黑龙江五大连池火山群大地电磁探测和研究初步结果

对黑龙江五大连池火山群新近观测的7条大地电磁测深剖面资料进行了处理、解释和分析。研究表明,在地下约几百米深度至15～20 km左右,存在一个上宽下窄似铆钉状的高阻异常体,推测为固结过程中的火山岩浆体。该高阻体一直穿过地壳与上地幔连接,有向深处延伸的通道,并随着深度的加大,其电阻率逐渐减小。该火山群属于岩浆直接来自上地幔的火山类型,在地壳内没有明显的低阻岩浆囊存在。火山区的构造走向为近南北方向。     

老黑山、火烧山火山碎屑特征及其地质意义

黑龙江省德都县五大连池火山群中部的老黑山、火烧山,是该火山群中最新的两座火山,其最后喷发时间为1719—1721年。五大连池火山群位于松辽裂谷带与小兴安岭隆起交界处,四周为深大断裂所控制,火山通道则位于次级断裂交汇处。区内地层除第四系火山岩外,尚有石炭系千枚岩、板岩,白垩系砂、页岩,第三系砂砾岩及第四系松散沉积物。侵入体有华力西及燕山期花岗岩。本区火山喷发为中心式,老黑山在前,火烧山在后,脉动式溢流和韵律式爆发相间,构成面积近70平方公里的熔岩台地和比高分别为166米、70米的老黑山、火烧山两个火山     

老黑山火山碎屑降落堆积物研究

由中心式喷发形成的老黑山火山碎屑降落堆积物，主要是玄武质火山渣、火山弹、火山饼和少量岩屑。在火山爆发自身能量和北北西风的影响下，形成高耸的火山渣锥和向南南东展布的低缓的火山碎屑席地貌景观。区域上系统测量了火山碎屑席中火山碎屑的厚度、最大平均粒径、分选系数和中值粒径，均呈现规律性变化；剖面层序则反映老黑山火山经过两个大喷发阶段，多次脉动式喷发。经估算，老黑山火山碎屑席中火山碎屑量比火山渣锥中要少得多，老黑山火山碎屑属“建造火山锥”火山碎屑沉积。据投点，老黑山火山喷发属斯通博里型。老黑山、火烧山火山仍有再次爆发的可能。未来火山喷发的潜在危险主要来自火山喷发空落堆积物。老黑山、火烧山火山的南东、东和南，包括五大连池市在内有必要对未来火山爆发加以防范。     

南秦岭下地壳组成及岩石圈的拆离俯冲作用

根据新提供的Pb同位素组成及岩石地球化学研究成果，本文进一步证实了位于北秦岭北界的明港地区发育的早中生代安山玄武质火山角砾岩岩筒所携带的下地壳捕虏体属于南秦岭。所恢复的南秦岭下地壳剖面自下而上为：底侵成因的变辉长岩-基性麻粒岩(其中含有榴辉岩及辉石岩的透镜体)-酸性麻粒岩。秦岭造山带总体的岩石因模型为：南秦岭(扬子块体)向北拆离俯冲，北秦岭地壳向华北仰冲，华北岩石因呈楔状插入秦岭造山带，拆离面约在中、下地壳之间。南秦岭俯冲岩片延伸的范围在平面上有可能达到400km。     

基于重力剖面的长白山天池火山地壳岩浆囊建模

长白山天池火山是中国最具潜在喷发危险的多成因复式火山,在近2000年来,曾经发生过世界上最大规模的喷发。为了进一步研究长白山天池火山的潜在危险,有必要研究火山的岩浆囊位置和分布。为此,在长白山天池火山开展了一条南北方向的重力剖面测量。结合前人工作,如地震勘探P波速度反演和大地电磁测深（MT）电阻率反演,以及地质信息,采用人机交互的形式,建立了一条长约150km的密度模型。从建模结果图中可以发现：（1）长白山天池下方存在地壳岩浆囊;（2）长白山天池北坡地壳存在一个高阻、低密度体,深度在7~15km,距离天池2~10km,可能是富含气体的岩浆囊;（3）在南坡和北坡大约3km深度处普遍存在一个岩浆岩层;（4）在天池下存在一个已经塌陷堵塞的火山颈。     

西昆仑接收函数反演与构造解析

中法合作布设的青藏高原西昆仑叶城-噶尔(狮泉河)天然地震探测剖面穿越了西昆仑构造的主要构造单元, 通过对36个台站128个远震P波事件的接收函数分析,取得了各台站的接收函数随方位角和震中距变化的趋势, 分析了变化趋势与地壳构造的关系。通过台站平均接收函数的反演拟合,取得了120km深度范围以上的横波速度分布,综合地质构造解释,发现康西瓦断裂地表倾斜渐变为直立并略向南拖曳的现象,塔里木前陆盆地沉积与逆冲构造有比较明显的显示,同时推测了盆地下的滑脱构造。班公湖-怒江断裂也有向北俯冲的显示,得出了印藏碰撞远距离效应在西昆仑受阻,应力通过地表次级断裂释放,同时形成盆地沉积的前陆构造模式。     

