Classifying coastal waters: Current necessity and historical perspective

Coastal ecosystems are ecologically and commercially valuable, productive habitats that are experiencing escalating compromises of their structural and functional integrity. The Clean Water Act (USC 1972) requires identification of impaired water bodies and determination of the causes of impairment. Classification simplifies these determinations, because estuaries within a class are more likely to respond similarly to particular stressors. We reviewed existing classification systems for their applicability to grouping coastal marine and Great Lakes water bodies based on their responses to aquatic stressors, including nutrients, toxic substances, suspended sediments, habitat alteration, and combinations of stressors. Classification research historically addressed terrestrial and freshwater habitats rather than coastal habitats. Few efforts focused on stressor response, although many well-researched classification frameworks provide information pertinent to stressor response. Early coastal classifications relied on physical and hydrological properties, including geomorphology, general circulation patterns, and salinity. More recent classifications sort ecosystems into a few broad types and may integrate physical and biological factors. Among current efforts are those designed for conservation of sensitive habitats based on ecological processes that support patterns of biological diversity. Physical factors, including freshwater inflow, residence time, and flushing rates, affect sensitivity to stressors. Biological factors, such as primary production, grazing rates, and mineral cycling, also need to be considered in classification. We evaluate each existing classification system with respect to objectives, defining factors, extent of spatial and temporal applicability, existing sources of data, and relevance to aquatic stressors. We also consider classification methods in a generic sense and discuss their strengths and weaknesses for our purposes. Although few existing classifications are based on responses to stressors, may well-researched paradigms provide important information for improving our capabilities for classification, as an investigative and predictive management tool.     

羌塘盆地多格错仁地区盐泉地球化学特征及成钾预测

多层次、大面积发育的石膏和前人的古地理资料表明,羌塘盆地侏罗纪海相地层具有较好的成盐地质条件。在多格错仁周缘地区侏罗系发育有一系列氯化钙型的盐泉。通过野外地质工作,采集了30个盐泉的水样,并在室内对其地球化学组成和氢氧同位素组成进行了测定。地球化学分析表明,盐泉中富集Na⁺、Cl^-、Ca²⁺、K⁺、Li和Rb,Br和B含量相对贫乏,而地球化学特征系数显示了明显的找钾异常。盐泉水的氢氧同位素特征表明盐泉的供给水源为大气降水,大气降水进入研究区岩层后成为地下水,溶滤了地层中的盐类矿物,从而形成了溶滤卤水,这与地球化学特征系数的判别结果是一致的。综合看来,多格错仁南岸找钾远景显示最好,该点盐泉具有盐度高、K⁺含量高的特征,而且很可能溶滤了钾盐-石盐岩、钾盐层,万安湖西北、源泉河、东温泉盐泉找钾远景次之,主要表现为盐度相对较低,但是含钾显示也异常明显。     

五大连池药泉山矿泉微生物多样性及其地质和环境控制特征

药泉山矿泉是五大连池世界地质公园旅游疗养业赖以生存和发展的重要资源,然而其矿泉水的微生物研究一直是空白。本文在对五大连池药泉山矿泉环境水文地质前期成果的基础上,选择典型季节对该区域的矿泉水进行现场采样和分析,并进一步利用分子生物学PCR-DGGE技术对水样的微生物群落多样性进行了初步的研究与分析。结果表明：研究区的微生物多样性显著,而且不同季节微生物多样性统计参数存在巨大差异;在不同的空间位置夏季微生物多样性变化较大,但是同一位置的总体变化规律基本一致,这说明矿泉水中的微生物对地质特征、环境条件的响应具有良好的一致性;而冬季的微生物多样性统计参数在不同空间位置的变化规律也呈现明显差异,但是其他参数变化不大,对地质空间、环境条件响应微弱。该研究对揭示五大连池矿泉水微观成因具有一定的价值。     

