Effects of shallow and deep geology on seismic hazard estimates: a case study of pseudo-acceleration response spectra for the northwestern Balkans

Northwestern Balkans represents one of the rare regions where data on both the shallow geology (i.e., local soil conditions) and the deep geology exist for stations that recorded hundreds of strong motion records. The strong motion database used in this study consists of 203 strong motion accelerograms (each with three orthogonal translational components), recorded in former Yugoslavia in the period 1976–1983, from 108 contributing earthquakes. In this paper, the results of a series of regression analyses are presented where empirical equations for scaling pseudo-acceleration response spectra were developed on the basis of 5 subsets of data and using three prediction models. Results of the regression analyses show that for ground motion in the horizontal direction, both the shallow and deep geology site conditions have to be taken into account or else the spectral estimates might be considerably biased. Results show that the shallow geology influences spectral amplitudes the most in the short period range and has much lesser effects for larger periods, while the influence of the deep geology is expressed in a wider range of intermediate to long periods. Results also show that if the prediction model that considers solely the shallow geology effects is used, the spectral peaks that have been related to the deep geology effects will completely vanish for larger source-to-site distances, while in the case when solely the deep geology is considered, the peaks related to the shallow geology will not be visible for any distance. As for the amplitudes in the vertical direction, although both the shallow and the deep geology effects are less expressed than in the horizontal one, they still cannot be neglected—the deep geology effects are visible for a wider range of vibration periods, while the shallow geology has some effects only for periods smaller than ~0.3 s.     

加强矿床地质研究，提高找矿工作成效

中国经济的持续快速增长,急需找矿工作的重大突破,以提供更多更好的矿产资源。矿床学正面临新的发展机遇。当前矿床研究工作的问题是理论联系实际不够,学科内部各部分发展不平衡。为此,笔者提出了矿床学研究中的几个重点:①由浅部向深部开拓——深浅结合;②矿床解剖与区域展开——点面结合;③矿床系列和异常系列组成的矿化网络;④研究与发现新型矿产资源。对如何加强矿床研究,提出:①理论与实践紧密结合;②宽厚基础与重点深入相结合;③国内矿床研究与国外矿床研究相结合;④继承与创新相结合。预计今后10～15年期间,中国的矿床研究将处在一个很有利的战略发展机遇期,我们要加倍努力,为实现从地质资源大国到地质资源强国的转变做出应有贡献。     

Feature: Geology of the bridges of the Dorset Stour

Famously, geology is on our doorstep, and an understanding of the geology of everyday things helps us communicate to those for whom it is a closed subject. The stone bridges of the River Stour from Stourhead to Christchurch in southern England are a topic worthy of study and rewarding as an example of the variety of the geology of this part of England.     

A short walk in the Himalayas

Last April I spent three weeks in Nepal, most of the time walking up to the Annapurna Sanctuary, north of Pokhara in western Nepal. This is a popular area for trekking, with spectacular scenery; and I will try to give an impression of what can be found there, with some explanation of the geology and scenery. This is a general overview of what is on offer for the amateur geologist and dedicated walker and not a detailed field guide.     

精细地质初议

通过对经济建设、资源勘探、环境保护和地学发展的需求分析,提出了进行精细地质研究的必要性,诠释了精细地质的概念及其技术体系。认为精细地质是以先进的技术方法和高灵敏度的测量仪器,对地质体进行精确细致的研究,形成先进、精确、实用的成果,达到提高地学科研与调查水平,高效服务经济建设的目的。精细地质的技术体系包括遥感、物探、化探、钻探、同位素测年、空间定位技术、计算机技术等,通过空中地表地下全方位立体化的综合调查,完成对研究对象的精细研究。通过物探、遥感、同位素测年、化探等核心技术在国内外精细地质研究中的发展应用状况分析,以遥感技术为例,阐述了进行精细地质调查研究的可能性,展望了精细地质在矿产资源勘探、地学研究、环境保护、国防建设、地质灾害调查等领域的应用前景。     

谢家荣：现代中国地质科学的拓荒人——纪念中国地质学会成立100周年

谢家荣是中国地质学家群体中极其重要和突出的一位，他在地质科学领域里涉猎面之广，在我国地质界独一无二，是一位“全方位的地质学家”，是现代中国地质学领域当之无愧的拓荒者。本文略述其简历和他在中国煤岩学和煤地质学、土壤学、石油地质学、铀钍矿产地质与勘查、北京西山地质研究、中国大地构造学、矿床学、经济地质学和地质教育领域的贡献与成就。谢家荣对中国地质事业和中国地质学会的建立与成长都作出了不可磨灭的贡献，是我们永远都不应该忘记、都值得纪念的一位伟大的地质学家。     

