若尔盖盆地RM孔揭示的过去14万年古环境

根据青藏高原东部若尔盖盆地ＲＭ孔湖泊沉积物自生碳酸盐酸盐碳氧同位素,碳酸盐含量,木本花粉含量以及有机质量以及有机质含量分析,重建了１４万年以来的古气候与古环境过程,结果表明,１４万年来有５个气候环境显著变化时期,对应于深海氧同位素５个阶段。     

呼伦湖东露天矿剖面有机碳的总量及其稳定碳同位素和古环境演化

湖泊沉积物中有机碳的总量（TOC）取决于湖泊的初始生产力及有机质沉积后的保存能力,而有机碳的稳定同位素（δ~(13)C）值则反映了不同来源有机质的组成以及流域古植被状况。本文通过对内蒙呼伦湖东露天煤矿剖面TOC及δ~(13)C值的垂直分布的研究,结合剖面的沉积特征及孢粉、硅藻分析结果,讨论了呼伦湖地区末次冰期以来古气候古环境演化过程。结果表明有机碳的总量及其稳定碳同位素可作为分析古气候环境的一种有效的代用指标。     

巢湖柱状沉积物中甘油二烷基甘油四醚脂(GDGTs)的组成特征

甘油二烷基甘油四醚脂(GDGTs)是目前生物地球化学研究的热点之一.与GDGTs有关的指标已成功地应用在海洋环境中有关来源判识和古环境古气候重建的研究,但是在湖泊环境中的应用目前还比较有限.通过开展巢湖柱状沉积物中GDGTs的组成测定,为GDGTs类脂分子标志物在湖泊系统中的应用提供依据.研究表明由柱状沉积物中支链GDGTs参数计算得到的量化结果与巢湖周围流域的环境温度、pH等历史记录能较好地吻合;柱状沉积物中类异戊二烯类GDGTs来源的不确定性可能是造成TEX_(86)指标的量化结果和实际的水体温度出现较大偏差的重要原因.另外,沉积物中GDGTs指标和TOC、C/N、δ~(13)C_(org)、δ~(15)N等传统湖泊总体有机质参数以及其它分子标志物指标相比,具有高分辨性和抗干扰等特点.因此,湖泊中GDGTs有望成为湖泊古气候和古环境重建的重要指标.     

云南程海沉积物碳酸盐来源辨识

碳酸盐是湖泊沉积物的组成部分,其碳、氧同位素组成是恢复湖区古气候/古环境的有效代用指标.沉积物碳酸盐包括物源区带来的外源碳酸盐和湖泊内生沉淀产生的自生碳酸盐,其中只有自生碳酸盐才具有古气候指示意义.故沉积物碳酸盐来源辨识是开展碳酸盐古环境记录研究的基础和前提.通过多种方法的综合判别,证明了程海沉积物碳酸盐主要是自生碳酸盐,为开展碳酸盐记录研究提供了可靠依据.程海是开展碳酸盐碳氧同位素与古气候研究的理想场所,尤其值得深入研究.     

柴达木盆地托素湖不同位置岩芯沉积物指标对比及其环境意义

湖泊不同位置岩芯沉积物相同代用指标的变化是否一致对于重建可靠的区域气候变化历史至关重要.目前多数研究仅利用深水区单一的沉积岩芯来反演区域的气候环境变化,对于不同位置岩芯重建结果的异同尚缺乏研究.本文选择托素湖不同位置、不同水深的4根短钻岩芯沉积物,在放射性核素(210 Pb和137 Cs)定年的基础上,对比分析各岩芯沉积物粒度、碳酸盐含量等代用指标的变化情况.结果显示,湖泊内相近的沉积岩芯沉积物粒度变化相似,但相距较远的岩芯之间粒度变化差异较大;浅水区的沉积物粒度(粒径或组分含量)在短时间尺度上变化很大,而深水区的沉积环境比较稳定,在百年尺度上的变化不明显;有机质与碳酸盐含量总体变化趋势一致且有较好的相关性,表明碳酸盐可能受到湖泊生产力的影响.碳酸盐含量、碳酸盐氧同位素(δ18 O)和TL06孔孢粉的A/C比值变化基本一致,反映的有效湿度变化与同期气象记录的相对湿度一致,但与降水量和蒸发量的变化不一致.因此,托素湖粒度指标仅指示不同位置钻孔沉积环境状况,与气候变化的关系并不明显,用碳酸盐及其同位素等地球化学指标恢复区域气候变化历史更可靠.     