西藏地热系统B、Li、Rb和Cs元素空间分布规律与超常富集机制

西藏地热资源异常丰富,属于地中海—喜马拉雅地热带的重要组成部分。地热系统最为典型的地球化学特征是大部分地热泉或与之相应的泉华沉积物超常富集B、Li、Rb、Cs等元素,具有重要的矿产资源意义。有关这些特征元素来源与水化学演化成因机制,长期存在争议,在理论上缺乏系统论述。本文基于多年野外考察与数据积累,以及对前人研究成果的系统总结,提出了西藏地热系统特征元素组合与富集成因模式,宏观板块构造与微观地球化学分布规律结合,揭示了其成因机制。数据综合分析表明,B、Li、Rb、Cs元素在空间上的分布富集规律总体具有同步性,主要集中分布于雅鲁藏布江缝合带与南北向断裂带交汇区的高温地热系统。B同位素、元素组合、水循环特征及大量地球物理证据表明物源受控于岩浆残余流体,水-岩作用难以作为唯一物源支撑地热系统如此大规模的特征元素超常富集。结论提出西藏地热系统超常富集的元素受控于板块俯冲碰撞、地壳局部重熔、重熔型岩浆流体分异演化、地下水深循环等一系列内外生地质耦合作用过程。本文对西藏地热系统元素超常富集成因机制的解释,有利于增强人们对高温地热系统除水资源与热能意义之外,也同时关注矿产资源价值,实现“水-热-矿”于一体的系统理解,也对未来正确评价地热水体或沉积物矿产资源价值有理论指导意义。     

The concept of multi-criteria mineral resources protection

The author deals with a complex, multi-criteria system of protection of mineral resources, based on the evaluation of their deposits, both with identified and inferred reserves, and perspective areas, i.e., the areas where mineral deposits may occur. The purpose of valorization is to compare different deposits using the same, uniform criteria, and then assign them to particular groups with the intention of protecting the most valuable deposits and highly perspective areas more efficiently. The criteria represent three separate groups: geological and mining assets, the level of certainty (the degree of our knowledge on the mineral raw material and its deposit), as well as environmental and spatial planning constraints. Inclusion of the prognostic areas (the D₁ category of resources in Poland) to the procedure of deposit valorization forms the basis for their legal protection, especially when they have not been protected until now.     

Springs in a headwater basin in the Deccan Trap country of the Western Ghats, India

Available literature reveals that little work has been done on the origin of springs in a basaltic terrain. Close examination of such springs in about 2,000 km² of the upper Koyna River basin in the Deccan Trap country of the Western Ghats (hills), India, reveals that their origins are dependent on the lithologic character of different basaltic flow units and the existing physiography. Although rainfall, its seasonality and areas of recharge, play vital roles in the recharge of these springs, their yields are also controlled by lithological variations and hydraulic characteristics of their source-aquifers. Chemical concentrations of these springs are heavily dependent on the lithological compositions of the source-aquifers and the residence time of groundwater in these aquifers. Currently, basaltic springs are classified with those issuing from other terrains. However, because the emergence of groundwater in the form of springs is largely controlled by the lithology and the resulting water-bearing properties of the formations, a new classification scheme is proposed that classifies the springs on the basis of their source-aquifers. While tapping springs for drinking/irrigation purposes, it must be remembered that they also sustain thousands of other life forms vital to a balanced ecosystem. Changes in the uses of these springs may also affect other human communities downstream. Therefore, before developing spring flow, a trade-off must be made considering local needs and downstream users. Emphasizing only local human needs may lead to severe intercommunity conflict and negative environmental consequences. Electronic Publication     

地幔矿物与水流体之间元素分配系数的研究及意义

流体是地球内部物质和能量迁移最为活跃的介质，它在造成地幔化学的富集和亏损，产生具有不同地球化学特征的幔源岩浆岩石，以及促进壳幔物质的再循环过程等诸多方面都起了重大作用，高温高压下实验模拟流体与地幔岩石和矿物之间痕量元素分配作用是揭示地幔流体的组成与性质，地幔中不同元素类型之间或内部的分异作用，地幔交代介质的类型与特征，岛孤玄武岩高场强元素亏损原因的一个重要的手段，并对近年来有关高温高压下流体与地幔矿物之间痕量元素分配作用的实验模拟研究进行了评述，分析了制约流体与地幔矿物之间痕量元素分配系数的因素，总结了这些研究的应用。     

