有关海底扇的新观点及其勘探意义

有关海底扇的新观点及其勘探意义石油物探局物探地质研究院黄子齐一般认为深水砂岩主要由浊流形成,广泛为人们所接受的是发育河道／天然堤和朵叶单元的海底扇模式。按照这种模式,预测存在边缘海底扇砂体,发育块状砂岩,这些砂质则成为油气勘探的主要目标。过去已经按...     

海底天然气水合物形成的数学模型

我们建立了一个预测海洋沉积物中天然气水合物的数量和分布的数学模型，认为大陆边缘有机质沉积积累的环境是天然气水合物稳定存在的区域。由于细菌的作用。有机质向甲烷转变有利于形成水合物并消耗了有机碳。我们得到了沉积物中水合物和气体数量的质量平衡方程，并解释了孔隙流体中溶解甲烷和盐类浓度的变化。沉积压实及相关流体的影响明确模型化。尽管我们主要关注仅由沉积输入碳的理想化的被动大陆边缘。我们也提及了深源流体的供应。数学计算显示．沉积速率、有机质的质量和数量、以及表征生物生产力效率的速率常数为该模型的关键参数。应用该模型预测了布莱克海台代表的环境，并将其与ODP164航次的观测结果进行了比较。我们得到，没有任何外来淡水的条件下，包括稳定带以下的区域在内，预测结果与实测的氯离子剖面十分吻合。我们同样预测，水合物不可能占据7％的孔隙体积，这也与观测的结果一致。     

英国西部巴拉扇的大规模滑积岩和海底滑坡

巴拉扇是晚第三纪到更新世形成的一个大规模复合海底扇,向下延伸到英国西部罗卡尔海槽的深水盆地,其向陆部分沉积中心的主体呈陆架边缘楔状,相对未受破坏,层厚６００多米,它滞留在深水盆地之上,与多尼戈尔扇一起,覆盖了部分赫布里底台地海册。巴拉扇最北端的陆架边缘楔被一系列沟谷切割,这些沟谷有可能是中下陆坡前缘的中小规模碎屑流的运移通道。     

莺歌海盆地东方区黄流组层序叠加样式与海底扇内部构型

通过层序地层研究落实了莺歌海盆地东方区黄流组大型海底扇复合体的整体轮廓,并精细划分出黄流组一段6个四级层序,其中SQHL11—SQHL13层序(低位域)是东方区海底扇复合体的主要发育层位。在高分辨率层序格架分析的基础上落实了多期次海底扇朵叶的分布,时间间隔相当于五级层序的砂体在平面上的展布表现出各式各样的形态,可归结为简单扇体、复合扇体和单水道。简单扇体在本区鲜见,以东方29-1区扇朵叶为典型;复合扇体是多个简单扇砂体相互切割及叠置或弯曲水道长时间发育时产生的复杂形式,难以进一步细化,是本区的常见类型;单水道指独立存在的孤立水道。研究表明本区海底扇简单扇体及复合扇体的主要沉积单元是主水道和分支水道微相。东方区海底扇的复杂内部构型与区域构造诱导、物源及构造转换带发育等因素相关。莺歌海盆地T31层序界面形成前后发生了一系列的区域构造事件,导致了构造活动对沉积的控制;同时,东方区西部的莺西斜坡带处于构造转换带部位,使得越南中部的蓝江物源通过昆嵩隆起以盆地短轴方向进入东方区形成大面积三角洲及三角洲前方的大型海底扇,并形成类型多样化的砂体构成样式。     

地貌形态对海底管线稳定性影响的研究

以东方1-1平台海底管线路由区为例,多次对该路由区多波束测深、旁扫声纳、浅地层剖面、土质、海流及海底过程的原位监测调查数据和收集的波浪、海流等相关资料进行分析,得出,在水动力条件的作用下,海底会产生沉积物的侵蚀、搬运和沉积等过程,这些过程对海底地貌有重要的改造作用,会对管线稳定性具有重大影响。提出管线铺设需预先了解水下环境的动力条件的规律,识别沿拟定管线路由区可能存在的海床运动和波流冲刷的地质灾害,找到地貌形态对海底管线稳定性影响的原因。进而提出根据不同情况的解决对策,有效地减少地貌形态对海底管线稳定性影响。     