闽东北地壳结构分析

根据武夷山吴顿-霞浦重力测量剖面反演结果。结合布格重力异常特征分析，闽东北地壳大体分为3层，其中上地壳厚度7km-13km，主要为花岗岩，沉积岩，变质岩类，中地壳厚度9km-11.4km，属中性岩类，下地壳厚度8.4km-13.2km，属基性岩类，总体表现为“二隆夹一坳”的特点，莫霍面深度为31.4km-27.6km。     

新疆塔里木—西昆仑宽频地震观测实验研究

利用获取的宽频地震数据，采用接收函数方法，获得了塔里木块体与青藏高原北缘西昆仑山结合部位的地壳及上地幔结构新信息。塔里木块体的地壳结构相对简单，其块体南缘的莫霍界面深度为42km，且向南倾斜，在西昆仑山前深度增加到50km左右。接收函数图象清晰地显示出，塔里木块体南缘和西昆仑山下存在南倾和北倾的构造特征，这些构造特征可以用地壳和上地幔相互穿插和变形的岩石圈碰撞模型来解释。     

内蒙古乌兰哈达第四纪火山时空分布与构造控制

乌兰哈达第四纪火山群位于内蒙古中部、华北克拉通北缘,大体上处于大兴安岭—太行山重力梯度带与华北克拉通—中亚造山带界线交汇区域,行政区划上属于乌兰察布市察哈尔右翼后旗。该火山群周围发育大量的新生代地堑盆地、活动强烈的断层以及广泛分布的火山岩。火山群西侧是新生代河套断陷盆地,东侧是上新世—第四纪商都盆地。区域内EW向断层与NNE向断层第四纪以来活动明显。火山群周围有大面积分布的晚渐新世—第四纪形成的集宁玄武岩(汉诺坝玄武岩)。长期以来,乌兰哈达火山群被归入集宁玄武岩;近年来,这一火山群中陆续发现晚更新世—全新世火山活动的证据,逐渐成为火山研究的热点。乌兰哈达火山群由8座火山组成,即红山、火烧山、那明山、北炼丹炉、中炼丹炉、南炼丹炉、黑脑包和北尖山。这些火山大多具有多个火山口和锥体,共由20个火山锥组成,其中包括17个火山渣锥,3个熔岩锥。12个火山渣锥底部直径为60~160 m,另外5个渣锥底部直径为300~680 m,熔岩锥底部直径为70~90 m。这些火山锥形成NE和NWW两个线性排列。初步的火山岩K-Ar测年研究表明,红山、火烧山和黑脑包3个火山形成于0.22~0.36 Ma,属中更新世晚期。其他火山的风化程度明显较弱,尤其是北炼丹炉、中炼丹炉、南炼丹炉和北尖山,这4座火山保存着较为完整的锥体,熔岩流表面裸露,喷气锥、绳状熔岩、结壳熔岩这些熔岩流动过程中形成的独特地质景观得以保留,表明它们形成时代较晚,推测火山喷发时代在晚更新世—全新世。由此推断乌兰哈达火山群有早晚两期火山活动:中更新世晚期火山活动主要发生在NWW走向的乌兰哈达—高勿素深断裂附近,火山喷发规模较小,喷出熔岩也相对较少;而晚更新世—全新世喷发的火山主要在NE走向的线性排列上,这一规律连同新发现的NE向的喷发裂隙支持在这一方向上存在断裂构造。基于以上认识,我们提出,区域上NE向的主压应力作用在NWW走向的乌兰哈达—高勿素深断裂上,使其形成左旋逆走滑,并衍生出NE走向的张裂,这些NWW走滑断裂与NE张裂一起控制了乌兰哈达第四纪晚期火山活动的时空分布。     

二维初至波层析成像揭示的北祁连—阿拉善南缘浅层地壳结构

北祁连造山带—阿拉善南缘位于青藏高原东北缘及其以北地区, 其地壳结构记录了早古生代以来祁连山、河西走廊盆地、合黎山及相邻盆地之间的盆山演化历史及耦合关系, 对其地壳浅层速度结构的探测有助于揭示该区浅层地壳结构及构造变形的演化历史。本文利用北祁连—阿拉善南缘225 km长的深反射地震剖面的初至波(Pg震相)数据, 通过层析成像反演方法, 获得了沿线2 km以浅的上地壳P波速度结构。其主要特征为: 酒东盆地的沉积盖层厚度最大可达2 km, 盆地深度的南北差异可能与阿拉善地块与祁连造山带间的挤压作用相关; 民乐盆地的平均深度为1.5 km, 该盆地内的速度等值线弯曲形态反映了盆地在新生代之后不同的抬升和剥蚀速率; 银额盆地的沉积厚度至少在1.5 km左右, 且盆地内沉积地层产状较为平缓; 榆木山构造带南北两侧的酒东盆地与民乐盆地虽然地表高程相差近1 km, 但具有近乎相同的速度结构和沉积厚度, 推断榆木山构造带的隆升与其南北两侧的两个断层背冲作用有关; 此外, 反演得到的P波速度结构揭示了沿线发育的多条断裂和块体边界位置, 为讨论青藏高原东北缘向北扩展与阿拉善地块挤压作用提供了新的证据。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

正~~     

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861