Puna basin in north-western Argentina indicate that the sedimentary detritus is generally composed of reworked crustal material. Tremadoc quartz-rich turbidites (Tolar Chico Formation, mean composition Q_t89 F7 L4) are followed by volcaniclastic rocks and greywackes (Tolillar Formation, mean Q_t33 F42 L25). These are in turn overlain by volcaniclastic deposits (mean Q_t24 F30 L46) of the Diablo Formation (late Arenig–early Llanvirn) that are intercalated by lava flows. All units were deformed in the Oclóyic Orogeny during the Middle and Late Ordovician. Sandstones of the Tolar Chico Formation are characterized by Th/Sc ratios > 1, La/Sc ratios ≈ 10, whereas associated fine-grained wackes show slightly lower values for both ratios. LREE (light rare earth elements) enrichment of the arenites is ≈ 50× chondrite, Eu/Eu* values are between 0·72 and 0·92, and flat HREE (heavy rare earth elements) patterns indicate a derivation from mostly felsic rocks of typical upper crustal composition. The ε_{Nd(t = sed)} values scatter around −11 to −9. The calculated Nd-T_DM residence ages vary between 1·8 and 2·0 Ga indicating contribution by a Palaeoproterozoic crustal component. The Th/Sc and La/Sc ratios of the Tolillar Formation are lower than those of the Tolar Chico Formation. Normalized REE (rare earth elements) patterns display a similar shape to PAAS (post-Archaean average Australian shale) but with higher abundances of HREEs. Eu/Eu* values range between 0·44 and 1·17, where the higher values reflect the abundance of plagioclase and feldspar-bearing volcanic lithoclasts. Average ε_{Nd(t = sed)} values are less negative at −5·1, and Nd-T_DM are lower at 1·6 Ga. This is consistent with characteristics of regional rocks of upper continental crust composition, which most probably represent the sources of the studied detritus. The rocks of the Diablo Formation have the lowest Th/Sc and La/Sc ratios, lower LREE abundances than the average continental crust and are slightly enriched in HREEs. Eu/Eu* values are between 0·63 and 1·17. The Nd isotopes (ε_{Nd(t = sed)} = −3 to −1; T_DM = 1·2 Ga) indicate that one source component was less fractionated than both the underlying Early Ordovician and the overlying Middle Ordovician units. Synsedimentary vulcanites in the Diablo Formation show the same isotopic composition. Our data indicate that the sedimentary detritus is generally composed of reworked crustal material, but that the Diablo Formation appears to contain ≈ 80% of a less fractionated component, derived from a contemporaneous continental volcanic arc. There are no data indicating an exotic detrital source or the accretion of an exotic block at this part of the Gondwana margin during the Ordovician.     

Palaeokarst development in a lower Frasnian (Devonian) platform succession,Canning Basin,northwestern Australia

Recognition of palaeokarst in the oldest exposed Devonian (Givetian ‐ lower Frasnian) platform successions of the Canning Basin reef complexes has eluded investigators for over forty years. The first evidence for palaeokarst, developed on microbial mud‐mounds in a single stratigraphic horizon, is documented and records an episode of exposure during early carbonate platform development. Surface palaeokarst features are scalloped surfaces, solution pits and a pipe, underlain by fenestral limestone with sediment‐filled fossil moulds and vugs. The platform succession has variably developed metre‐scale cycles which are composed predominantly of shallowing‐upward subtidal facies, with some cycles having fenestral peloidal mudstone caps. Changes in facies type and stratigraphic arrangement up the succession define two deepening‐upward units (～70 and 180 m thick), with the palaeokarst surface representing emergence following rapid shallowing at the top of the lower unit. The stratigraphic position of the palaeokarst between these two units suggests it may represent a sequence boundary. This may have been caused by a low‐magnitude eustatic fall or footwall‐uplift event superimposed on a rapidly subsiding basin margin.     