湖泊沉积物有机质δ13C所揭示的环境气候信息

根据我国不同纬度和高海拔地区青藏高原东部地区湖泊沉积物有机质δ＾１３Ｃ组成特征的分析,就其揭示的环境气候意义作了探讨。研究表明,湖泊沉积物有机质δ＾１３Ｃ波动间接地反映气候冷暖的波动,但高原与平原地区湖泊沉积物有机质δ＾１３Ｃ值变化具有不同的环境气候意义。这与陆生植物Ｃ３及Ｃ４植物的分布密切相关,据此初步划分为三种有机质δ＾１３Ｃ古气候类型。     

若尔盖盆地兴措湖沉积记录揭示的近代气候与环境

依据湖泊沉积记录进行古气候环境要素定量的是过去全球变化研究的重要内容,本文通过若尔盖盆地兴措湖近代湖泊沉积特征、沉积物总有机碳及其同位素指标分析,并与器测气象资料进行比较,对兴措湖泊近代湖泊沉积物中有机碳及其同位素指标所代表的气候环境信息进行了定量研究,在此基础上,建立了兴措湖沉积物总有机碳及其同位素记录与对应的降水和气温间的函数关系,为定量恢复该区长尺度历史时期古气候环境特征提供了基础。     

鹤庆深钻岩芯揭示的构造-沉积旋回及其西南季风区2．78Ma以来的气候环境演化

通过对云南鹤庆湖泊深钻岩芯（737．72m）多环境代用指标的综合分析,重建了该地区2．78Ma以来构造和气候环境演化序列．岩芯磁性地层研究表明,鹤庆湖盆形成于约2.78,2．65Ma以后湖盆积水成湖,并接受连续的湖相沉积。岩芯沉积特征、粒度、孢粉、碳酸盐含量和烧失量指标共同指示了2．78Ma以来盆地的构造．沉积旋回以及西南季风的演化．     

晚冰期以来青海湖沉积物多指标高分辨率的古气候演化

通过青海湖沉积物孢粉、碳酸盐、有机C, N和有机δ¹³C等多项指标的综合分析, 建立了青海湖晚冰期以来的高分辨率古气候演化序列. 结果表明, 18.2 cal. ka BP左右为末次冰期盛冰阶进入晚冰期的界限, 自15.4 cal. ka BP起气候开始向暖湿化发展, 7.4 cal. ka BP时达到了暖湿组合的鼎盛期, 4.5 cal. ka BP以后气候又逐步转入冷干. 晚冰期向全新世转换期间气候的冷暖干湿波动十分频繁, 其特征与北大西洋深海沉积、格陵兰冰芯、欧洲地区湖泊沉积以及中国黄土、古里雅冰芯等记录的古气候具有一定的可对比性. 青海湖地区晚冰期以来的古气候演化特征揭示了万年尺度上东亚季风的源驱动力同太阳辐射有关.     

北方环境敏感带岱海湖泊沉积所记录的全新世中期环境特征

对中国北方环境敏感带封闭湖泊岱海获得的高质量沉积物岩芯, 进行了年代学、以及有机质含量(TOC, TN)、碳酸盐含量(CaCO3)和孢粉等代用气候环境指标的测试与分析. 结果表明: 全新世以来岱海沉积物中TOC, TN等有机质含量的变化与孢粉百分含量、孢粉通量的变化相当吻合, 并在约6.7~3.5 ka BP(日历年约7.6~3.6 ka BP)期间达到全新世以来的高值; 6.7 ka BP以来, 沉积物中碳酸盐含量与有机质含量的变化也具有很好的相关性, 也在6.7~3.5 ka BP期间达到峰值; 而在早全新世及中全新世早期9.0~6.7 ka BP(日历年龄约10~7.6 ka BP)期间, 相对较低的有机质含量、孢粉通量却对应较高的碳酸盐含量. 上述关系揭示: 在6.7~3.5 ka BP期间, 岱海流域生产力、有效降水条件均得到很大增强, 进而有可能在水动力条件增强的情况下, 携带较多的流域有机质、花粉以及碳酸盐类物质入湖, 并造成有机质和碳酸盐的同时富集. 而9.0~6.7 ka BP期间, 较低的有机质含量、孢粉通量以及高碳酸盐含量恰恰说明在流域有效降水减少、植被相对匮乏的背景下, 湖泊自身可能的高蒸发率. 二者具有不同的气候环境背景. 基于上述认识, 认为中全新世6.7~3.5 ka BP期间极可能是岱海流域降水充沛、植被丰盛的气候适宜期, 而不是通常认为的中全新世早期或早全新世.     