Spheres of discharge of springs

Although springs have been recognized as important, rare, and globally threatened ecosystems, there is as yet no consistent and comprehensive classification system or common lexicon for springs. In this paper, 12 spheres of discharge of springs are defined, sketched, displayed with photographs, and described relative to their hydrogeology of occurrence, and the microhabitats and ecosystems they support. A few of the spheres of discharge have been previously recognized and used by hydrogeologists for over 80 years, but others have only recently been defined geomorphologically. A comparison of these spheres of discharge to classification systems for wetlands, groundwater dependent ecosystems, karst hydrogeology, running waters, and other systems is provided. With a common lexicon for springs, hydrogeologists can provide more consistent guidance for springs ecosystem conservation, management, and restoration. As additional comprehensive inventories of the physical, biological, and cultural characteristics are conducted and analyzed, it will eventually be possible to associate spheres of discharge with discrete vegetation and aquatic invertebrate assemblages, and better understand the habitat requirements of rare or unique springs species. Given the elevated productivity and biodiversity of springs, and their highly threatened status, identification of geomorphic similarities among spring types is essential for conservation of these important ecosystems.     

福建沿海地区表层土壤矿物分布特征及地质和环境意义

对福建沿海地区表层土壤矿物组分、含量、组合以及分布特征进行了分析研究。结果表明,不同地质背景形成的土壤其重矿物组成具有复杂性、一致性和差异性;不同的土壤类型其矿物组合可以较好地反映土壤与成土母岩的内在成因关系;不同沉积环境下形成的土壤矿物组成受外力影响具有一定的分选性;平原区土壤中汞、砷等元素的区域性高异常则与土壤中辰砂、雄黄矿物存在有关。     

浙江省中岙细碧岩类岩石学岩石化学特征及其成因

前人长期将中岙金矿体的围岩误定为陆相安山岩、蚀变安山岩、安山玢岩、熔结凝灰岩等。1982年至今我们在野外和室内对中岙金矿床的地层和岩石进行了系统地岩石学、岩石化学研究,对这套以细碧岩类为主体的古火山岩系进行了重新命名和分层。并提出了细碧岩的成因。我们认为这可能有利于阐明金矿脉的成因和找矿方向。     

昆仑山北坡岛状冻土区西大滩大型饮用矿泉群成因分析

在对昆仑山北坡岛状冻土区西大滩大型饮用矿泉群水文地质、导水与控水断裂、水化学等方面实地调查和EH-4高频、电测深勘探的基础上,认为矿泉群的补给源为昆仑山玉珠峰一带的现代冰川底部冰雪覆盖融区水、冰雪消融水、大气降水和地表水.补给源水通过具多期活动性的F3和F4正断层组破碎带补给深层地下水.深层地下水在西倾近南北向正断层组F2及F2-1,2的导水断层破碎带富集并继续向北径流,径流至F1南倾活动性逆断层上盘时,形成富水"三角区",并沿F1断层破碎带排泄出地表,是西大滩大型饮用矿泉群形成的主因.     

The world's lead-zinc mineral resources: Scarcity,data, issues and opportunities

Lead and zinc keep humanity powered and sheltered, yet a comprehensive understanding of Pb-Zn resources in known mineral deposits has been lacking, leading to uncertainty over when we might expect the supply of these metals to face potential constraints. Addressing this, we compile an extensive database of the world's known Pb-Zn mineral deposits and provide in-depth analyses of their contained resources, ore-grades, economic value, by-products and geological settings. Our data indicate that at least 226.1 Mt Pb and 610.3 Mt Zn are present within 851 individual mineral deposits and mine waste projects from 67 countries (and one in international waters), at an average grade of 0.44 %Pb and 1.20 %Zn. The identified resources are dominantly present within sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits (490.6 Mt Pb + Zn + Cu), which contain the equivalent of VMS, Skarn, Porphyry, Epithermal and mixed sediment-hosted deposits combined, and 49% of these resources are reported in Australia, Russia, Peru and Canada alone. The reported Pb-Zn resources appear to be sufficient to meet global demand for both Pb and Zn until 2050, although this estimate is most certainly a minimum, as our case studies indicate a prevailing trend of deposits cumulatively producing well beyond their reported resources over time. Indeed, despite increasing historical production of Pb and Zn, estimated reserves and resources have also increased, and this is expected to continue.We also present an analysis and review of additional aspects affecting the future sustainability of Pb-Zn resources, including an account of the history of Pb-Zn mining, case studies and trends in reporting, classifications of the dominant Pb-Zn mineral deposit types, analysis of reported by-product companion metals, review of tailings resource potential and case studies on the numerous challenges in environmental management historically faced for Pb-Zn mining. These analyses, alongside our comprehensive resource data, indicate that the future supply of Pb and Zn is likely to be governed by prevailing economic, social and environmental factors, much more so than sheer resource constraints.     

