Sorption Characteristics of Rare Earth Element Eu^3＋ onto Silica-Water Interfaces Studied by Fluorescence Spectroscopy

The sorption of Eu species onto nano-size silica-water interfaces was investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy for Ph ranges of 1-8.5 and an initial Eu concentration (Ceu) of 2×10-4 M. The sorption rate of Eu was initially low, but significantly increased at Ph>4. The sorption density of Eu species on a silica surface was ～1.58×10-7 mol/m2 when the dissolved Eu species were completely sorbed onto silica-water interfaces at Ph=～5.8. The sorbed Eu species at Ph<6 is aquo Eu3 , which is sorbed onto silica-water interfaces as an outer-sphere complex at Ph<5, but may be sorbed as an inner-sphere bidentate complex at 5相似文献   

Geochemical characteristics from tests of four modern planktonic foraminiferal species in the Indonesian Throughflow region and their implications

Test geochemistry of planktonic foraminifera is an indispensable tool in reconstructing past ocean hydrological changes. It is essential to investigate region-specific implications of test geochemistry,although those established from other regions can be broadly applied. In this study, characteristics of6180 and Mg/Ca from tests of four planktonic foraminiferal species, Globigerinoides ruber sensu stricto(s.s.), Globigerinoides sacculifer, Pulleniatina obliquiloculata and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, from 60 coretop sediment samples retrieved from the Indonesian Throughflow(ITF) region were studied. These geochemical data were compared with modern hydrographic profiles in order to assess their relations and to investigate potential implications of test geochemical parameters in reconstructing past oceanographic change in the ITF region. Calcification depths of these four species were first estimated based on comparison between measured test δ180 and predicted calcite δ¹⁸O that was calculated from modern temperature and salinity. The results indicate that G. ruber s.s. and G. sacculifer calcify within the mixedlayer at 0-50 m and 20-75 m, respectively, whereas P. obliquiloculata and N. dutertrei calcify within the thermocline at around 75 to 125 m. A combined study of excess Mg/Ca(difference between measured and predicted Mg/Ca) and salinity suggests that salinity exerts a negligible impact on test Mg/Ca of these foraminiferal species in the ITF region. Comparison of test Mg/Ca-derived temperatures with temperature profiles of the upper 200 m of the water column from the seas of the ITF region also indicate calcification depths of these species, which match well with the above estimations using test δ¹⁸O. It further indicates that G. sacculifer may be more sensitive in reflecting changes in the depth of the mixedlayer, highlighting a potential use of Mg/Ca temperature difference between G. ruber s.s. and G. sacculifer in reconstructing the depth of the mixed-layer in the ITF region.     

陇西黄土剖面的古地磁研究

The Longxi loess section is quite different from that at eastern Liupanshan Meuntains in stratigraphic structure, but with better magnetic stability than that of Luochuan loess. 43 samples were collected from the 95 m-thick Longxi loess section. Results of palcomagnetic measurement indicates that those samples taken from 0 down to 48m in.the section are normally magnetized. So there is no doubt that this part of Longxi loess was accumulated during the Brunhes epoch corresponding to the Middle Pleistocene Lishi Loess (Q2) and the Late Pleistocene Maian Loess (Q3). On the other hand, samples between 48-82 m within the section are mainly of reversed polarity, formed during the Matuyama reversed polarity epoch, corresponding to the Early Pleistocene Wucheng Loess (Q1). Jaramillo normal event was recorded at between 64-69m within this section. The starting point of loess accumulation is estimated to be about 1.15 my according to the boundary ages of polarity epochs and event and an accumulation rate of 8 cm per thousand years was obtained.     

Different mercury species in the atmosphere over the municipal solid waste landfills