西藏格林错断层带的基本特征

格林错断层带是一条晚白垩纪以前形成,第四纪以来具明显活动性质的右旋走滑断层。断层带由4条次级走滑断层呈右行右阶羽列排列而成,在两条次级走滑断层的连接部位分别形成孜桂错、格林错、瓦昂错拉分区。格林错断层带是西藏中部地区的主要发震断层之一,全新世以来,至少有4期地震地表破裂沿该断层带发生。第四纪晚期,断层具明显的分段活动性质,并且断层活动有从北西向南东、向南迁移的迹象     

GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE GYARING CO FAULT ZONAL DRAINAGE SYSTEM AND ITS STRUCTURAL IMPLICATIONS

Strike-slip faults and normal faults are dominant active tectonics in the interior of Tibetan plateau and control a series of basins and lakes showing extension since the Late Cenozoic, by contrast with the thrust faulting along the orogenic belts bordering the plateau. The late Neotectonic movement of those faults is key information to understand the deformation mechanism for Tibetan plateau. The Gyaring Co Fault is a major active right-lateral strike-slip fault striking~300° for a distance of~240km in central Tibet, in south of Bangong-Nujiang suture zone. The Gyaring Co Fault merges with the north-trending Xainza-Dinggye rift near the southern shore of Gyaring Co. From NW to SE, Dongguo Co, Gemang Co-Zhangnai Co, Zigui Co-Gyaring Co form the Gyaring Co fault zonal drainage basin. Some scholars have noticed that the formation of lakes and basins may be related to strike-slip faults and rift, but there is no analysis on the Gyaring Co fault zonal drainage basin and its response to regional tectonics. In recent years, a variety of quantitative geomorphic parameters have been widely used in the neotectonic systems to analyze the characteristics of the basin and its response mechanism to the tectonic movement. In this paper, we applied ASTER GDEM data on the ArcGIS platform, extracted the Gyaring Co fault zonal drainage basin based on Google Earth images (Landsat and GeoEye) and field work. We acquired basic geomorphic parameters of 153 sub-basin (such as grade, relief, average slope, area) and Hypsometric Index (HI) value and curve. Statistical results have indicated significant differences in scale(area and river network grade)in north and south sides of the fault. Southern drainage basins' relief, slope, HI value are higher than the northern basins, and the overall shape of hypsometric curve of northern basins are convex compared with southern concavity. Along the strike of the Gyaring Co Fault, average slope, and HI value are showing generally increasing trending and hypsometric curve become convex from west to east. By comparing and analyzing the lithology and rainfall conditions, we found that they have little influence on the basic parameters and HI value of drainage basins. Therefore, the changes of basin topographic differences between northern and southern side of fault and profile reveal the Gyaring Co Fault has experienced differential uplift since the late Cenozoic, southern side has greater uplift compared to the north side, and the uplift increased from NW to SE, thus indicate that normal faulting of the Gyaring Co Fault may enhanced by the Xainza-Dinggye rift. The early uplift of the Gangdise-Nyainqentanglha Mountain in late Cenozoic might provide northward inclined pre-existing geomorphic surfaces and the later further rapid uplift on the Gangdise-Nyaingentanglha Mountain and Xainza-Dinggye rift might contribute to the asymmetrical development of the Gyaring Co fault zonal drainage basin.     

落实三大工作体系提高防御地震灾害能力

防震减灾工作与太原钢铁(集团)公司的生产建设和经济发展密不可分。叙述了冶金企业防震减灾工作的特点及太钢防震减灾的工作体系和各项防震减灾管理制度,介绍了近年来太原钢铁(集团)公司开展的各项防震减灾工作的一些作法。     