A discussion of up-flow springs

Based on their genesis, springs are commonly classified as depression spring, contact spring, overflow spring and fault spring, etc. In addition, a kind of springs, i.e., up-flow spring, can be found in the field. An aquifer is overlain by poorly-permeable unconsolidated sediments or relatively impervious formations. If the hydraulic head of the aquifer is higher than the land surface, groundwater may flow up to the ground surface through the local portion of the overlying aquicludes where the permeability is relatively good, and emerges as an up-flow spring. The common characteristics of an up-flow spring are discussed and summarized in this paper, and some examples of the up-flow springs are also given. Up-flow springs can flow up through local permeable zones in the overlying aquicludes rather than permeable faults. Although they cannot be found as frequently as depression springs, contact springs, overflow springs and fault springs etc., yet up-flow springs may occur in the form of normal-temperature springs, hot springs and salt springs.     

中国近代银铅矿开发概貌

总结了我国清末至民国初期（１８４０－１９２０年）长达８０年的银铅矿开发概貌，按现行政区划共涉及１４个省。对各省的银铅矿．既扼要探讨历史沿革，又尽量地汇集具体产银产铅地名及有关地质矿产信息，对了解和研究近代中国银矿开发史，系统地总结现代中国银铅矿床的由来，都有一定的意义。     

Assessment of water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes: a case study of Başköy springs (Ağlasun/Burdur/Turkey)

It is important to know the quality of water resources for drinking, domestic and irrigation in the rural area. Because, in recent times, there has been increased demand for water due to population growth and intense agricultural activities, so, hydrogeochemical investigations come into prominence for the groundwater use. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate water quality of Ba?köy springs for both drinking and irrigation purposes. The geochemical processes and quality of springs were followed as seasonal in the study area. In view of geochemical classification, springs are Ca-Mg-HCO₃ water type for both seasons. Comparison of geochemical data shows that majority of the spring samples are suitable for drinking water. On the other hand, chemical indexes of springs with various classifications were calculated for irrigation purposes. According to the classifications (electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, salinity hazard, percent sodium, sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, residual sodium bicarbonate, permeability index, potential salinity, soluble sodium percentage, magnesium ratio, and Kelly’s ratio), Ba?köy springs are suitable for irrigation purposes. However, water quality of Çaygözü spring is different the other springs due to the high electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. Also, groundwater mineralization processes and rock–water interaction are controlled with bivariate diagrams of major elements.     

The thermal and mineral springs of Aitoloakarnania Prefecture: function mechanism and origin of groundwater

The study area is located in the northwestern part of Greece, in Aitoloakarnania prefecture. In this region, where no volcanic activity exists, thermal springs such as Kremasta and Kokkino Stefani, well-known for their healing properties occur. The objective of this study was the investigation of these springs, as well as the study of the chemical composition and origin of water. Relationships between these springs were also examined. The geological setting of the area comprises sedimentary rocks of the Pindos, Gavrovo-Tripolis and Ionian geotectonic zones, deformed by orogenic movements followed by Neogene extensional tectonism. The thermal and mineral springs were classified into three main groups. The first group is characterized by Ca-HCO₃ water type and low water temperatures. It corresponds to the springs that are hosted in the Ionian zone and their possible enrichment in SO₄ is mainly attributed to the evaporites. The other two groups consist of alkaline thermal water mainly hosted in the formations of Gavrovo-Tripolis zone. In these two groups, the very strong reducing conditions that prevail are expressed by high amounts of NH₃ and H₂S. Moreover, Na, F, Li, Sr and Ba display elevated concentrations. The second includes mineral waters of (Ca)-Na-HCO₃ type that are depleted in calcium. Their residence time is rather long and they originate from deep water circulation through siliceous rocks. The third group includes thermal waters of Ca-Mg-Na-HCO₃ water type of higher water temperatures that reveal characteristics of deep circulation directly associated with the underlain limestones.     