吉林复兴村金矿工程环境地质问题研究

复兴村金矿将进入矿山建设开发阶段,矿山开采会引发边坡及采空区稳定性问题。预测潜在环境工程地质问题,提出防治措施,为矿山建设提供依据。     

关于管道勘察报告中数理统计方法的研究应用

管道勘察中的分区数理统计是综合反映管道的地表植被、工程地质、地形地貌、岩性特征、不良地质作用等的一系列重要参数,它为管道的设计施工提供了具体翔实的基础资料。在编制输油管道勘察报告过程中,管道数据量庞大,地表植被分区、工程地质分区等数理统计工作占据很大的工作量。但就目前来看,人们普遍还是采用传统的人工计算器运算,这样既繁琐、费时,出错率还很高。本文根据现状,对于管道的数理统计方法进行了相应的分析研究,开发出基于测量平台并具本专业特色的统计软件,提高了数理统计效率,减少了工作量,降低了出错机率,取得了很好的效果。     

Geology, landscape and human interactions: examples from the Isle of Wight

The British Geological Survey has recently re-mapped the Isle of Wight at a scale of 1:10,000. This has added to a wealth of geological research already published. Within this paper, we highlight the importance of geology to the heritage of the Isle of Wight and its impacts on everyday life. There is a growing cultural awareness of the variety of landscapes and resources, the geology that underpins them, and the need to manage and understand them in a sensitive and sustainable way. ‘Geodiversity’, which collectively embraces these themes, is defined as “… the natural range (diversity) of geological (rocks, minerals, fossils), geomorphological (land form, processes) and soil features …” (Gray, 2004). This paper will focus on the geomorphological features; that is, the link between geology, the landscape it influences, and the human interactions with it. Examples from the Isle of Wight of the influences of geology on landscape include the landslides at Ventnor; geotourism at The Needles, Alum Bay and various dinosaur sites; and the artificial landscapes resulting from resource extraction. The geological issues and examples that we have used are some of the most applicable to everyday life, and therefore ones that many people will be able to relate to, such as geohazards (e.g. landslides), water supply, economic value (e.g. quarrying) and tourism. The paper is aimed at the non-specialist and students but also may provide a contextual element to professionals.     

北京市平原区地下水养蓄控高水位及其约束下的地下水库调蓄空间计算

北京市平原区地下水长期的超量开采导致地下水位持续下降和储量资源大量亏损,并引发了一系列环境地质问题,南水北调工程引水入京为地下水资源蓄养提供了条件,地下水超采困境将逐步得以改善。由于地下水位下降造成的非饱和地下空间受人类干扰明显,恢复地下水位必须考虑人为因素的影响。本文论述了北京平原区（不合延庆）建[构]筑物地下基础与固体废弃物的填埋场对于地下水位上升的制约作用,提出了相应的地下水限制恢复水位,利用克里金插值法绘制出限制曲面。在此基础上,从历史上曾经存在的、由实际地下水开采结构控制的水位流场中,寻找最接近的限制水位作为地下水回升的控高目标,并计算了地下水库中能够用于水资源储存的可恢复调蓄空间。     

谈谈地球化学勘查的合理程序问题

本文根据地矿部各省地矿局近年来提供的采用化探方法找到的各类矿床的发现史讨论地球化学勘查的合理程序问题.作者根据地矿部各省局采用化探方法找到的各类矿床的找矿案例中总结了四类化探勘查程序,并分别对四类程序的特点和问题进行了讨论.作者一方面强调了在成矿运景区内的化探普、详查选区要有前期化探资料为依据,另一方面也指出了勘查程序并不是一成不变的,常常要根据一项勘查工作的要求、资金保证程度和异常检查情况等多种因素设计和确定最佳的勘查程序.     

“将古论今”——环境科学研究中的历史地质学方法

传统地质学的“将今论古”方法使地质学取得了巨大的成就,而且还将是今后地质学发展的指导思想,但面对资源、环境、减灾等人类在二十一世纪的主要问题,地球科学所面对的问题时,地质学家首先应该改变或者更新自己的思维方式。如果以地球演化的同一性原理来认识地球,则“将古论今”的方法对解决地球科学面临的挑战人有重要的意义。以历史地质学的方法和视角,研究地质过程的发生、发展和演化过程,以及这种过程在今天和明天的演化趋势,及其对人类生存环境的影响,将是今后一十时期地质科学的主要任务。     

浅谈原本地质科技档案的整理

随着信息技术突飞猛进的向前发展，人类已经进入了一个数字化、网络化的新时代。针对如何使现有的原本地质科技档案的管理工作适应新形势的要求，提出了对原本地质科技档案重新整编的原则、方法，以及能使原本地质科技档案符合规范化、标准化要求，以达灵活方便、事半功倍之目的。     

Current Status of the Research on Coal Geology in China

Coal is the main energy in China, which has already played and will continue to play an important role in the national economy. Coal geology, as a practical science, has an access to gradual development with the growth and prosperity of China. From the meaning of the coalfield geology, this paper introduces the research progress and status of coalfield geology, including the research on coal basin, stratigraphy of coal-bearing stratigraphic sequences, coal-forming process, structural geology of coalfields, and exploration and development status of coal resources. The paper specially focuses on coal-forming process, including coal formation in terrestrial facies and transgressive / regression events, and introduces new technology which has been applied to research progress in structural geology of coalfield. This paper puts forward a new comprehensive exploration system for coal exploration and reviews regional coal geological exploration results in recent years, such as coal-poor regions of seven provinces in southern China and the coal resources area in northwest China, which will be an important coal-producing area in the future.     

