唐山大气降尘的矿物组成与微观形貌特征分析

应用X射线衍射线技术(XRD)和扫描电镜技术(SEM/EDX)对唐山大气降尘中颗粒的矿物组成及微观形貌进行了研究。结果表明,唐山大气降尘的主要矿物组分是方解石、石英和粘土,次为赤铁矿、石膏、白云石及长石类矿物,其它的矿物还有菱铁矿、菱镁矿、石盐、沸石、角闪石、钙芒硝和无水芒硝等;其形貌特征主要有球状、层状、片状、柱状和块状等规则形态及矿物单体和矿物集合体等不规则形态;对XRD的检测结果进行分析后,表明大气降尘颗粒物的主要来源为地面扬尘、建筑扬尘、工业尘及在大气环境中新生成的矿物。     

拉萨市夏季大气降尘单颗粒矿物组成及其形貌特征

应用带能谱的电子扫描电镜(SEM-EDX)对拉萨市夏季正常天气下收集的大气自然沉降气溶胶样品进行分析,研究了拉萨市大气降尘矿物组成和各种物相形貌特征信息。拉萨市大气颗粒物含有硅酸盐颗粒、富钙颗粒、富铁颗粒、富碳颗粒(燃煤飞灰颗粒和燃油飞灰颗粒)和植物残体颗粒。根据颗粒物数量统计发现拉萨市大气颗粒物以硅酸盐颗粒为主,富钙颗粒和富铁颗粒次之,需要指出的是以燃油飞灰为主的富碳颗粒已占到一定比重,说明以燃油为主的机动车尾气对拉萨大气污染在加强。研究结果表明,大气降尘矿物成分及其形貌特征可以用作判定污染物来源的重要标志,拉萨大气中颗粒来源的多样性决定了治理措施也应综合进行。     

北京及其北部地区大气自然降尘矿物组成特征

为研究北京地区大气自然降尘的矿物组成特征及其时空变化规律,采用XRD分析了不同季节收集的大气降尘样品。结果表明,大气降尘主要矿物为石英,平均含量为83.19%,长石以斜长石为主;降尘中的碳酸盐类矿物主要是方解石和白云石,它们在降尘中的含量接近其在北方黄土中的含量;降尘中粘土矿物的含量较少,为1.64%~5.88%,其中有较多的高岭石,反映了研究区半湿润、较温暖的环境。聚类分析表明本区降尘按矿物组成特征可分为城市和郊区两组。与大风天气少的月份相比,大风天气频繁的月份降尘中的长石等矿物含量相对较高,而粘土矿物含量相对较低。     

奥运会及残奥会期间北京市区大气颗粒物污染特征及微观形貌类型

2008年8月和9月,北京市成功举办了第29届奥运会和第13届残奥会,对这段时间在北京市区(中国矿业大学校园综合楼五层,距奥运村3 km)采集的大气颗粒物的质量浓度和微观形貌类型进行了研究。结果表明:奥运会期间,北京市区大气PM10和PM2.5的日均质量浓度分别小于国家PM10二级标准(150μg/m3)和美国EPA的PM2.5二级标准(65μg/m3),12 h的质量浓度范围分别为7.64~81.63μg/m3和1.91~54.59μg/m3;残奥会期间,12 h的PM10质量浓度范围为33.83~106.36μg/m3,没有超标,PM2.5质量浓度变化范围为15.29~88.30μg/m3,其中出现了3 d超标天,分别为9月6日、7日和14日;从奥运期间PM2.5/PM10的比值(0.26~0.86,大部分值大于0.5)可以看出,奥运期间北京大气颗粒物以细粒子为主。与往年相比,颗粒物质量浓度出现大幅下降趋势。场发射扫描电镜观察显示,奥运会和残奥会期间样品的微观形貌类型主要有球形颗粒、烟尘集合体、不规则矿物和未知颗粒,其数量-粒径分布主要呈单峰分布,峰值均在0.1~0.2μm范围,其中球形颗粒明显占多数。各种分析数据均显示,残奥会期间样品比奥运会期间样品污染要严重。     

淄博市大气降尘矿物微形貌及其来源判识

用场发射扫描电子显微镜及能谱仪和X射线衍射仪,对淄博市中心城区大气降尘的矿物组成、微形貌和微区成分进行了分析.结果表明,淄博市大气降尘的矿物组成有石英、长石、石膏、方解石、赤铁矿、白云母、伊利石和非晶质等.矿物微形貌特点和矿物组成揭示了降尘组分主要来源于3种途径:与高温过程有关的工业活动排放的产物,自然成因和大气化学反应的产物.球形赤铁矿、板状方解石和絮状石膏是本研究中观察到的3种典型矿物微形貌.     