煌斑岩的分类、特征及成因

作为最早被识别出的碱性岩石之一,煌斑岩因富含金和金刚石等矿产资源以及对理解深部地球动力学过程的重要作用而受到广泛重视,但是目前对于煌斑岩的成因还存在不同的认识。本文基于近年来对煌斑岩的研究成果,对它们的分类、特征以及岩石成因进行综述。根据国际地科联(IUGS)的分类标准,煌斑岩可以分为超镁铁质煌斑岩、钙碱性煌斑岩和碱性煌斑岩。研究发现,超镁铁质煌斑岩往往是伸展环境下岩浆作用的产物,与金伯利岩和碳酸岩有密切的成因关系;钙碱性煌斑岩通常发育在汇聚或被动大陆边缘环境,其岩石成因可能有多种机制(如基性岩浆的分异、岩浆混合以及交代富集地幔的部分熔融);碱性煌斑岩出露在离散型大陆边缘和板内构造环境,通常和碱性玄武质岩浆作用密切相关。不管岩石的形成环境和过程如何,超镁铁质煌斑岩、钙碱性煌斑岩和碱性煌斑岩被普遍认为是来自于经历了交代富集作用的地幔源区。最后,文章指出了煌斑岩研究过程中存在的一些科学问题,如富集的地幔源区存在的矿物相(金云母和角闪石)对产生钠质还是钾质岩浆的影响,控制岩浆在结晶过程中影响含水矿物斑晶形成的因素以及部分煌斑岩中碳酸岩球粒和钠长石的形成原因等。     

锆石成因矿物学与锆石微区定年综述

锆石是岩浆岩、变质岩和石英脉型金矿床中的一种常见副矿物,对锆石成因类型的准确判断是正确理解锆石U-Pb年龄意义的关键.本文中笔者对不同成因类型锆石的判别标志及年龄意义进行系统的总结,并认为将锆石的阴极发光图像(CL)、背散射电子图像(BSE)、痕量元素组成及矿物包裹体特征的研究相结合是进行锆石成因鉴定的有效方法.近年来同位素质谱技术的发展使得人们对同一锆石颗粒内部不同成因类型的锆石晶域进行原位年龄测定成为可能.通过微区原位定年技术,能够给出有关寄主岩石的地质演化历史等重要信息,这可以为地质过程的精细年代学格架的建立提供有效的证据.来自不同类型岩石中的锆石可能经历了Pb的扩散丢失作用、晶格损伤导致的蜕晶化作用以及变质重结晶作用.这些过程对锆石计时的准确性和有效性带来了不同程度的影响.为了对测定锆石年龄的地质意义进行合理解释,在进行锆石U-Pb定年前,必需对锆石进行成因矿物学和矿物内部结构的深入研究,特别是阴极发光和背散射电子成像研究,通过内部结构特征确定锆石的成因类型和形成环境.笔者认为,组成单一的岩浆锆石是理想的U-Pb定年对象,变质重结晶锆石域常是重结晶锆石和继承晶质锆石的混合区,容易给出混合年龄,只有变质增生锆石和完全变质重结晶锆石才能给出准确的变质时代,而从继承锆石中鉴别出的热液锆石可以获得可靠的流体活动时间.     

浅析贵州矿产资源及其开发利用

本文研究认为，贵州省矿产资源开发依靠科技进步，建立和完善矿业开发与生态环境保护规划，以配套法律法规的保障，建立资源环境保护、监督和管理体系，形成有效、协调、创新的持续发展机制，使环境保护、资源保护、资源开发与经济建设同步发展，实现矿产资源开发最优化和生态环境影响最小化的“绿色矿业”之路。     

矿物数字博物馆的建设构想与实现

在基于互联网的应用、信息数字化、多种技术发展较为成熟及适应公众需求的基础上,对矿物数字博物馆的建设做了简要的分析,将矿物按矿物一结晶学分类方案将馆藏矿物进行合理的分类,设计了七大功能结构和相应的子结构,并对矿物所要展示的内容设定了标准.建设矿物数字博物馆旨在利用三维技术、多媒体技术、文字信息等,将矿物从宏观的外形到抽象的晶体形态和微观的晶体结构及其最小单位结构通过网络的形式具体展现给观众.矿物数字博物馆的建设可以为人们认知整个矿物世界搭建一个良好的平台,在科研教学、推动国民科学普及教育、培养创新人才方面发挥重要作用.