高温地热储热流体的物理状态及井孔水热动力分析与计算

文章分析了高温地热储热流体的天然物理状态,求解了地热流体沿井管减压上流(水—水、汽)两相流动方程,提出了热储最高温度、开始汽化面深度、动态平衡汽化面深度、孔内汽化面上、下压力降分布和井口最大工作压力等计算方法。以中国羊八井和日本Otake热田为例给出了计算结果;借用敏感性分析指出了参数的主次和准确性要求。方法包括了一般冷地下水的情况。部分结果已为热田开发所证明。它们不但为评价热储温度、地层渗透性等创造了条件,而且为热储工程提供了重要参数。     

从钻井测温曲线看地下水流方向及油气储藏条件——以川东南地区丁山1井为例

实测丁山1井测温曲线显示:温度向井底持续升高,井口温度25℃左右,井底温度107.5℃。温度曲线在1 000～3 000 m深度范围内出现"上凸"的扰动现象。现今平均地温梯度纵向上分段明显:三叠系及二叠系地层平均地温梯度为23.94℃/km;志留系和奥陶系地层平均地温梯度较大,为37.27℃/km;寒武系地层平均地温梯度较低,为16.65℃/100m。根据地温梯度分段性特征与地层热导率、地层岩性的相关性分析认为地下流体垂向上升运动造成了温度曲线扰动。进而推断出下奥陶统—中寒武统的地层具有较高的孔隙度和渗透率,而中奥陶统—志留系的地层则具有良好的封堵性,而这种上盖下储的地层组合,对油气成藏较为有利,反映了川东南地区下组合良好的油气储藏条件。     

北京市地下热水层位的判断

在地下热水资源勘探和利用的过程中,通常需要首先弄清楚地下热水地层的层位,解决地下热水地层的地质时代隶属问题。过去,地质学上主要依据区域地质特征、古生物化石及同位素测定年龄,在最新发展起来的数学地质中,地层层位的确定可以应用分类和判别的方法。本文中采用一种基于贝叶斯(Bayes)准则下的多组判别分析。     

张掖—民乐盆地中新生界地层结构及对地热的控制作用

张掖—民乐盆地地质构造简单但地层岩性复杂,由古生界结晶变质岩及加里东期侵入岩组成的基底凸凹起伏,中上部沉积了巨厚的、基本呈水平分布的内陆河湖相细颗粒中新生界碎屑岩类,上部为数百米乃至上千米厚的第四系松散堆积物。根据相关研究成果^［1-4］,其中新近系中新统白杨河组砂岩、砂砾岩分布连续稳定,埋藏深度一般700 ~ 2 150 m,平均厚度约170 m,构成盆地的主要热储层;碎屑岩类底部与结晶变质岩或侵入岩风化破碎带构成盆地的次要热储层。热源来自深部地壳或上地幔的热传导,热水温度受三方面的因素影响：一是热储埋藏深度越深,热水的温度越高;二是热储越靠近导热率高的岩体时,热水的温度越高;三是盖层厚度越大,保温性越好,热水的温度越高。     

高温岩体热能抽出实验和人工贮留层的模型化

一、前言地下深部的岩体,由于岩浆热的作用,具有非常高的温度。当从地表向高温岩体中注入冷水,即将以热水或蒸气形式留存于地层之中而形成天然贮留层。一般的地热开发是以这样的天然贮留层为对象而进行的。但是温度高而不具有天然贮留层的岩体是存在的,这样的岩体叫做高温岩体。开发高温岩体的设想,是约20年前由美国提出的,此后,日本、欧州诸国,都在进行着高温岩体的技术开发。     

基于水文地球化学的合山煤田地下热水特征分析

为开发广西合山煤田地下热水资源,以水文地球化学方法为主,通过石英温标法估算地热储层温度,并推测地下热水循环深度,研究地下热水赋存规律。结果显示,合山煤田地下热水补给、径流和排泄受岩溶构造控制,以顺地层为主,穿层次之;接受大气降水入渗补给,水质为HCO₃-Ca·Mg型;采用无蒸汽损失的石英温标法,估算热储层温度约80℃,识别出浅层地下水、浅层地下水与深部地下循环混合水和深部地下循环水3种类型;以井田内No.6钻孔数据为例,800 m孔深以下为深层地下循环水,其热储层温度为63.44~79.41℃,循环深度在2 541~2 704 m,与实际地层埋深相差较小,估算结果可信度较高;在1 400 m以浅,有望探寻到水温约50℃热水;合山煤田地下热水的偏硅酸、温度均达到医疗要求;三、四煤层热导率低,孔隙率小,为热储层良好盖层;四煤层底板合山组下段和茅口组溶隙发育,为良好热水储层。研究成果对煤田地热资源的开发利用前景预测有一定的探索意义。      