韶关市大气降尘矿物成分和形貌特征研究

利用X射线衍射（XRD）仪、扫描电镜X射线能谱（SEM/EDX）仪研究大气降尘矿物成分和颗粒物形貌特征。结果表明,韶关市大气降尘主要矿物成分为伊利石、斜长石、绿泥石、石英、方解石、白云石和无定型非晶质物等,大气颗粒物形貌可分为4种类型：粒状、片状单矿物,链状集合体,圆球状飘珠和不规则粒状集合体。伊利石、绿泥石来源于地面扬尘,方解石、白云石来源于建筑扬尘,无定型非晶质物来源于工业烟尘。粒状、片状单矿物是地面扬尘的标志,链状集合体和圆球形飘珠是工业烟尘的标志,不规则粒状集合体是建筑扬尘的标志。大气降尘矿物成分和形貌特征是判别污染物来源的重要标志。     

石家庄市东南部近地表降尘的矿物学特征与环境意义

大气降尘可以危害生态环境和人体健康。矿物颗粒不仅是大气降尘的主要组成物质,也是鉴定其污染来源的关键标记,因此查明大气降尘中的矿物组成对改善生态环境具有重要指导意义,也可为防治大气降尘和保护环境提供合理的参考依据。本文选取石家庄东南部作为研究区,利用X射线衍射技术(XRD)和配有能谱的扫描电镜(SEM-EDX)检测大气降尘中的矿物成分、化学组成和微观形貌。结果表明,石家庄东南部大气降尘中颗粒物的形状有片状、柱状、板状、球状等。矿物种类包括硅酸盐、碳酸盐、硫酸盐,以及以往报道较少的氟磷酸盐。以上矿物颗粒既有自然来源,也有人为来源,其中与人类活动相关的来源包括建筑材料、燃煤以及机动车排放等。     

注聚调驱井聚合物堵塞物的矿物复合结构形貌及组成特征

胜利油田渤19区块注交联聚合物开采多年后,因注入水的水质不达标导致聚合物过度交联形成强凝胶,造成聚合物注入区块许多油水井的堵塞。对现场聚合物垢样品所做的化学组分、表面元素能谱及红外光谱的研究表明,垢的主体结构由交联的聚丙烯酰胺组成,交联体吸收了大量水分,在交联体内小环境中因富集而形成氯化物矿物晶体无机垢结构,而在成垢的过程中又将地层内的一些粘土矿物包裹于交联体内,形成具有聚合物-矿物复合结构的强胶凝态物质,严重影响聚合物注入—调剖—驱油过程中的聚合物溶液的流动。     

苏里格地区致密砂岩矿物组成与微观结构及其对水力压裂的潜在影响

致密砂岩气是重要的非常规天然气资源,致密砂岩储层的矿物组成特征与孔隙微观结构不仅会影响致密储层中天然气的赋存状态,同时也对水力压裂改造效果具有重要影响。然而,有关致密砂岩矿物成分及其微观赋存形态对气井水力压裂潜在影响的研究尚不充分,针对这一问题,文章以鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格地区主开采层——二叠系下石盒子组盒8下段致密砂岩为研究对象,钻取5口气井岩心样品,利用XRF、XRD、铸体薄片、SEM及EDS能谱等技术系统分析了该段致密砂岩矿物组成、微观形貌、孔隙分布等储层特征。基于分析结果,探讨了上述储层特征因素对水力压裂的潜在影响。研究发现,苏里格地区盒8下段致密砂岩主要为岩屑砂岩和岩屑石英砂岩,密度介于2.44～2.56 g/cm3之间,孔隙度为7.7%～12.6%,渗透率为0.16～1.42 mD,属于典型的低渗透气藏。矿物成分主要为石英和黏土矿物,而长石矿物和碳酸盐矿物含量极低。其中黏土矿物含量占比为16.5%～47.4%,以高岭石、伊利石和绿泥石为主。高岭石在该区致密砂岩中广泛发育,呈书页状和蠕虫状填充于粒间孔隙及粒表,形成大量高岭石晶间孔。此外,致密砂岩中粒间孔隙、粒内溶孔、粒间裂隙及粒内缝均有发育,为致密砂岩气的赋存提供了良好的储集空间。矿物分析以及压裂液致密砂岩水岩实验结果显示黏土矿物稳定性对于苏里格地区致密砂岩气水力压裂效果至关重要,尤其是易分散运移的高岭石和伊利石矿物。水力压裂前需要对储层矿物成分及地层水成分展开详细研究,选择合适的黏土稳定剂优化水力压裂。     