Mercury （Hg） in atmosphere can indicate the air quality and the intensity of the Hg emission sources, and the potential impact of the emission source on the local, regional, and global environments. Landfill is a place where municipal solid waste is transported, dumped, spread, and buried, during these disposal processes, some Hg contained in the wastes will be released into atmosphere. This paper presents different Hg species in the atmosphere over the near surface at 5 landfills, i.e., 3 landfills in Guiyang and 2 landfills in Wuhan. Besides one operational sanitary landfill, Gaoyan, the other four landfills just present the total gaseous mercury （TGM） over 0.1 m above the ground; in the Gaoyan landfill, TGM was measured at two altitudes, 0.1 m and 2 m, and other Hg species, reactive gaseous mercury （R.GM）, total particulate mercury （TPM）, monomethyl mercury （MMHg） and dimethyl mercury （DMHg） were also monitored at 2 m above the ground. TGM was measured by Tekran 2537A mercury analyzer, RGM was collected by KCl coated denuders, TPM by quartz filters, MMHg absorbed by dilute HCl solution, DMHg absorbed by CarbotrapTM and analyzed by GC-CVAFS. The results showed that the TGM over the closed landfills has an obvious diurnal pattern, with maximum at daytime and minimum during nighttime, which reflects the Hg emission process over the landfill cover surface, the typical average TGM was about 10-30 ng/m^3 at 2 closed landfills, which was several times higher than the global background; at the soil covered part of the active landfills, TGM concentration range and variation are similar to those at the closed landfills; when the weather is clear, the highest TGM appeared at the working face and downwind of the wording face, TGM can reach up to 500 ng/m^3 at these places, but at raining days, there is no distinct discrepancy between TGM measured at the upwind and downwind of the working face.     

A New Elaterid from the Middle Jurassic Daohugou Biota (Coleoptera: Elateridae: Protagrypninae)

A new genus and species of fossil elaterid namely Clavelater ningchengensis gen. et sp. nov. assigned to the subfamily Protagrypninae based on one specimen from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation near Daohugou Village, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, northeastern China is described and illustrated. This specimen displays a pair of large antennae that easily differs from those of most Mesozoic elaterids. There are around 36 species within 20 genera referred to elateroids described from the Early Jurassic to Miocene of China, with another three species within three genera reviewed, but the taxonomic assignment of at least seven species within three genera is doubted. The systematic position of fossil elateriform beetles reported from China is reviewed and the evolution of Mesozoic elateroids briefly discussed.     

Biodegraded Oil and Its High Molecular Weight (C_(35+)) n-alkanes in the Qianmiqiao Region in the Bohai Bay Basin, Northern China

With a production of 208.2 m3/d, heavy oil was produced by drill stem test (DST) from three shallow reservoirs in Sand Group Nos. Ⅰ and Ⅲ of the Neogene Guantao Formation (NgⅠ and NgⅢ) and the Eogene Dongying Formation (Ed) in an exploratory well Ban-14-1 within the Qianmiqiao region, Bohai Bay Basin, northern China. Based on the GC and GC-MS data of the NgⅠ and NgⅢ heavy oil samples, all n-alkanes and most isoprenoid hydrocarbons are lost and the GC baseline appears as an evident "hump", implying a large quantity of unresolved complex mixture (UCM), which typically revealed a result of heavy biodegradation. However, there still is a complete series of C14-C73 n-alkanes in the high-temperature gas chromatograms (HTGC) of the heavy oil, among which, the abundance of C30- n-alkanes are drastically reduced. The C35-C55 high molecular weight (HMW) n-alkanes are at high abundance and show a normal distribution pattern with major peak at C43 and an obvious odd-carbon-number predominance with CPI37-55 and     

Evaluation of Karst Hazards for Civil and Industrial Buildings

The European part of Russia exhibits highly developed sulphate and carbonate karst. It mostly occurs within river valleys with relatively thin covering deposits. These conditions may induce karst collapses, which appear to be the main danger for civil and industrial buildings. Evolution of karst rocks includes several epochs of karst development, which causes complicated distribution of karst caves in karst rocks and, as the result, irregular distribution of karst caves on the surface. Karst hazards prediction is mostly reliable within the geotechnical system "Karst-Construction", using probability methods. This approach allows creating 3 types of antikarst protection (alternative design of construction arrangement on a plan, structural protection of a construction and plugging of karst caves beneath construction foundation) and selecting the optimum or the most effective version or their rational combination.     