二次多项式逐步回归在油田压裂产能预测中的应用

在油田勘探与开发过程中,为了改造低渗透性油层大幅度增加产油能力,目前广泛采用对油层进行水力压裂措施。所谓水力压裂,就是用高压(200—1400大气压)将一定粘度(1—10000厘泊)的液体从油井的套管或油管中以油层能吸收的速度(1立方米—40立方米/分)压入。这样的压入速度,促使井筒内的压力超过地层的压缩应力和岩石的张力强度而出现破裂,形成一条或者一组裂缝。继续注入压裂液,将迫使裂缝进一步延伸和扩展。     

热年代学基本原理、重要概念及地质应用

岩石和矿物的同位素年龄从根本上取决于它们的综合热历史,而热年代学是一种能够分析其热历史的技术。岩石中一些矿物核衰变会生成子产物(同位素或矿物晶格的结构损伤),而热活化会使这些子产物逸失,热年代学主要分析子产物累积和逸失之间的相互关系。由于温度随地球岩石圈深度增加而升高,因此可以将温度信息转换为热年代学数据;应用热年代学可以分析岩石在给定时间内停留在地表以下的深度,从而获得地表到下地壳的多种地质过程的关键信息,其分析原理在于其同位素封闭系统。同位素系统在高温下均会表现为开放系统,即子产物通过扩散比核衰变逃逸更快;在低温下则表现为封闭系统,即子产物逃逸速率非常慢,以致在百万年为单位的地质时间都可以保留在原岩石和矿物中。从开放系统到封闭系统的切换不是瞬间完成,而是在离散的温度区间内进行的,这个区间称为部分保留区。封闭温度位于这个温度区间内,可以定义为热年代学系统中与其表观年龄相对应的温度。本文介绍了封闭温度≤350～400℃,(40)~Ar-(39)~Ar、裂变径迹和(U—Th)/He的测年原理、发展历史和样品选择;详细分析了封闭温度,部分退火区与部分保留区,裂变径迹年龄类型,滞后时间等重要概念;说明了岩体垂直运动、温度历史和其子产物积累之间所代表的年龄—海拔关系;进一步阐述了抬升、剥露和剥蚀定义,以及是否考虑均衡回弹情况下的关系。热年代学与其它年代学应用案例包括:约束地层和矿产年龄、隆升剥蚀、盆地演化、构造演化、矿床热历史演化与保存变化等方面。地球科学研究不断深化,综合热年代学有助于其更深入研究,可以带来更多丰硕成果。     

西藏羊八井地热田热水的化学组成

羊八井地热田深、浅层热水都是Cl-Na类型,具有相同的B/Cl比值,说明深层热水在上升通道中与冷水相混合形成了浅层热水。浅层流体自西北向东南流动,温度逐渐降低。浅层热储内普遍存在着水岩交换反应,对热水的化学组成有一定的影响。石英和玉髓地热温度计分别适用于计算深、浅层的热储温度。纳木错(湖)不是羊八井地热田的补给区。深层热水在井筒内绝热汽化时不会出现SiO₂结垢,CaCO₃是否会在井筒壁沉淀需要放喷较长时间来检验。文中还阐述了对热水的化学组分进行监测的必要性。     

江西地下热水分佈规律及其水化学特征

一、地下热水的分布 江西地下热水资源丰富,据统计目前已知温泉61处,热水钻孔6处。其中以中温热水(40—60℃)为主,有35处。占地下热水点总数的52.2％,其余为低温(21—40℃)、中高温(60—80℃)和高温(80—100℃)热水。温泉最高温度82℃。其总的分布情况是: 赣东、赣东南地区:出露温泉20处,热水钻孔2处。主要分布在武夷山西侧的黎川、南丰,宜黄、资溪、石城、宁都和寻乌     

Impact of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> injection rate on heat extraction at the HDR geothermal field of Zhacanggou,China