皖南地区奥陶系层序地层学分析

皖南东至地区奥陶系在地层分区上可以分为下扬子地层分区、过渡地层分区和江南地层分区 ,在沉积相上可分为台地、斜坡与盆地沉积。通过对位于台地、斜坡和盆地露头层序地层的研究 ,分别将奥陶纪地层自下而上划分为 3个Ⅰ类沉积层序和 2个Ⅱ类沉积层序 ,并详细分析了每个沉积层序各体系域的特征。区内的奥陶系总体为一向上变深的沉积层序 ,经历了镶边陆棚—淹没台地—浅海盆地 3个演化阶段 ,其盆地呈北西浅、南东深的沉积构造格局     

塔里木盆地西部奥陶系内部不整合

塔里木盆地西部柯坪地区奥陶系内部存在两期主要不整合。其一,位于下奥陶统蓬莱坝组与鹰山组之间,为平行不整合。该不整合在柯坪县北水泥厂剖面上缺失牙形石Glyptoconus floweri带和Tripodus proteus—Paltodus deltifer带,有大至相当于5.5Ma的地层缺失量;在乌什县鹰山北坡剖面上缺失了牙形石Glyptoconus quadraplicatus带、Glyptoconus floweri带和Tripodus proteus/Paltodus deltifer带,有相当于约7.2Ma的地层缺失量。其二,存在于上奥陶统铁热克阿瓦提组与下伏地层之间,主要为平行不整合,局部为角度不整合。古生物研究表明其间的地层缺失量变化相当大,在柯坪大湾沟、大湾沟东以及羊吉坎剖面上,不整合之下地层为印干组,地层缺失量比较少,时间间隔为1~2Ma;在阿克苏四石厂剖面和柯坪铁热克阿瓦提剖面,其下伏地层为其浪组,缺失了印干组和其浪组的上部,其时间间隔相当于约5Ma;在伽师三间房剖面,下伏地层为吐木休克组或一间房组,缺失地层的时间间隔约为15Ma;西克尔地区地层缺失量最大,铁热克阿瓦提组直接覆于中奥陶统鹰山组之上,缺失地层的时间间隔超过了20Ma。     

塔里木盆地奥陶系礁滩相储集体特征

塔里木盆地奥陶系多个地区发育礁滩相储集体。综合分析露头、岩心、岩石薄片及相关测试数据,对礁滩相储集体的发育条件及储集性能进行了研究。结果表明:礁相与滩相常以复合伴生的形式存在,根据滩相的岩性特征可将台地边缘划分为低能、相对低能、相对高能及高能4种类型,骨架礁、障积礁、灰泥丘所代表的台地边缘水动力条件依次降低。礁滩储集体基质孔渗性差,储集空间以裂缝—孔洞型为主,其次是裂缝—孔隙型、孔洞型、裂缝型和复合型。古地貌与构造控制了礁滩储集体的发育,而岩溶、构造破碎等建设性成岩作用是礁滩相灰岩形成良好储集体的必要条件。     

晚奥陶世北秦岭弧后盆地放射虫组合

陕西渭北地区旬奥陶世裂陷成深水环境９,构成北秦岭弧后盆地的一部分,接受了一套碳酸盐岩斜坡相沉积。在其下部地层首次分离出一个保存良好,属种丰富的放射虫化石化合Ｉｎａｎｉｂｉｇｕｔｔａ ａｆｆ．ｉｎｃｏｎｓｔａｎｓ－Ｓｙｎｔａｇｅｎｔａｃｔｉｎｉａ ｂｉｏｃｃｕｌｏｓａ组合,计有７科、１４属、２３种、４新种,以Ｉｎａｎｉｇｕｔｔｉｄａｅ、Ｈａｐｌｅｎｔａｃｔｉｎｉｉｄａｅ、Ｐｏｌｙｅｎｔａｃｔｉｎｉｉ     

Migration,filling history and geochemical characteristics of Ordovician natural gases in the Tahe Oilfield,Tarim Basin,Northwest China

Ordovician natural gases in the Tahe Oilfield are composed predominantly of hydrocarbon gases dominated by methane with a significant amount of heavy hydrocarbon gas component. The non-hydrocarbon gases include N₂, CO₂ and minor H₂S. The Ordovician natural gases are believed to have originated from the same source rocks, and are composite of gases differing in thermal maturity. Carbon dioxide was derived from thermal metamorphism of Ordovician carbonate rocks. The generation of natural gases involves multiple stages from mature normal oil and condensate-associated gas to thermally cracked gas at the maturity to over-maturity stages. In the main part of the Tahe Oilfield, the Ordovician natural gases appear to be filled in two major phases with a typical petroleum-associated gas from southeast to northwest and from east to west in the early stage; and a thermally cracked gas from east to west in the late stage. At the same time, the oil/gas filling boundary has been primarily established between the two stages.     