陆缘海底滑坡及其影响

当块体水下重量向坡下的分量超过了破裂面上的抗剪强度时,就会发生海底滑坡。滑坡事件的结果取决于受影响的块体、范围以及事件的动力学机制,其结果可能对海底设施和建筑物毫无影响,也有可能造成巨大破坏,甚至可能诱发海啸并对沿岸造成广泛影响。我们是通过在河流三角洲和冰川冲积扇附近的陆坡上所见的滑坡痕迹以及广泛运移的海洋沉积物发现了大型的滑坡事件。这些滑坡发生在坡角非常低的陆坡区,从较深的水域一直延伸至陆架外缘。在更新世期间,这些地区沉积物的堆积量大而且比较快速,     

Preliminary considerations on the potential influence of submarine fans on marine delimitation

The complex issues associated with marine delineation for the outer limit of continental shelf and the boundary delimitation have provoked considerable attention among researchers in a variety of academic circles, particularly in the juristic filed and the geo-science field. In the present contribution, we start from an overview of submarine fans, as one of common types of sediment-deposit bodies in the ocean, and ex- plore the related geological features which may be of relevance to the marine delimitation in accordance with the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. We carry out a comparative assessment of certain significant geological features of submarine fans, using the Bengal fan as an example, which is the biggest submarine fan in the world and represents an important factor in the maritime boundary dispute between the neighboring states currently. The relationship between the special geological bodies and the international principle in the 1982 United Nations Convention can be established by combining geological and juristic analyses. This preliminary observation on the effect of submarine bodies both on the marine entitlement and boundary delimitation indicates that it is important for the international society to appro- priately deal with this problem so that the marine right of any state can be protected.     

外大陆架划界面临挑战

随着1982年《联合国海洋法公约》的生效,200海里外大陆架划界问题已经成为海洋法领域众人关注的问题。本文介绍了世界沿海国拥有外大陆架的状况,提出了有关技术要求和调查的困难性,指出了世界沿海国外大陆架划界面临着的某些挑战。     

世界及我国外大陆架划界面临挑战

当前，200海里外大陆架划界问题已经成为海洋法领域新的热点问题。200海里外大陆架外部界限划定，不仅关系到沿海国的主权权利，同样与各国的经济利益相联系。深海中丰富的矿藏，对于沿海国的经济发展有着重要的意义。国际上要求1999年5月6日之前批准《联合国海洋法公约》(以下简称《公约》)并生效的国家，在2009年5月6日之前必须完     

Sediment distribution and transport processes on the outer continental shelf of the Hebridean Sea

The major topographical features of the study area within the Hebridean Sea consist of two submarine banks lying at the edge of the outer continental shelf, an offshore island slope surrounding the Island of Barra-Head, a basin crossing the area in a SSE—NNW direction, and a deep trench.The present investigation suggests that the area was covered with glacial drifts and morainic accumulations during the Pleistocene and that during a subsequent low sea level the drifts were reworked around the topographically high areas. Much of the clay material has been transported to and deposited in regions off the continental slope.Recent conditions are represented by an erosional and depositional environment. The erosional environment is represented by the summit and leeward side of the two banks and the offshore island slope. In these areas tidal-induced currents and south-westerly swells continue to sweep the remaining sand, resulting in the formation of lag gravel deposits. The depositional environment in the basin results in homogeneous sand cover.     

Mississippi-Alabama outer continental shelf topographic features formed during the late Pleistocene-Holocene transgression

A geophysical survey of the outer Missisippi-Alabama continental shelf revealed three types of topographic features: 1) reef-like mounds (RLM), 2) isobath-parallel ridges, and 3) shallow depressions. RLM appear to be bioherms. Their bases cluster in two isobath bands, 105 to 120 m and 74 to 82 m, implying the late Pleistocene-Holocene transgression was nonuniform. The deeper RLM probably formed during a slow sea level rise at the beginning of the deglaciation. An 11 ka BP C¹⁴ age was obtained from the summit of one, at a depth of 90 m. Depth relationships suggest the shallower RLM and most ridges formed about the time of the mid-deglacial Younger Dryas cooling episode.     