CO₂ is now considered as a novel heat transmission fluid to extract geothermal energy. It can achieve the goal of energy exploitation and CO₂ geological sequestration. Taking Zhacanggou as research area, a “Three-spot” well pattern (one injection with two production), “wellbore–reservoir” coupled model is built, and a constant injection rate is set up. A fully coupled wellbore–reservoir simulator—T2Well—is introduced to study the flow mechanism of CO₂ working as heat transmission fluid, the variance pattern of each physical field, the influence of CO₂ injection rate on heat extraction and the potential and sustainability of heat resource in Guide region. The density profile variance resulting from temperature differences of two wells can help the system achieve “self-circulation” by siphon phenomenon, which is more significant in higher injection rate cases. The density of CO₂ is under the effect of both pressure and temperature; moreover, it has a counter effect on temperature and pressure. The feedback makes the flow process in wellbore more complex. In low injection rate scenarios, the temperature has a dominating impact on the fluid density, while in high rate scenario, pressure plays a more important role. In most scenarios, it basically keeps stable during 30-year operation. The decline of production temperature is <5 °C. However, for some high injection rate cases (75 and 100 kg/s), due to the heat depletion in reservoir, there is a dramatic decline for production temperature and heat extraction rate. Therefore, a 50-kg/s CO₂ injection rate is more suitable for “Three-spot” well pattern in Guide region.     

天然气水合物注热开采近井储层变形破坏的数值模拟研究

为了研究海洋地层中天然气水合物注热开采条件下,水合物沉积层近井储层的力学性质变化规律和变形破坏规律,基于多场耦合理论,考虑水合物分解产生的水、气形成的超静孔隙压力对地层有效应力的影响,建立了能够反映水合物注热分解条件下水合物沉积层温度场、渗流场和变形场耦合作用关系的热流固耦合弹塑性模型,并以ABAQUS软件为开发平台,在Fortran语言环境下编制子程序进行数值模拟。结果表明:注热温度越高,近井储层力学性质劣化的区域与有效应力减小的幅度越大,发生塑性变形破坏的范围和产生的等效塑性应变值也越大;井口最小水平地应力方向的有效应力值最小,等效塑性应变值和体积应变值最大,是首先发生变形破坏的关键位置;井口同一位置的有效应力随注热温度的升高而减小,而体积应变则随注热温度的升高而增大。     

Treatment on oil/water gel deposition behavior in non-heating gathering and transporting process with polymer flooding wells

Against a background of crude oil shortage and low-carbon economy, optimization and simplification of oil–gas gathering and transporting play an indispensable role in efficient development of oilfield. Profit from the high efficient utilization of the produced liquid self-energy, single-pipe non-heating gathering and transporting process has been recognized in polymer flooding wells of Daqing oilfield (China). However, it is also facing the challenges of deposition, partial blockage, high wellhead pressure, production fluctuation and environment management. A field investigation of the application for the non-heating process and the variation of polymer flooding wellhead pressure were recently carried out. The flow patterns of the oil, water and gas mixture in single-pipe process were identified, and the locations where the gel deposition was most likely to occur were estimated. Deposition inhibitions and removal processes were practiced, and the operation parameters under different working conditions were optimized. The results indicated that single-pipe non-heating process could reduce 20% of the investment and 30% of the running cost and could also make the wellhead pressure of some wells exceed the maximum allowable operating pressure of oil gathering pipelines. There appears to be a proportional relationship among water content, flow rate, residual polymer concentration and gel deposition behavior in a certain range of gathering radius. The gel deposition rate of the produced liquid with polymer concentration of higher than 600 mg/L and the water content of 90.5% reached 0.1154 mm/h in the coldest climate under the normal flow rate of 85 t/d, and the theoretical pigging period was <10 days. Gelation nucleation which was related to emulsification was induced by the transition and coexistence of separated flow and dispersed flow in non-heating gathering pipelines. The main deposition located on the beginning of pipelines, manifold, valve and elbow, and wellhead pressure of 350 psi was created in the test period of 20 days. Although using chemical inhibition method could still obtain a drag reduction rate of more than 25% under crude oil gelation temperature, the fact of the centralization disability of wellhead dosing facilities and the potential threat of chemical inhibitors to the environment could not be ignored. The noticeable energy consumption and potential risks of pipeline restarting may be encountered using facilities improvement and sphere pigging operation in gel deposition behavior treatment. A relation schema which could be used to predict deposition rate and extract thermal flush period according to the actual working condition was established. The successful application of the non-heating gathering and transporting process combated the traditional view that heat tracing is essential for maintaining the surface process in extremely cold area. Furthermore, the results contributed to the existing literature in establishing subsurface and surface parts integration idea for a green field development and accelerate further application of non-heating gathering and transporting process.     

