水电工程边坡变形监测成果分析与研究

在水电工程建设中,坝肩部位边坡的稳定性对电站的安全至关重要。以云南省澜沧江上游某水电站为例,介绍了该电站右坝肩边坡表面变形监测的技术方案,通过对边坡外部变形监测成果阶段性分析、变形量与降雨以及开挖相关性分析、成果空间分布分析,对研究边坡变形机理,评价边坡稳定性具有重要意义。     

基于局域均值分解和BP神经网络的大坝变形预测

从时频联合域分析角度出发,探讨基于局域均值分解(LMD)和BP神经网络模型的大坝变形预测方法;利用局域均值分解把时间序列分解为多个具有不同尺度的PF分量,然后再用BP神经网络对其进行预测并将结果进行叠加重构合成。实例结果表明,基于LMD-BP的大坝变形预测方法的预测精度高于多项式曲线拟合预测模型,其预测结果与实际监测值相比具有较高的一致性。     

台湾集集大地震断层非均匀滑动分布的反演

利用台湾1999集集大地震前后GPS测量获得的地表位移数据,反演断层面上的非均匀滑动分布.反演中采用二次样条函数作为滑动分布的基函数,通过引入阿卡克贝叶斯准则,获得了反演问题的惟一解.反演得到的地表位移与实测位移的差在几个厘米,较好地解释了观测到的GPS位移.另一方面,用反演结果计算得到的地表形变场同INSAR得到的地表实测位移场较相近.     

GPS技术在大坝倾倒体水平位移监测中的应用

结合某大坝倾倒体水平位移监测项目,阐述了GPS变形监测网数据处理理论和实践,利用多期获得变形数据,对水库倾倒体监测体进行变形分析,得出了一些有益结论。     

碾压施工质量监控的径向神经网络拟合高程研究

针对面板堆石坝摊铺层表面及测量机器人采集摊铺层离散数据密且精度高等特征,利用径向神经网络方法,采用复二次函数作为径向基,根据数理统计理论和逐步趋近法自适应优选平滑因子拟合摊铺层高程,以达到与实际高程的最佳吻合。以某面板堆石坝的测量机器人采集的数据为例,对该方法进行了验证。结果表明,其拟合精度明显优于常规拟合方法,更加适合面板堆石坝摊铺层表面的高程拟合。     

利用Snake移位模型构建中心型地图

中心型地图可表示空间各点到中心点的时间距离,能直观反映地理分布因交通系统影响而产生的相近性变化。其构建核心是依据控制点的位置移动确定非控制点的新位置,因此,将中心型地图的构建过程建模为地图目标的移位问题,以相对邻近图表示点之间的邻近关系,并基于控制点的位置移动计算点的初始受力,应用Snake移位方法迭代计算各点的新位置生成中心型地图,同时利用后处理解决潜在拓扑错误。利用所提方法和最小二乘方法可视化武汉市到其他各市的旅行时间,并定量、定性地进行对比分析。结果表明,所提方法能更好地避免拓扑错误,且局部形态保持更好。     

The role of frame definitions in the geodetic determination of crustal deformation parameters

A study of the role of coordinate frame definitions in the determination of crustal deformation parameters is first carried out for the theoretical case where displacement information between two discrete time epochs is continuously available for all area points. The obtained results are next applied to the realistic case where the required continuous information is derived by means of an interpolation of the known coordinate variations at the points of a horizontal geodetic network. The problem is different from the usual one of frame-invariant interpolation, since not only the domain of definition, but also the interpolated quantities, depend on independent choices of coordinate frames. Specific necessary and sufficient conditions for the invariance of derived crustal deformation parameters are given for linear type of interpolations of either the coordinates at the second epoch or of the displacements. With the help of the above conditions the invariance characteristics of two commonly used types of linear interpolations are finally derived, in order to illustrate the practical significance of the results.     