Metal-olivine associations and NiCo contents in two Apollo 12 mare basalts

Olivine crystals in mare basalts 12004,8 and 12022,12 are normally zoned with Cr-poor rims. The Ni content of rare 2–10-μm metal inclusions in olivine decreases markedly as Fe/Mg in their immediate olivine hosts increases. Each metal grain appears to have been enclosed by late olivine almost immediately after it crystallized. The fractionation trend for the olivine and metal contrasts with the subsolidus equilibration trend for pallasites. For the basalts, not even local equilibration of Fe, Ni and Co at metal/olivine interfaces can be detected by microprobe. Ni and Co concentrations range from about 300 ppm in olivine cores to about 70 ppm in rims. The limits of detection, at 95% confidence, are 36 ppm (Ni) and 25 ppm (Co). The distribution of Ni and Co in olivine, like that of Mg and Cr, records the depletion of these elements in the melt.Fractional solidification models, using the Ni and Co concentrations of the whole rock, and Ni and Co concentrations of the earliest formed olivine, metal and “opaques” as initial compositions, allow metal and olivine compositions to be predicted if the order of crystallization is known. Conversely the order of crystallization can be established if known olivine and metal compositions are reproduced. Calculated Ni and Co contents for metal and olivine in these basalts correspond to observed concentrations only where metal precipitation is delayed until the liquid has crystallized 4–5 wt.% olivine.     

New index of ferromanganese crusts reflecting oceanic environmental oxidation

Ferromanganese crusts (hereinafter crusts) form in aerobic environment and the environmental oxida-tion degree is recorded by the redox sensitive element Co in the crusts. The ages of the layers from the surface to bottom of the crusts are determined, and main element contents at high resolution along the depth sections of three crusts from the Pacific Ocean are analyzed by an electron microprobe. Thus the variations of Co/(Fe Mn) and Co/(Ni Cu) with age/depth of the crust layers are obtained. By comparing the ratios of Co/(Fe Mn) and Co/(Ni Cu) with the δ 18O curves of the Pacific benthic foraminifera, we find that these two ratios can reflect the variation of the environmental oxidation state under which the crust layers deposit. The evolution of the oxidation degree reflected by the two indexes resembles the evo-lution of temperature since the Oligocene reflected by the δ 18O curves of the Pacific benthic foraminif-era. This suggests that the crust-forming environment after the Oligocene is controlled mainly by the oxygen-rich bottom water originated from the Antarctic bottom water (AABW). However it is not the case prior to the Oligocene. Furthermore it suggests that the environmental oxidation degree controls the formation of the crusts and the Co contents in the crusts. This explains why the Co contents in the crusts increase with time up to now.     

Detection and temporal variation of Co in the digestive glands of the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris, in the East China Sea

⁶⁰Co were detected in common octopus specimens collected in the East China Sea in 1996-2005. The source of ⁶⁰Co has remained unclear yet. Stable isotope analyses showed that there was no difference in stable Co concentrations between octopus samples with ⁶⁰Co and without ⁶⁰Co. This result showed that the stable Co in the digestive gland of octopus potentially did not include a trace amount of ⁶⁰Co and the source of ⁶⁰Co existed independently. Furthermore, investigations of octopus in other area and other species indicated that the origin of the source of ⁶⁰Co occurred locally in the restricted area in the East China Sea and not in the coastal area of Japan. Concentrations of ⁶⁰Co have annually decreased with shorter half-life than the physical half-life. This decrease tendency suggests that the sources of ⁶⁰Co were identical and were temporary dumped into the East China Sea as a solid waste.     

GLEAM和MOD16蒸散发产品在青藏高原中东南湖泊流域的适用性评价

GLEAM(Global Land Evapotranspiration Amsterdam Model)和MOD16(MODIS Global Evapotranspiration Project)全球蒸散发产品已经得到了广泛的检验和应用,但由于观测资料缺乏,尚缺少对高原地区的检验。本文以青藏高原然乌湖流域、羊卓雍错流域、纳木错流域、色林错流域和塔若错流域为检验区域,利用流域水量平衡法,采用相关系数、相对误差、均方根误差和Kling-Gupta系数,对这两种蒸散产品开展了精度验证与评价。结果表明:GLEAM蒸散发产品在然乌湖、色林错和塔若错流域整体存在低估现象,在羊卓雍错和纳木错流域存在轻微高估现象,而MOD 16产品仅在色林错流域有轻微低估现象,在其他湖泊流域均表现为高估;GLEAM和MOD16蒸散发产品在5个湖泊流域年降水量较少的年份均存在高估的现象,在湿润年份则为低估;GLEAM产品在然乌湖流域、羊卓雍错流域和色林错流域的验证结果相对较好,而MOD16产品在纳木错流域和塔若错流域的验证精度相对较高;总体而言,在年尺度和多年平均尺度下,GLEAM蒸散发产品在青藏高原中东南湖泊流域...     