Biostratigraphy and Paleoecology of Maastrichtian Sediments in the Zagros Basin, Iran

To enable the lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic study of the Gurpi Formation,within the ‘Dezak’ or Globigerina Marl,a stratigraphic section at Booraki,located to the NNW of Shiraz,SW Iran,through the late Cretaceous was examined.The formation consists of shale and greenish-gray marls interbedded with cream limestone,brown sandstones and siltstones with an exposed thickness of 160 m in the studied section.Samples were taken at regular intervals in all yielding 14 genera and 16 different species of benthic and planktic foraminifera that allowed determination of the age of the beds as Maastrichtian.To examine the paleoecology of the formation,some important ecological factors including water level,salinity,and oxygen regime change during the depositional courses of the formation were analyzed.The density of foraminiferans decreases from the base to top of the Gurpi Formation whereas the ratio of planktic to benthic Foraminifera(i.e.,P/B) and proportion of shallow-water fauna increase.These foraminiferal changes indicate an increase and decrease in depth,temperature,salinity and oxygen,respectively,at the base and top of the Formation.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111001356

A total of 103 surface sediment samples collected from the water depth range of 15—3300 m along Vijaydurg-Karwar stretch of central west coast of India were analyzed for foraminiferal content. Relict benthic foraminiferal assemblage was noted within 50—135 m water depth.The relict benthic foraminiferal assemblage that includes Amphistegina,Operculum and Alveolinetta in sediment samples within the water depth of 85—135 m indicates presence of coral reef at this depth during Early Holocene. The presence of barnacle fouling on Relict foraminifera at 60—90 m confirms the paleo-shoreline. The shallow depth zone is characterized by presence of agglutinated relict foraminifera.The agglutinated forms indicate freshwater influx,which eventually increased the sea level and subsequently deteriorated the paleo-coral reef.     

Evolution of an Ancient Large Lake in the Southeast of the Northern Tibetan Plateau

Nam Co is the largest (1920 km2 in area) and highest (4718 m above sea level) lake in Tibet. According to the discovery of lake terraces and highstand lacustrine deposits at several places in Nam Co and its adjacent areas, the authors confirm the existence of an ancient large lake in the southeastern part of the northern Tibetan Plateau. On the basis of the U-series, 14C and ESR dating, coupled with the levelling survey of lake deposits and geomorphology, the evolutionary process of the ancient large lake in the southeastern part of the northern Tibetan Plateau may fall into three stages: (1) the ancient large lake stage at 115-40 ka BP, when the ancient lake level was 140-26 m above the level of present Nam Co; (2) the outflow lake stage at 40-30 ka BP, when the ancient level was 26-19 m above the present lake level; and (3) the Nam Co stage since 30 ka BP, when the ancient lake level was < 19 m above the present lake level. During the ancient large lake stage, a large number of modern large, medium-siz     

中国昆明地区岩溶洞穴洞口带苔藓植物研究

为了研究中国西南岩溶洞穴植物区系与生物多样性特征, 作者曾两次对云南昆明地区12个岩溶洞穴进行了野外考察和苔藓植物标本采集工作。其中含昆明市石灰岩洞穴1个, 石林县石灰岩洞穴5个和宜良县白云岩洞穴6个。根据采自12个岩溶洞穴洞口带的164件苔藓植物标本研究, 本文首次报道昆明地区洞穴苔藓植物10科18属25种。昆明地区洞穴中分布较多的苔藓植物科有丛藓科( Po ttiaceae) 5属8种,凤尾藓科( Fi ssidentaceae ) 1属4种,柳叶藓科( Amblystegiaceae ) 3 属3 种和青藓(Brachytheciaceae ) 2属3种。溶洞中较常见的4种苔藓植物种类是萤光苔类植物光苔Cyathodiumcavernarum Kunze ( 见于6个溶洞中) , 小凤尾藓Fissidens bryoides Hedw ( 见于4个溶洞中) , 橙色净口藓Gymnostonum calcareum Nees et Ho rsch (见于3 个溶洞中)和长叶扭口藓Tortella tortuosa( Hedw ) Limp ( 见于3个溶洞中)。野外观察表明,受洞穴弱光环境生态因子的限制, 昆明地区洞穴苔藓植物主要生长于洞穴洞口0～ 26m带范围内; 2种丛集型藓类植物, 橙色净口藓Gymnostonumcalcareum Nees et Horsch, 和钩喙净口藓G.recurvirost re Hedw 参与洞口带钟乳石或石笋钙华沉积。      

人类和自然因素对风景旅游洞穴环境的影响研究

风景旅游洞穴的环境变化和洞穴碳酸钙景观的风化、破坏和稳定性问题已经相当严重,许多科学价值和美学价值很高的风景旅游洞穴景观因洞穴景观和环境的严重破坏而不得不关闭。因此,风景旅游洞穴的安全已引起了国内外洞穴学家、洞穴旅游管理部门以及游客的广泛关注。对洞穴环境和碳酸钙景观的安全性威胁,普遍认为旅游活动和旅游设施运行是主要的影响。综上述,人类活动和自然因素都会强烈影响风景旅游洞穴的环境变化。      