A regression model-based method for indoor positioning with compound location fingerprints

ABSTRACT

This paper proposed and evaluated an estimation method for indoor positioning. The method combines location fingerprinting and dead reckoning differently from the conventional combinations. It uses compound location fingerprints, which are composed of radio fingerprints at multiple points of time, that is, at multiple positions, and displacements between them estimated by dead reckoning. To avoid errors accumulated from dead reckoning, the method uses short-range dead reckoning. The method was evaluated using 16 Bluetooth beacons installed in a student room with the dimensions of 11 × 5 m with furniture inside. The Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) values of the beacons were collected at 30 measuring points, which were points at the intersections on a 1 × 1 m grid with no obstacles. A compound location fingerprint is composed of RSSI vectors at two points and a displacement vector between them. Random Forests (RF) was used to build regression models to estimate positions from location fingerprints. The root mean square error of position estimation was 0.87 m using 16 Bluetooth beacons. This error is lower than that received with a single-point baseline model, where a feature vector is composed of only RSSI values at one location. The results suggest that the proposed method is effective for indoor positioning.     

An iterative PS-InSAR method for the analysis of large spatio-temporal baseline data stacks for land subsidence estimation

South-west of Tehran, the capital city of Iran, is subjected to a high deformation rate due to excessive groundwater extractions. Persistent Scatterrer SAR Interferometry (PS-InSAR) technique is used to monitor Tehran’s deformation. Three time series data including two Sentinel-1A (S-1A) spanning from 2014 to 2017, and an ENVISAT-ASAR data stack spanning from 2004 to 2010, are analyzed. The PS-InSAR technique does not perform well on ENVISAT-ASAR due to poor selection of PS points induced by large perpendicular baselines and strong temporal decorrelation of the dataset. In this paper, a novel Iterative PSI method (IPSI) is proposed to increase the PS points which are lost in PS-InSAR technique because of the unsuccessful derivation of the absolute phase value due to an integer ambiguity. The method selects PS points based on simultaneous analysis of their amplitude and phase. Results demonstrate that the density of PSs has been increased by about 4.5 times. Line of Sight (LOS) velocities obtained from both S-1A and ENVISAT-ASAR data analysis are highly compatible with each other, indicating the reliability of the both applied methods. The maximum cumulative displacements are estimated as 39.6 cm and 88.4 cm for Sentinel-1A and ENVISAT-ASAR datasets respectively. Moreover, the subsidence area has grown in the period between the data acquisition time. The methods are successfully validated by subsidence rates obtained from precise leveling and GPS observations.     

GPS技术在尾矿库安全监测中的应用

本文对地理国情监测的具体案例,某尾矿库监测实施过程中主要技术进行了详细的描述。通过静态GPS测量方法完成了尾矿库控制测量工作,按国家统一坐标系解算了尾矿库基础控制点、监测点等坝体要素的三维坐标,并和尾矿库监测点的原始独立三维坐标进行对照、比较,根据不同高程基准坝体高差变化、尾矿库设计高度等坝体数据进行综合分析,绘制高程标注图。研究结果为尾矿库安全运行提供了准确、可靠的监测数据及相关合理建议。     

基于GPS观测的Baja California地震地壳变形分析

2010-04-04墨西哥Baja California(32.259°N,115.287°W)Ms 7.2级地震发生在GPS连续观测站及钻孔应变仪相当密集的区域,利用GPS监测数据计算出了若干站点地震前后的位移量。地壳变形分析结果表明,离震中近的观测站变形量普遍较大,最大可达0.2m,大部分观测站明显向东南方向运动。通过选择较稳定的观测站作为参考站,计算了4观测站的动态变形序列,同时得到地震波的传播速度为3.2km/s,与应变观测计算结果比较吻合。     