Scandium,cobalt and iron geochemistry of the Fen alkaline complex,southern Norway

Whole rock abundances of Sc, Co and total Fe are presented for the Fen carbonatite complex. Average Sc and Co abundances are as follows: urtites (Sc = 1.8 ppm; Co. 5.5 ppm), ijolites (6.6; 25), silicocarbonatites (3.2; 12.2), søvites (3.5, 8.6), damtjernites (24; 57), vipetoites (5.2, 36), rauhaugites (15, 26), rødberg (61, 28). With in the ijolite-søvite series Sc decreases with degree of differentiation due to removal of pyroxene and garnet. In the damtjernite-rødberg series Sc increases with differentiation due to concentration by volatiles involved in the metasomatic conversion of damtjernite to rødberg. Data for the ijolite-søvite series is opposite to trends for this series found in the Oka carbonatite complex.     

Fe, Ni and Co variations in the metals of some antarctic chondrites

Nearly 4,000 Fe, Ni and Co analyses have been carried out on the metal phases of 12 Antarctic chondritic meteorites by means of the electron microprobe. H-group chondrites show relatively simple patterns of variation for these elements but L- and LL-group members show much more scatter in both Ni and Co concentrations. A single member of the CO3 group investigated shows some scatter in the concentrations and also much higher Co concentrations in the high-Ni (awaruite?) phase (1.25–2%) than in the coexisting kamacite (0.2–0.5%). Thus, analysis of the metal phases can provide not only a means of identifying the group to which a meteorite belongs, but also the possibility of distinguishing between individual chondrites from the same group.

The overall concentrations of Co in the metal particles in the different groups are considered to be related inversely to the abundance of metal grains in meteorites of these groups while the scatter is interpreted as reflecting characteristics inherited at the time of accretion. The absence of homogenisation of the concentrations of Fe, Ni and Co in the metal particles, even in so-called equilibrated chondrites, provides further evidence against the widely held notion that these meteorites have been involved in a high-temperature prograde metamorphism.     

Geochemical processes controlling the relationship between Co,Mn, and Fe in early diagenetic deep-sea nodules

Early diagenetic manganese nodules from the northeast Pacific nodule belt and from the southeast Pacific (Peru Basin) show primary growth features of dendritic microtextures consisting of alternating laminae of crystalline 10-Åmanganate (A1 substance) and amorphous material which is composed of an intimate mixture of ferric hydroxide, silicate, and δ-MnO₂ (A2 substance). The formation of rhythmic sequences of A1 and A2 microlayers is explained by physico-chemical changes in the peneliquid sediment layer and in the microenvironment of the accreting nodule surface: (a) upward diffusion of Mn²⁺ in the interstitial water as a result of decay of organic matter and Mn mobilization; (b) oxidation of Mn²⁺ and formation of 10-Åmanganate in the upper part of the peneliquid sediment layer, leading to pH depression in the microenvironment of the nodule surface which decreases the mobility of silicate, resulting in formation of A2 layers; (c) restoration of pH and renewed precipitation of 10-Åmanganate.Based on data of 171 bulk analyses and on electron microprobe investigations, interelement relationships between Co, Mn, and Fe are pointed out. Fe and Co show a significant positive correlation (r = 0.84), while Mn and Co are poorly negatively correlated (r = ?0.21), assuming linear regression. The enrichment of Co within the amorphous A2 phase is attributed to specific surface adsorption and subsequent oxidation of Co²⁺ to Co³⁺ in the strong electric field of Si⁴⁺. Robust complexes of Co(III) and ≡ FeH₂SiO₄^? prevent most of the Co from being available for the 10-Åmanganate precipitation. Concerning the relation between Mn and Fe and Co respectively, the highest correlation coefficients are obtained using an inverse logarithmic regression. Under early diagenetic conditions, the concentration and precipitation of Mn²⁺ in the interstitial water depends on the redox gradient which is controlled by the amount of decomposing organic matter. The Nernst equation describes the relationship as a reciprocal logarithmic function. However, the quantities of colloidal ferric hydroxide and of dissolved silicate are not affected by variations of the redox potential. These different characteristics in the precipitation of Mn and the Fe- and Si-rich colloidal phase may cause the significantly negative logarithmic correlation of Mn versus Fe and Co, respectively.