CSAMT与CYT联合探测法在深部盐穴储气库建设中的应用

针对深部盐穴探测问题的特殊性,结合平顶山叶县盐田储气工程,简要探讨了可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)与大地电场岩性探测法(CYT)的理论基础、探测原理以及解译方法,并对试验区盐穴的几何形态、空间分布以及物性信息反馈特征展开了研究。首先应用CSAMT法进行初探,大致圈定目标体的空间范围; 其次在CSAMT法探测结果基础上选择有利地段,采用CYT法进行精探,详细圈定目标体的空间形态。探测结果表明,试验区盐穴空间形态复杂,剖面上呈现不规则的空穴群,埋深大约为 -1400～-1000m; 但单个溶腔体积较小,半径大致为8～60m。研究成果可用于指导地下盐穴储气库址的选择和建设,为我国深部盐穴探测方法和电场岩性解译提供了参考。     

贵州洞穴螺类的物种多样性及分布初步研究

2001年1月至2002年8月对贵州的龙洞、和尚洞、竹林洞及织金洞等50余个洞穴内的螺类进行了调查,共采集标本1306号,经鉴定和分类,隶属1纲2目15科108种, 其中有4个新种。不难看出,贵州洞穴螺类的物种丰富度较高,并具有从有光带到弱光带呈下降趋势;从物种的丰度来看,在有光带最高,弱光带和黑暗带则无明显的差异。优势种不明显。从水平分布看, 分布的种类和数量最多的均是有光带; 从空间分布看, 主要分布于洞底。此外, 还对螺类适应洞穴生活的特征及保护作了初步分析。      

Meso‐Cenozoic Tectonothermal History of Permian Strata,Southwestern Weibei Uplift: Insights from Thermochronology and Geothermometry

This study provides an integrated interpretation for the Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonothermal evolutionary history of the Permian strata in the Qishan area of the southwestern Weibei Uplift, Ordos Basin. Apatite fission-track and apatite/zircon(U-Th)/He thermochronometry, bitumen reflectance, thermal conductivity of rocks, paleotemperature recovery, and basin modeling were used to restore the Meso-Cenozoic tectonothermal history of the Permian Strata. The Triassic AFT data have a pooled age of ～180±7 Ma with one age peak and P(χ2)=86%. The average value of corrected apatite(U-Th)/He age of two Permian sandstones is ～168±4 Ma and a zircon(U-Th)/He age from the Cambrian strata is ～231±14 Ma. Bitumen reflectance and maximum paleotemperature of two Ordovician mudstones are 1.81%, 1.57% and ～210°C, ～196°C respectively. After undergoing a rapid subsidence and increasing temperature in Triassic influenced by intrusive rocks in some areas, the Permian strata experienced four cooling-uplift stages after the time when the maximum paleotemperature reached in late Jurassic:(1) A cooling stage(～163 Ma to ～140 Ma) with temperatures ranging from ～132°C to ～53°C and a cooling rate of ～3°C/Ma, an erosion thickness of ～1900 m and an uplift rate of ～82 m/Ma;(2) A cooling stage(～140 Ma to ～52 Ma) with temperatures ranging from ～53°C to ～47°C and a cooling rate less than ～0.1°C/Ma, an erosion thickness of ～300 m and an uplift rate of ～3 m/Ma;(3)(～52 Ma to ～8 Ma) with ～47°C to ～43°C and ～0.1°C/Ma, an erosion thickness of ～500 m and an uplift rate of ～11 m/Ma;(3)(～8 Ma to present) with ～43°C to ～20°C and ～3°C/Ma, an erosion thickness of ～650 m and an uplift rate of ～81 m/Ma. The tectonothermal evolutionary history of the Qishan area in Triassic was influenced by the interaction of the Qinling Orogeny and the Weibei Uplift, and the south Qishan area had the earliest uplift-cooling time compared to other parts within the Weibei Uplift. The early Eocene at ～52 Ma and the late Miocene at ～8 Ma, as two significant turning points after which both the rate of uplift and the rate of temperature changed rapidly, were two key time for the uplift-cooling history of the Permian strata in the Qishan area of the southwestern Weibei Uplift, Ordos Basin.     