塔里木盆地玉北地区奥陶系储层成因研究

玉北地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩经历了加里东期和海西期构造作用的改造,东部断褶带和西部斜坡区断层发育,中部平台区断层不发育,导致勘探目的层鹰山组上部与鹰山组下部和蓬莱坝组储层发育特征的不同。鹰山组上部的储层主要受控于加里东期构造活动所造成的地层抬升暴露剥蚀,形成了以大气淡水溶蚀为主的储集空间类型;而鹰山组下部和蓬莱坝组储层则主要受到埋藏白云石化作用、硅化作用以及伴随着断层的形成而发育的裂缝和热液的改造作用的控制。氧碳同位素和⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr比值的分布特征也进一步证明了两种不同储层类型的主控因素。鹰山组上部洞穴中方解石的氧碳同位素值（δ¹⁸O_VPDB：-12～-4‰VPDB,δ¹³C：-3～1‰VPDB）比海水沉淀的方解石（δ¹⁸O_VPDB：-9.5～-7.5‰VPDB,δ¹³C：-1.5～0.5‰VPDB）在数值上明显偏负,说明洞穴中充填的方解石属于淡水成因。在鹰山组下部和蓬莱坝组白云岩储层中发育的鞍形白云石具有较低的氧同位素值（δ¹⁸O_VPDB：-10.7～-5.9‰VPDB）和高于海水的⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值（均大于0.7094）,因而被解释为热液成因,进一步说明这些地层中的溶蚀孔洞可能与热液改造有关。     

塔里木盆地中、晚奥陶世疑源类组合

塔里木盆地中、晚奥陶世疑源类被划分为４个组合,自下而上分别为Ｐｅｔｅｉｎｏｓｐｈａｅｒｉｄｉｕｍ－Ｂａｌｔｉｓｐｈａｅｒｉｄｉｕｍ组合,Ｂａｌｔｉｓｐｈａｅｒｏｓｕｍ－Ｄｉｃｈｏｔｉｓｐｈａｅｒａ组合,Ｎａｖｉｆｕｓａ－Ｏｒｄｏｖｉｃｉｄｉｕｍ组合及Ｄａｃｔｙｌｏｆｕｓａ－Ｌｅｉｏｓｐｈａｅｒｉｄｉａ组合。下部３个组合产于中奥陶统,代表台地—台缘斜坡相环境,最上部１个组合产于上奥陶统,代表滨海相或陆源碎屑浊积岩沉积     

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘奥陶纪沉积充填记录的关键时限及其构造意义

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘上、下古生界呈现明显的角度不整合,标志着该区卷入了加里东造山带变形。本文以盆地内奥陶纪沉积充填记录为线索,利用地层序列中沉积凝灰岩的锫石U-Pb同位素测年,结合秦岭造山带岩体年代学研究成果,探讨了秦岭加里东期构造事件的发生与发展过程。研究表明:1)奥陶系沉积时期,沉积序列经历了海侵至海退的完整旋回,中奥陶世马五期海退序列开始,晚奥陶世背锅山期海水自鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘完全退出;2)晚奥陶世平凉期至背锅山期,地层序列中凝灰岩、滑塌构造、滑塌角砾岩普遍发育,滑塌构造和滑塌角砾岩的直接触发因素是构造活动引发的地震,构造活动性明显加强;3)中奥陶世马五期海退序列的开始,孕育着秦岭洋壳板块开始向北俯冲,时限大约为475~463 Ma;4)晚奥陶世平凉期,沉积序列中重力流、滑塌构造和凝灰岩普遍发育,孕育着秦岭洋向北的俯冲碰撞进入了高峰阶段,其时限大约为454~450 Ma。     