高掺量粉煤灰固结材料的矿物组成及微观结构研究

采用化学成分、X衍射和电子显微镜分析等方法研究了高掺量粉煤灰固结材料的矿物组成及微观结构。结果表明 ,其矿物组成主要是 3Al2 O3 ·2SiO2 和硅铝酸盐的胶凝物相 ,具有较大孔径的多孔结构特征 ,与水泥混凝土的矿物组成和微观结构有较大不同 ;粉煤灰的掺量、养护龄期对水化产物的生成量有直接影响 ;固结剂掺量大于 2 0 %时 ,粉煤灰和固结剂全部反应形成多孔状的胶凝体水化产物     

燃煤排放可吸入颗粒物的显微结构与物质组成研究

对我国西南地区三个火电厂排放的可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的显微结构、矿物和化学组成等的研究表明,在PM10中,随着粒径的减小,非球形颗粒的比例增加;同原状飞灰相比,PM10以实心结构为主,多孔和空心结构较少;场发射扫描电子显微镜下,多数PM10颗粒的表面并不光滑,而是布满了次级微细颗粒;PM10的物相组成与燃煤煤种密切相关,小龙潭电厂PM10主要矿物包括石英、石灰、石膏和赤铁矿,而贵阳电厂PM10则以莫来石和石英为主;据单个PM10颗粒化学组成,将PM10分为硅质、铁质、Ca-铝硅质、Fe-铝硅质、Ca-Fe-铝硅质和硫酸钙六种颗粒类型;从不同采样点PM10元素组成看,从静电除尘器(ESP)前到ESP,PM10化学成分变化不大,到ESP后,元素Fe、Ca、Mg和Al的含量急剧减少,而Na的含量则迅速增高.     

矿物成分对软黏土流变性质影响的试验研究

采用改进的直剪蠕变仪,对矿物成分及其含量对软黏土流变性质影响进行试验研究,在相同试验条件下完成了3组含高岭土、膨润土不同百分比试样流变性质的测试。测试结果表明,矿物成分及其含量是影响软黏土流变性质的重要因素之一,土体的黏滞系数随黏土矿物含量的增加而减小,即流变变形阻力随黏土矿物含量的增多而减小。试验结果分析认为,黏土矿物通过颗粒表面的结合水影响土的流变性质,其中强结合水是土体产生流变的主要因素,而弱结合水则是相对次要因素。试验结果有助于进一步认清土体流变的起因,对改进和完善现有流变变形计算理论有一定指导意义。     

Microscopic morphology and elemental composition of size distributed atmospheric particulate matter in Urumqi, China

Microscopic morphology and elemental composition of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) in 13 different size fractions from 0.01 to 10 μm were studied using a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy-Dispersive Spectrometer (FESEM–EDX). The relative mass fractions exhibited a bimodal distribution with a major mode in the fine range (0.18–1 μm) and a minor mode in the coarse range (>1 μm), suggesting that the major pollution of PM is fine particles in this area of Urumqi atmosphere. The PM could be classified as follows: aluminosilicate/silica mineral, Si–Al rich fly ash, Fe oxide particle, Ti dominant particle, sulfate/carbonate crystal, carbonaceous aerosols (including soot, organic carbon, tar ball and irregularly shaped carbon). The soot and organic carbon with anthropogenic sources are dominant types in fine range samples (<1 μm). The natural source minerals and secondary synthesized sulfate/carbonate crystals were accumulated in the coarse range (>1 μm). Elemental composition of various types of particles (0.056–5.6 μm) was also analyzed by EDX. C, S, O, N, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Cl, F, Hg were detected in most samples. Si, Al and Ca accumulated in coarse fractions, while S and Hg mainly accumulated in fine fractions. Concentrations of 15 metallic elements in size range from 0.1 μm to 5.6 μm were divided into three groups based on their possible sources. (1) The crustal elements (Al, Mg, Fe, Mn and V), mainly present in coarse particles (>1 μm); and (2) the anthropogenic source elements (Ca, Ni, As, Cu, Pb, Cd and Hg). The concentrations of Ca and Ni increased with increasing particle size, while As, Cu, Pb, Cd and Hg showed opposite trends. As, Cu, Pb, Cd and Hg accumulated mainly in fine fraction (<1 μm). (3) The multi sources elements (Cr, Co and Se) possibly come from both natural and anthropogenic sources. High levels of heavy metals, especially Hg in nanosize particles, may pose great risk to human health.     