台湾恒春半岛的隆起珊瑚礁台地

台湾本岛南端的恒春半岛,出露隆起珊瑚礁石灰岩和现代珊瑚礁海岸。隆起珊瑚礁石灰岩在地貌上的表现是多阶的台地。最高的公园面可达海拔300m,依次向下,是海拔约100～160m的笼仔埔面,海拔70～80m的埔顶面以及海拔10～20m的垦丁面。在恒春半岛的西侧,珊瑚礁台地面已经倾斜,因此高度的表现不同。ESR及¹⁴C定年表明,抬升的更新世珊瑚礁台地形成于0.5Ma B.P.前后及0.13Ma B.P.两时期;海拔10～20m的全新世珊瑚礁台地约形成于6 000a B.P.的时期。这些证据显示了地质时期里全球变迁的蛛丝马迹。     

云南石林洞穴发育特征

石林位于滇东喀斯特高原南部,喀斯特极其发育,以发育了典型的石林地形而闻名遐迩,倍受国内外喀斯特学者的关注。洞穴是本区广泛发育分布的一种喀斯特地下形态,类型多样。依据它们的剖面形态、成因和所处的地貌部位差异,将其划分为罅状洞穴、水平洞穴和倾斜洞穴三个类型。洞穴在发育分布上受到区域碳酸盐岩地层分布的控制,表现出洞穴分布的相对集中性、洞穴发育对地层的选择性和洞穴发育的成层性等特征。洞穴发育规模绝大多数为中小型洞穴;洞穴多为现代地下洞河,埋藏浅且多天窗,并且洞穴的发育延伸方向明显受裂隙构造的控制。通过对石林地区喀斯特洞穴发育条件、洞穴发育类型、分布特征和洞穴发育的古地理环境特征分析,论述了石林地区洞穴的发育特征。     

Temperature distribution in karst systems: the role of air and water fluxes

A better understanding of heat fluxes and temperature distribution in continental rocks is of great importance for many engineering aspects (tunnelling, mining, geothermal research, etc.). This paper aims at providing a conceptual model of temperature distribution in karst environments which display thermal ‘anomalies’ as compared with other rocks. In temperate regions, water circulation is usually high enough to ‘drain‐out’ completely the geothermal heat flux at the bottom of karst systems (phreatic zone). A theoretical approach based on temperature measurements carried out in deep caves and boreholes demonstrates, however, that air circulation can largely dominate water infiltration in the karst vadose zone, which can be as thick as 2000 m. Consequently, temperature gradients within this zone are similar to the lapse rate of humid air (～0.5 °C 100 m^?1). Yet, this value depends on the regional climatic context and might present some significant variations.     

Permafrost occurrence during the Last Permafrost Maximum in the Western Carpathian Mountains of Slovakia as inferred from cryogenic cave carbonate

Coarse crystalline cryogenic cave carbonate (CCC) forms during the slow freezing of standing water pools and represents indirect proof of freezing temperature in the past. The dating by U‐series of CCC deposits from nine caves in the Western Carpathians Mountains of Slovakia suggests that freezing conditions, and possible permafrost conditions, occurred during the Last Permafrost Maximum (LPM, c. 20–18 ka BP). The CCC deposits occur in caves at elevations of between 800 and 1800 m a.s.l. They point to widespread alpine permafrost, the lower limit of discontinuous/sporadic permafrost being approximately 800 m a.s.l. The thickness of permafrost probably varied between 30 and 180 m. In the Vysoké Tatry Mountains at altitudes of ～1800 m a.s.l., one occurrence of CCC suggests that subzero temperatures may have penetrated to a depth of over 285 m.     

太白山树木年轮宽度资料对过去生态气候要素的重建

采用太白山高山林线附近的太白落叶松树木年轮资料,按照树木年轮学要求和方法进行前期处理、交叉定年,建立树轮宽度指数序列.基于气候要素影响当年和次年树木生长的原理,利用多元回归技术探讨了树轮宽度指数与生态气候要素--温暖指数之间的相关关系,重建了太白山地区近3∞年的温暖指数.结果表明:1745～1765年、1845～1855年、1880～1900年以及1905～1915年为几个较为明显的冷期;1725～1745年、1765～1775年、1800～1810年、1865～1875年和1890～1905年相对而言属暖期.太白山地区气候的冷暖变化有大约30～40年的变化周期.将本项研究结果与国外相关研究对比还说明,太白山地区的气候变化可能具有一定的全球性特征.