对西天山-伊宁地层区南部大哈拉军山组火山岩系时代的新认识

自大哈拉军山火山岩系建组，并确定其时代为早石炭世以来，它在西天山及伊宁地块的地质、成矿作用的研究中所起的作用是举足轻重的，在全面分析以往资料和发现中生代鱼化石的基础上，重新厘定大哈拉军山组的时代为三叠一侏罗纪，将对西天山及伊宁地区的构造属性、构造单元划分、发展演化及矿产资源的开发均会起到重要的作用。     

The distribution of soil erosion as a function of slope aspect and parent material in Ciskei,Southern Africa

The paper investigates the relationship between geology, soils and slope aspects in four Ciskei catchments. The primary aim of the study was to determine whether any simple bivariate relationship exists between these independent variables and soil erosion. The secondary aim of the study was to determine whether combining the three independent variables and using a multivariate analysis could produce a more lucid picture of spatial variations in soil erosion. The results obtained from the study show that all the three independent variables (geology, soil type and slope aspects) can be used to account for spatial variations in soil erosion in the study catchments. A parent material classification (based on geology and soil type) and a parent material plus slope aspect classification provide more detailed explanation for variations in the extent of soil erosion in the study area. The paper discusses possible reasons for the observed relationships and the need for more detailed multivariate investigations.     

地慢柱与热点的成矿作用

地幔往与热点是当今地质学前沿课题之一，但研究程度较低，国内更是刚刚起步。本文从时空演化的角度探讨了地幔柱一热点的成矿作用。地幔柱与热点既可见于板块内部，也可见于洋中脊和造山带等板块边界，既可见于现代更可见于古代，因此它可能影响到地表各处以及地史上各阶段的成矿作用．而且在其自身演化的各个阶段都有不同类型的矿化特征。已知的矿床类型包括锡、铜、铅锌、铀、稀土及宝石等。我国华南东钨西锡、东老西新的成矿规律、二叠纪峨眉山玄武岩、白云鄂博稀土矿以及阿尔泰与碱性岩有关的锡多金属成矿系列等，都可能与地幔柱－热点作用有关。     

矿山安全地质学:综述

矿山安全防控是一个复杂的系统工程,涉及到多学科,而其中的地质条件和成灾机理研究是事故防控中最重要的基础工作。但是,目前还没有系统地研究安全地质的学科和工作机制。因此,提出应建立矿山安全地质学新的交叉学科。针对矿山建设和采掘安全生产的需求,介绍了矿山安全地质学的概念、内容框架、研究方法、主要矿山安全地质问题、安全地质问题风险评价等,并对矿山安全地质研究中亟待解决的关键科学问题和防控关键技术发展趋势提出了建议和展望,同时,本文还简要综述了本期深部矿山安全地质专辑收录的主要文章在矿山安全地质方面的创新性工作,期望为深部矿山安全地质理论研究与灾害防控提供科学支撑。     

华北板块南缘熊耳群火山岩研究的若干问题

本文基于大量的区域地质学，岩石学和地球化学资料，陈述熊耳群的一些重要资料，阐明作用者对一些争议问题的看法，同时指出今后值得注意的一些研究内容。研究表明，熊耳群火山岩以橄榄玄粗岩，安粗岩和粗面英安岩，流纹岩为主，其次为高钾玄武安山岩，高钾安山岩，高钾英安岩；火山岩系列主要为橄榄玄粗岩系，其次为高钾钙碱性岩系；熊耳群是扩张应力背景的产物，但火山岩的地球化学特征表明，能耳期或熊耳期以前的陆下岩石圈地幔历     

国外军事地质工作现状与发展趋势

军事地质伴随着军事活动而生,并伴随军事活动和地质科学的发展而发展。通过对国外军事地质的发展历史和现状进行系统的研究,将国外军事地质分为早期孕育期、快速发展期和稳定发展期3个阶段,介绍了国外在军事工程地质、军事水文地质、军事矿产地质、军事海洋地质、军事地球物理和军事遥感地质六大研究方向取得的进展,总结了国外军事地质工作的3个特点,分别为军民共同推进军事地质工作、地质工作与国防建设统筹部署,及军民联合攻关技术成果双向转化应用。提出了未来军事地质的三大趋势,大数据和云计算将成为军事地质工作的重要支撑技术、军事地质将由资源保障走向空间拓展、现代军事地质的保障工作由国内(局部)扩展到全球(全时域),为中国国内军事地质工作发展提供借鉴和参考。