鄂北膨胀土的矿物组成和化学成分分析

首先利用X射线衍射（XRD）对鄂北膨胀土中的不同矿物组成进行了鉴定,并根据衍射峰的强度和半高宽定量分析了各成分的含量,然后利用X射线能谱（EDX）对膨胀土中的化学元素组成进行了测定和分析,最后对膨胀土的结核现象进行了分析。其研究成果对评价膨胀土的潮解特性,揭示了膨胀土和改性膨胀土特性以及强度形成机理具有重要的意义,并为今后膨胀土的研究和应用提供了一定的理论依据。     

The importance of mineral and energy inventories

Based on the results of the Conference on Resource Assessment Techniques of IGCP Project 98 in Loen, Norway, 1976, the importance of mineral and energy inventories is demonstrated by their long-term objectives which aim at the solution of problems of quantitative and qualitative mineral and energy reserve and resource assessments, estimates of the exploration potential, supply analysis, future land-use planning, and national mineral policy. Prior to establishing a mineral and energy inventory it is essential to clearly define both the long-term and short-term objectives, because they control the scope of an inventory and determine the approach to and the method of constructing the data base. Only then can questions be answered as to the kind of data required, the advantages of regional-versus commodity-based inventories, the necessity of computer-processable data files, the availability of a user-oriented data base management system, and the usefulness of conducting a pilot project. Examples are given for simple and complex types of mineral and energy inventories. The “Mineral Deposit Inventory” of the Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany, serves mainly as an information and reference system, whereas the mineral inventory of “Project Manitoba” of the Geological Survey of Canada forms the base for reserve and resource assessment as well as land-use planning of that province. For developing and industrialized countries alike, mineral and energy inventories are appropriate tools in planning new exploration activities and decisions on future national mineral policy. Used by the Regional Mineral Resources Development Centers of ESCAP and ECA, the United Nations economic commissions in Asia and Africa, these tools could be of great advantage and mutual benefit to the developing countries of those regions. This paper was presented at the International Geological Correlation Program (IGCP) Project 98: “Standards for Computer Applications in Resource Studies” held at Taita Hills, Kenya, November 8–15, 1977.     

Geochemical characteristics of particulate matter in the atmosphere surrounding a ceramic industrialized area

Total suspended particulate samples (TSP) were collected and concentrations measured during seventeen months in the vicinity of a ceramic industrial area. A method of fractionating was applied to the samples in order to obtain two fractions corresponding to mineral particulate coming from dust emissions (Upper-F fraction) and to amorphous matter (carbon plus small amounts of S, Ca, Fe, etc) coming mainly from traffic and other combustion processes. Also for TSP samples several element concentrations were measured following two previous treatments: extraction of elements mainly associated with the soluble fraction of the samples (B, Fe, P, As, NO^2–, NH⁴⁺, Cl^–, F) and acid digestion for trace metals and elements mainly associated with the non-soluble fractions of the samples (Fe, As, Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn Ca). Seasonal differences and the influence of meteorological parameters (temperature, relative humidity, pressure and wind conditions) on the air pollution levels, particles as well as ions, were studied.Results show different seasonal and weekly evolution for mineral and amorphous carbonaceous particles because of the different origins in dust emissions or combustion processes respectively, and the different physical properties such as size grain. Of the ions analyzed Fe, Ca and Zn were clearly associated to mineral phases and consequently related to dust emissions, and NO^2–, NH4+, P, Cl^– were related to amorphous matter coming from combustion. Ni and Cd show lower levels than those reported as guideline values and the source is mainly related to the enrichment of these elements in clay materials. B and As content result in elevated concentrations, with the tendency to increase during cold months. The emission of these elements was associated with vaporization or volatilization during high temperature ceramic processes. The original gaseous state is influenced by temperature. In the winter the content for B and As is higher due to enhanced condensation of gas-phase boron onto particles, while in the summer the increase of air temperature results in elevated evaporation.     