A GPS-Based Online Control and Alarm System

A global positioning system (GPS)-based online control and alarm system (GOCA) for monitoring of three-dimensional movements has been developed at the Karlsruhe University of Technology. The GOCA hardware consists of an array of GPS sensors and communication units to be placed in the monitoring area. The hardware-dependent control software communicates with the GPS sensors and provides the GPS baseline data and covariance information to the GOCA deformation analysis software. The GOCA center, which comprises both the control software and the GOCA software, may be linked – for example, over a long distance – to another personal computer (PC) that serves as a remote control station. GOCA is able to provide the full capabilities of classical deformation analysis online (with stations grouped into stable points and moving object points). Both types of points may be occupied either continuously or over short periods at different times. The object points are determined with respect to the stable points. A network adjustment is performed for each interval of data collection, and the coordinate and covariance information may optionally be transformed into a specific reference system (e. g., the building system). Unstable reference points are to be detected by statistical tests. The estimated object point time series are filtered with respect to gross errors using robust estimation techniques. Online filters are used to smooth the time series data of critical displacements and to predict other deformation functions. The time series data, as well as prediction results, are displayed graphically for each object point. An example concerning the online monitoring of a slag heap in a coal-mining area is included. ? 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Ground deformation of Papandayan volcano before, during, and after the 2002 eruption as detected by GPS surveys

Papandayan is an A-type active volcano located in the southern part of Garut Regency, about 70 km southeast of Bandung, Indonesia. Its earliest recorded eruption, and the most violent and devastating outburst, occurred in 1772. The latest eruptions occurred in the period from 11 November–8 December 2002, and consisted of phreatic, freatomagmatic, and magmatic types of eruption. During the latest eruption period, GPS surveys were conducted at several points inside and around the crater in a radial mode, using the reference point located at the Papandayan observatory, about 10 km from the crater. At the points closest to the erupting craters, GPS displacements up to a few decimeters were detected, whereas at the points outside the crater, the displacements were at the centimeter level. The magnitude of displacements observed at each point also showed a temporal variation according to the eruption characteristics. The results show that deformation during eruption tends to be local, e.g. just around the crater. The pressure source is difficult to be properly modeled from GPS results, due to the limited GPS data available and differences in topography, geological structure, and/or rheology related to each GPS station.     

东日本Mw9.0大地震前、同震及震后地壳水平运动

利用“中国地壳运动观测网络(二期)”245个GPS连续观测站及其他站的大量观测结果,采用离震中很远的7个GPS站作为位错参考框架,得到2011年3月11日东日本Mw9.0大地震的同震水平位移和应变。此种参考框架的位移场解,符合弹性位错模型离震中很远且水平位移接近于0的要求,不仅有利于位错模型反演,也有利于合理分析此次大地震同震水平位移的影响范围。地震前后区域参考框架下远场GPS连续观测位移时间序列和同震位移弹性位错模型反演结果表明,东日本大地震同震水平位移既是地震断层破裂的结果,也是远场震前数月或数年水平位移的弹性回跳,据此可以进一步确认这些站震前水平位移前兆异常。由于这些震前异常位移中亦包含了同震位移量(方向相反),因此,弹性位错模型为定量研究大地震前远场地壳运动异常提供了一种理论模型。位错参考框架中的同震位移及其位错模型和区域参考框架的位移时间系列的综合研究有助于对此次大地震地壳运动异常的认识。这种持续时间为数月至数年的弹性形变异常,可以为大地震的中短期预测提供依据。     

宝钢引水库大坝水平位移监测评价和变形分析

本文对宝钢引水库大坝的水平位移监测网的布设方案,采用灵敏度和可靠性准则进行了网的优化设计计算,从监测网的质量准则出发,对布网方案作了若干探讨。从二十五期观测资料中选出十三期进行了水平位移计算和变形的几何分析。指出,在变形分析中正确选取基准的重要意义和据多期位移值进行变形预报的一些方法,并定性地讨论了该大坝变形的物理解释。本文所作的工作对类似大坝的水平位移监测和成果处理具有实际意义。     

应用时间序列方法作大坝变形预报

本文首先介绍时序分析的三个基本模型——ARMA模型、AR模型和MA模型,以及各模型的统计性质。然后以某大坝1715廊道的激光视准线观测位移值(已利用倒垂观测把相对位移化为绝对位移)为例,着重叙述大坝变形分析的建模过程,得到了一个AR(2)模型并对大坝变形作了预报,结果具有相当好的预报精度。从而说明,时序分析法将是大坝变形分析的一个有力工具。     

Extraction, modelling, and use of linear features for restitution of airborne hyperspectral imagery

This paper presents an approach for the restitution of airborne hyperspectral imagery with linear features. The approach consisted of semi-automatic line extraction and mathematical modelling of the linear features. First, the line was approximately determined manually and refined using dynamic programming. The extracted lines could then be used as control data with the ground information of the lines, or as constraints with simple assumption for the ground information of the line. The experimental results are presented numerically in tables of RMS residuals of check points as well as visually in ortho-rectified images.     