塔里木盆地下奥陶统白云岩类型及其成因*

下奥陶统白云岩是塔里木盆地最现实的重点勘探领域。文中在分析塔里木盆地早奥陶世构造、沉积及古气候等地质背景的基础上,以前人对白云岩的结构分类为基础,从白云岩发育产状出发,将塔里木盆地下奥陶统白云岩划分为灰岩中零散白云石、灰岩中斑状白云石、层状白云岩和沿断裂分布白云岩4类,白云石含量层位上自下而上具有总体减少的趋势。各类白云岩在岩石学特征和发育分布上具有较为明显的差异,局部可重叠出现。灰岩中零散白云石和斑状白云石的岩石学和地球化学及发育分布特征均反映其主要由浅埋藏白云石化作用形成;层状白云岩和沿断裂分布白云岩形成于中深埋藏白云石化作用;各类白云岩的产状特征差异受控于沉积期海平面变化、海水性质及埋藏条件等因素。沿断裂分布白云岩的形成和分布与断裂密切相关,是重要的储集岩石类型。白云岩储集层的形成主要是后期改造的结果,埋藏白云石化作用并未对大规模白云岩储集层的形成起到建设性作用,伴生或后期流体再运移导致的溶蚀作用为其主要成因。     

塔里木盆地塔中奥陶系天然气的非烃成因及其成藏意义

塔里木盆地塔中北部斜坡带奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探取得了重大突破,发现了台缘坡折带礁滩复合体大型凝析气藏和台内岩溶风化壳大型油气藏。利用有机地化指标与构造沉积演化紧密结合对有效烃源岩及成藏过程的研究取得了较好成果,但随着勘探的纵深发展,流体分布复杂的问题日趋突出,通过天然气组分以及相关同位素等分析化验数据,进行塔中北部斜坡带奥陶系油气成藏研究,建立了"三期成藏、两期调整,早期成油、晚期注气,复式聚集、普遍含油"成藏模式,明确了塔中天然气以原油裂解气为主,强调晚期气侵是形成塔中大型天然气田的关键。     

塔里木盆地和田河气田下奥陶统白云岩成因

塔里木盆地和田河气田是最近探明的大型碳酸盐岩气田,下奥陶统主要发育两类白云岩。下部为层状白云岩,以细晶为主,阴极发光呈紫红色和蓝紫色,有序度为0.57～0.68,Sr、Na含量低,碳氧同位素偏负,成岩深度约1500m;上部斑状灰质白云岩与层状白云岩相比,晶形较粗、以中晶为主,有序度较高、为0.85～0.90,Sr偏高、Na偏低,碳氧同位素更偏负,成岩深度约2000m。通过对上述特征综合研究,认为层状白云岩形成于早期浅埋藏海水-淡水混合环境,提出斑状灰质白云岩形成于晚期深埋藏压实流-淡水混合环境,总结了两种成因机理,建立了相关的白云石化模式。     

塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶分类、期次及勘探思路

奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩已成为塔里木盆地最重要的勘探开发层系,岩溶作用则是形成优质碳酸盐岩储集层的关键因素之一。针对塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩岩溶分类方案不统一、岩溶术语界定不清楚、生产应用难度大的现状,作者分析了奥陶系不同地区、不同层位、不同时期岩溶储集层特征及岩溶发育程度的差异性,依据岩溶成因及主控因素提出了塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶分类,划分出风化岩溶、礁滩体岩溶和埋藏岩溶3大类,其中风化岩溶又分为潜山岩溶和层间岩溶2个亚类。研究指出礁滩体岩溶、层间岩溶、潜山岩溶是塔里木盆地的重要勘探岩溶类型,并以构造运动为主线将奥陶系岩溶划分为5期,开展了不同类型岩溶特征及分布规律研究,指出了3种重要类型岩溶的勘探思路。此次研究统一了塔里木盆地奥陶系岩溶分类及期次,对勘探开发生产和研究工作具有较强的指导性,具有重要的理论指导及实践应用意义。