Mineral and inorganic chemical composition of the Pernik coal, Bulgaria

The mineral and inorganic chemical composition of five types of samples from the Pernik subbituminous coals and their products generated from the Pernik preparation plant were studied. They include feed coal, low-grade coal, high-grade coal, coal slime, and host rock. The mineral matter of the coals contains 44 species that belong mainly to silicates, carbonates, sulphates, sulphides, and oxides/hydroxides, and to a lesser extent, chlorides, biogenic minerals, and organic minerals. The detrital minerals are quartz, kaolinite, micas, feldspars, magnetite, cristobalite, spessartine, and amphibole. The authigenic minerals include various sulphides, silicates, oxihydroxides, sulphates, and carbonates. Several stages and substages of formation were identified during the syngenetic and epigenetic mineral precipitations of these coals. The authigenic minerals show the greatest diversity of mineral species as the epigenetic mineralization (mostly sulphides, carbonates, and sulphates) dominates qualitatively and quantitatively. The epigenetic mineralization was a result of complex processes occurring mostly during the late development of the Pernik basin. These processes indicate intensive tectonic, hydrothermal and volcanic activities accompanied by a change from fresh to marine sedimentation environment. Thermally altered organic matter due to some of the above processes was also identified in the basin. Most of the trace elements in the Pernik coals (Mo, Be, S, Zr, Y, Cl, Ba, Sc, Ga, Ag, V, P, Br, Ni, Co, Pb, Ca, and Ti) show an affinity to OM and phases intimately associated with OM. Some of the trace elements (Sr, Ti, Mn, Ba, Pb, Cu, Zn, Co, Cr, Ni, As, Ag, Yb, Sn, Ga, Ge, etc.) are impurities in authigenic and accessory minerals, while other trace elements (La, Ba, Cu, Ce, Sb, Bi, Zn, Pb, Cd, Nd, etc.) occur as discrete phases. Elements such as Sc, Be, Y, Ba, V, Zr, S, Mo, Ti, and Ga exceed Clarke concentrations in all of the coal types studied. It was also found that a number of elements in the Pernik coals (F, V, As, Pb, Mo, Li, Sr, Ti, Ga, Ni, Ge, Cr, Mn, etc.) reveal mobility in water and could have some environmental concerns.     

昌化鸡血石常见地子的成分与岩性

从临安昌化镇和大峡谷镇采集了一百多个昌化鸡血石样品,分别对其作了岩石薄片鉴定、红外分析、X射线衍射分析,归纳总结了常见鸡血石种类的成分和岩性:冻地主要成分为地开石/高岭石,岩性为粘土质岩石;软地主要成分为强粘土化火山碎屑或粘土,岩性多为强粘土化凝灰岩-粘土质岩石;软刚地主要成分为蚀变火山碎屑/明矾石,岩性多为明矾石岩或中等粘土化/明矾石化凝灰岩;硬刚地主要成分为石英,岩性为弱明矾石化/弱粘土化凝灰岩;硬地主要成分为石英,岩性为弱-强硅化凝灰岩。     

一种计算岩石中矿物组成的新方法

介绍根据显微下观察,应用岩石化学全分析结果和分子量计算法计算岩石中矿物组成的新方法。所得各种矿物的组成是整块岩石在三维立体体积中各种矿物的质量分数,比目前沿用的目测一个岩石切面上各种矿物的面积百分比法更准确,比CIPW标准矿物分子法更符合岩石样品组合的实际情况,而且可用于含云母族、绿泥石族和铀矿物等蚀变矿化的花岗岩及沉积岩、变质岩的矿物组成计算。     

成像光谱矿物填图精度兼与矿物丰度关系初探

成像光谱遥感技术在岩石矿物识别和矿物填图方面发挥着越来越大作用,而成像光谱矿物填图的精度问题一直是研究的焦点。文章利用高光谱数据HyMap对新疆东天山地区的矿物填图结果,通过引入矿物填绘分布强度的概念,探索性的分析了成像光谱矿物填图与填绘矿物丰度的关系。