融合PSO-SVM的混凝土拱坝多测点变形监控混合模型

针对混凝土拱坝单测点变形监控模型难以合理表征拱坝空间变形场协同响应特性以及传统回归方法诠释环境量与大坝变形间的复杂函数关系具有明显局限性问题,提出了融合粒子群算法优化与支持向量机（particle swarm optimization-support vector machine,PSO-SVM）的混凝土拱坝多测点变形监控混合模型。基于单测点变形监控模型构建方法,引入空间坐标并利用有限元方法计算水压分量,进而借助PSO-SVM良好的非线性处理能力对环境量与大坝变形序列进行建模和预测,从而构建了融合PSO-SVM的混凝土拱坝多测点混合模型。工程实例分析表明,所建模型具有较好的多测点变形性能分析能力,较单测点统计模型具有良好的拟合及预报精度,可有效反映大坝服役的整体安全性态。此外,所提理论和方法经一定的改进和拓展,亦可推广应用于其他水工建筑物性态安全监控模型的预报分析。     

利用交叉小波技术分析三峡水库蓄排水过程对库区降雨量的影响

三峡大坝蓄水过程对邻近区域气候的影响一直是国内外学术界广泛关注的热点问题。三峡大坝从2003年投入使用至今,水位从66 m上升至175 m,经历了3个蓄水阶段,为观测水库水位与库区降雨量相关性提供了极佳的窗口期。为了精准分辨两者在多周期多尺度的相互影响,基于三峡库区的4个国家气象观测站的历史逐日降雨数据和三峡蓄排水过程水位变化数据,进行交叉小波分析,提取能量谱、凝聚谱和相位谱,展现两类数据时频域多尺度的相关细节。结果表明,三峡大坝蓄排水过程对库区降雨有影响,第一期蓄水期最明显,表现为库区降雨年周期性相对减弱,高频模式增强;历史数据表明库区降雨主要表现为1.0 a主周期和2.0 a、4.0 a等多个次长周期;三期蓄水之后,库区降雨量的1.0 a主周期没有改变,而多个次长周期特征变化明显。交叉小波相位谱揭示水库蓄排水过程对库区降雨的人工调节和自然调节影响,前者表现为水位变化与降雨1.0 a主周期的完全反相,明显不同于蓄水之前的同相特征;后者表现为高频分量（1/128~1/32 a）的反相特征,其规模效应随大坝建成而增强。值得关注的现象是巴东站与荆州站的降雨存在3.5 a次长周期的反相特征,可能是大坝蓄水后改变了水循环的范围。     

Surface reconstruction and landslide displacement measurements with Pléiades satellite images

Recent advances in image-matching techniques and VHR satellite imaging at submeter resolution theoretically offer the possibility to measure Earth surface displacements with decimetric precision. However, this possibility has yet not been explored and requirements of ground control and external topographic datasets are considered as important bottlenecks that hinder a more common application of optical image correlation for displacement measurements. This article describes an approach combining spaceborne stereo-photogrammetry, orthorectification and sub-pixel image correlation to measure the horizontal surface displacement of landslides from Pléiades satellite images. The influence of the number of ground-control points on the accuracy of the image orientation, the extracted surface models and the estimated displacement rates is quantified through comparisons with airborne laser scan and in situ global navigation satellite measurements at permanent stations. The comparison shows a maximum error of 0.13 m which is one order of magnitude more accurate than what has been previously reported with spaceborne optical images from other sensors. The obtained results indicate that the approach can be applied without significant loss in accuracy when no ground control points are available. It could, therefore, greatly facilitate displacement measurements for a broad range of applications.