High-resolution analysis of the deposition pattern on the Amazon sub-aquatic delta and outer continental shelf

Continental shelves off major river deltas or estuaries act as an interface between terrestrial environments and marine depo centers like the Amazon Fan. In order to understand sedimentary processes on the Amazon sub-aquatic delta and outer shelf, Late-Quaternary erosional and depositional structures have been investigated with an ultra high-resolution seismic survey system (4 kHz). The wavy morphology of the outer shelf implies the presence of tidal sand ridges or meandering channels. In the latter case, the local presence of channel fill deposits suggests several cut-off loops (ox bows). The inter-channel areas are consequently interpreted as levees, which reach their maximum height of 10 m in the area between the Amazon river mouth and the Amazon canyon. The morphology of terraces in front of the sub-aquatic delta reflect erosional processes which presumably occurred during accelerated sea level rise at the beginning and the end of the Younger Dryas. A carbonate platform is present in the northwestern survey area close to the shelf break. Its water depth of 120–130 m implies an evolution during the last glacial maximum. The asymmetric shape of the Cabo Norte Shoal on the topset of the sub-aquatic delta is typical of bottom current produced shoals. The steeper northwestern flank lies in the lee position of the northwest flowing coastal current. Southeast of the shoal the <10 m thick uppermost sequence of presumably Holocene age consists of lobes that dip with the same apparent angle as the foreset towards the offlap break. Within the area 20 km northwest of the shoal the uppermost sequence forms a smooth depression and may be erosionally truncated at the seafloor. Here, the prograding direction includes a northwest component. A shale diapir, which rises from a transparent underlying sequence, marks the transition to an area where the upper sequence is not resolved in the data.     

Origin of late Pleistocene submerged marine terraces on the outer continental shelf,Northern Israel

A series of elongated hills on the outer continental shelf off northern Israel, between 100 and 120 m, rise several meters above their surroundings. They have steep escarpments seaward and gradual slopes landward. The escarpments are commonly covered by colonies of sponges. The biogenic cover is normally 1.0–1.5 m thick. The gentle slopes commonly consist of soft, unconsolidated sediment, although some bedrock outcrops occur. Stratification patterns along these outcrops suggest calcareous eolianite (“kurkar”). Coquina was encountered in several sites at the base of the biogenic cover, built of fragments of shells not observed at the present depth. The eolianite, coquina, and steep escarpments suggest a late Pleistocene nearshore terrace.     

On the origin and flow behavior of submarine slides on deep-sea fans along the Norwegian–Barents Sea continental margin

 Debris lobes with characteristic lengths, widths, and thickness of 30–200 km, 2–10 km, and 10–50 m, respectively, represent the main building blocks of deep-sea fans along the Norwegian–Barents Sea continental margin. Their formation is closely related to the input of clay-rich sediments to the upper continental slope by glaciers during periods of maximum ice advance. It is likely that slide release was a consequence of an instability arising from high sedimentation rates on the upper continental slope. The flow behavior of the debris lobes can be described by a Bingham flow model. Received: 17 November 1995 / Revision received: 24 June 1996     

Seasonal variability of living benthic foraminifera from the outer continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay

Living benthic foraminiferal faunas of six stations from the continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay have been investigated during three successive seasons (spring, summer and autumn 2002). For the three investigated stations, bottom water oxygen concentration, oxygen penetration into the sediment and sediment organic carbon contents are all relatively similar. Therefore, we think that the density and the composition of the foraminiferal faunas is mainly controlled by the quantity and quality of organic input resulting from a succession of phytoplankton bloom events, occurring from late February to early September. The earliest blooms are positioned at the shelf break, late spring and early summer blooms occur off Brittany, whereas in late summer and early autumn, only coastal blooms appear, often in the vicinity of river outlets. In spring, the benthic foraminiferal faunas of central (B, C and D) and outer (E) continental shelf stations are characterised by strong dominance in the first area and strong presence in the second area of Nonionella iridea. In fact, station E does not serve as a major depocenter for the remains of phytoplankton blooms. If station E is not considered, the densities of this taxon show a clear gradient from the shelf-break, where the species dominates the assemblages, to the coast, where it attains very low densities. We explain this gradient as a response to the presence, in early spring, of an important phytoplankton bloom, mainly composed of coccolithophorids, over the shelf break. This observation is supported by the maximum particles flux values at stations close to the shelf break (18.5 g m^− 2 h^− 1) and lower values in a station closer to the coast (6.8 g m^− 2 h^− 1). In summer, the faunal density is maximum at station A, relatively close to more varied phytoplancton blooms that occur off Brittany until early June. We suggest that the dominant species, Nonion fabum, Cassidulina carinata and Bolivina ex. gr. dilatata respond to phytodetritus input from these blooms. In autumn, the rich faunas of inner shelf station G are dominated by N. fabum, B. ex. gr. dilatata, Hyalinea balthica and Nonionella turgida. These taxa seem to be correlated with the presence of coastal blooms phenomena, in front of river outlets. They may be favoured by an organic input with a significant contribution of terrestrial, rather low quality organic matter.