A mathematical model of permeability alteration around wells

This paper presents an analytical solution of the permeability alteration problem around the wellbore. This alteration may be a permeability reduction due to drilling fluid invasion or mudcake formation around the wellbore. On the other hand, the alteration may be a permeability increase resulting from stimulation by acidizing the formation matrix around the well. This permeability discontinuity in a reservoir forms a composite reservoir system. With the composite model, both the degree and the radial extent of permeability alteration can be adequately predicted. The conventional skin concept is inadequate and physically unrealistic in most of these cases. This paper describes the application of an automatic weighted constrained least-squares parameter estimation technique and the analytical model for pressure transient analysis. The parameters of the composite reservoir system are determined from a match of the pressure transient data. The behaviour of the pressure transient in such composite systems is presented using the analytical solution.     

无限大三层越流油气藏井底压力的精确解及典型曲线

在考虑表皮效应和井筒储存的影响的条件下，采用最大有效井径的概念，建立无限三层越流油藏井底压力的动态模型。通过拉氏变换得到拉氏空间下以Bessel函数表示的井底压力和分层流量的精确解。运用Crump数值反演方法，得到实空间的解；分析了压力动态特征。该模型不但适合于表皮系数为正的情况，也适合于表皮系数为负的情形。用新模型绘制的典型曲线进行拟合，得到更加准确的结果。     

Cyclic Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of Wellbore in Underground Compressed Air Energy Storage Cavern

The compressed air energy storage (CAES) method is a viable method of storing surplus energy underground when there is a mismatch between energy generation and demand. Wellbores embedded in rock are an integral part of energy storage structures, and are used for injecting and extracting the compressed air. During injection and production cycles, the storage reservoir and wellbore are subjected to cyclic change in external pressure and temperature, which may cause failure of the wellbore. In this paper, cyclic thermo-mechanical analysis of a horizontal wellbore in an underground CAES cavern is performed using finite element analysis. The rock behavior is simulated using the Mohr-Coulomb constitutive law. The reduction in the yield strength of rock with increase in the number of loading cycles is taken into account in the analysis. Parametric sensitivity studies are carried out to study the effects of dilation and friction angles of rock, the ratio of in situ horizontal and vertical stresses, loading frequency, and the magnitude of the temperature cycles in the cavern on the wellbore performance for different types of rock. The thermo-mechanical cyclic behavior leads to plastic strains that are greater than those obtained by performing mechanical analysis only. Significantly large deformation is generated in rock for large dilation angle and high loading frequencies.     

新场气田分段压裂水平井裂缝布局优化

新场气田属于大型多层致密砂岩异常高压气藏,储层物性差,非均质性强,气井动用储量低。目前,为大幅度提高气井产能,提高储量动用长度,该气藏多采用多段压裂水平井开发。因此,迫切需要论证裂缝参数及其组合对多段压裂水平井开发效果的影响,为气藏下步科学高效开发和持续高产稳产提供理论基础。以川西新场气田为研究对象,采用数值模拟法深入研究了压裂水平井裂缝几何布局对气井产能的影响,包括非均匀裂缝长度、非均匀裂缝间距、压裂规模与裂缝数量、裂缝长度与间距的匹配、裂缝夹角与间距的匹配。结果表明:对于多段压裂水平井,U型模式的裂缝长度布局最优;均匀裂缝间距开发效果优于非均匀裂缝间距;水力压裂时,少段数长缝能取得更佳的开发效果;0. 67~1倍缝长的裂缝间距布局、垂直于井筒的正交裂缝布局有利于改善压裂水平井开发效果,裂缝间距的增大能有效降低非正交裂缝低夹角对产量的影响。     

联合应用弹性参数λ和μ预测天然气

弹性参数预测研究是进行隐蔽气藏勘探的重要方法。在没有多波多分量资料的状况下,基于岩石物理研究建立模型,通过利用AVO资料进行纵横波分离,然后利用分离的纵横波资料进行弹性参数反演是一种切实可行的弹性参数预测方法。研究中提出了一种利用弹性参数预测储层含气性的新方法,通过在XC气田井位论证中的实际应用,部署的探井获得了成功,证实了利用弹性参数进行隐蔽性气藏含气性预测的可靠性,具有较好的推广应用前景。     

晋城岳城矿地面采动区井井位优选与抽采寿命研究

为了降低晋城岳城矿工作面U型通风造成的上隅角瓦斯聚集,提高采动与采空区煤层气地面井抽采井产量及抽采寿命,在借鉴成庄矿、寺河矿和赵庄矿等地面采动试验井研究及工程示范的基础上,以晋城岳城矿煤层气地质条件为工程设计依据,提出并优化地面采动区井位尽量靠近巷道位置处、大井眼地面钻井工艺、优化井身结构等设计方案.现场试验证明:部分...     

温压耦合影响下科学钻探深井结晶岩层井壁稳定性分析

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