模拟排水孔列渗流行为的以沟代孔列延长渗径法研究

排水孔是降低岩土体中地下水位和减小渗透压力的重要设施。因排水孔孔径小、排列密集,研究排水孔列的简化模拟方法对减小渗流数值计算规模,提高计算效率十分必要。基于流量等效原理的以沟代井列的延长渗径法,因其概念清晰、实现简便,在承压含水层井列的渗流场模拟中应用广泛。现有以沟代井列的延长渗径法中附加渗径计算公式与井深和含水层厚度息息相关,使得该方法应用于多层和有自由面的问题困难重重。针对现有延长渗径法的局限性,提出适用于有自由面的各向异性多种介质中排水孔列渗流问题的延长渗径法,附加渗径长度的确定不再受到孔深和含水层厚度的影响。采用该方法对几个典型的溢流型、逸出型和复合型排水孔列进行渗流场有限元分析,并与排水孔直接模拟的结果进行对比。结果表明,延长渗径法得到的排水孔的流量与排水孔直接模拟法的流量相差很小,且两种方法获得的自由面基本吻合。因此,提出的延长渗径法是模拟排水孔列渗流行为的简单而有效的方法。     

基于量纲分析的巷道围岩松动圈预测模型

为更合理地确定巷道围岩松动圈厚度,引入量纲分析理论,提出新的巷道围岩松动圈预测方法。选取岩石单轴抗压强度Rc、围岩节理系数F、围岩重度?、巷道埋深H、最大水平主应力?Hmax、巷道跨度B等物理量,应用量纲分析法构建巷道围岩松动圈厚度L与上述物理量间的无量纲关系式,其中L/H表征松动圈厚度L与巷道埋深H成正比,F表征巷道围岩的结构特征,?H/Rc、?Hmax/Rc 表征巷道围岩的力学特征,B/H表征巷道的几何特征。结合实测数据,推导了各无量纲量间的定量函数表达式,残差平方和为0.003 1,相关系数为0.937 9。选取3个矿山巷道围岩松动圈测试实例对所建立的松动圈预测模型进行验证,结果表明该方法计算结果与实测结果较吻合,平均相对误差为7.38%,能满足工程需要。     

基于量纲分析的巷道围岩松动圈预测模型EI北大核心CSCD

为更合理地确定巷道围岩松动圈厚度,引入量纲分析理论,提出新的巷道围岩松动圈预测方法。选取岩石单轴抗压强度Rc、围岩节理系数F、围岩重度g、巷道埋深H、最大水平主应力σ_(Hmax)、巷道跨度B等物理量,应用量纲分析法构建巷道围岩松动圈厚度L与上述物理量间的无量纲关系式,其中L/H表征松动圈厚度L与巷道埋深H成正比,F表征巷道围岩的结构特征,γH/Rc、σ_(Hmax)/Rc表征巷道围岩的力学特征,B/H表征巷道的几何特征。结合实测数据,推导了各无量纲量间的定量函数表达式,残差平方和为0.003 1,相关系数为0.937 9。选取3个矿山巷道围岩松动圈测试实例对所建立的松动圈预测模型进行验证,结果表明该方法计算结果与实测结果较吻合,平均相对误差为7.38%,能满足工程需要。     

滤管两端均不在含水层层面的承压不完整井近似计算方法研究

不完整井在实际工程中应用广泛,且存在某些承压不完整井,其滤管顶、底均不在含水层层面,不能直接按常规的方法进行计算。可根据流线图中的水平流线对渗流场分层后进行简化计算,但分层位置的确定非常困难。因此,提出了简便可行的渗流场分层方法,包括假设上下部渗流场渗径相等的等渗径改进方法、假设上下部渗流场中井滤管长度与其含水层厚度比值相等的等比例改进方法和以等比例方法为基础的等效阻力法,并以此为基础对计算简便、精度较高的沙金煊公式进行完善,得到了适用于滤管顶、底均不在含水层层面的承压不完整井近似计算方法。经过算例验证和与有限元比较,该方法计算精度较高,实用性较强。     

盾构近距离下穿引起已建地铁隧道纵向变形理论研究

盾构下穿会引起邻近已建隧道附加应力的变化,使已建隧道产生变形,对已建隧道的结构和运营安全造成一定的影响。基于明德林（Mindlin）解,经数值积分可以计算出盾构产生的刀盘附加推力q、盾壳摩擦力f及同步注浆附加压力p作用下所引起的已建隧道轴线处的附加应力。同时,利用镜像法算出在土体损失作用下已建隧道轴线处的附加应力,再将已建隧道视为温克勒（Winkler）地基梁,应用Winkler地基梁理论即可算出上述4个参数作用下已建隧道的变形,根据盾构穿越的不同工况,将上述参数作用下的变形进行叠加得到已建隧道总变形。通过杭州4号线盾构隧道下穿1号线隧道的工程实例将理论计算结果与实测结果对比分析,证明了该方法的有效性。     

利用“p100/q100”律对胶东地区金矿资源潜力估计

利用幂函数分布在高端截尾 (uppertruncation)条件下具有分形性质 ,即尺度不变的特征 ,证明了统计量q具有分形性质 ,即它与尺度参数k无关。在总体的随机变量X服从幂函数分布条件下 ,从“p10 0 /q10 0”律的概率形式推出“p10 0 /q10 0”律的分形形式 ;“80 /2 0”律是“p10 0 /q10 0”律的一种特殊分形形式。当a =1.16,p =0 .2 0时 ,q =0 .80 ;将“p10 0 /q10 0”律应用于山东胶东地区金矿床储量数据 ,得到了该地区大中小型金矿床的“p10 0 /q10 0”律表达式和相应的百分数。比较理论计算的结果与样本观察值计算的结果大小 ,可预测该地区可能存在 1个或 2个大型金矿床。     

成岩成矿深度的理论基础和构造校正测算的方法

<正>成岩成矿深度的构造校正测算方法,是从测算压力中先消除构造附加静水压力之后再计算上覆岩石厚度,即成岩成矿深度的方法(吕古贤和刘瑞珣,1999)。该方法建筑在对地壳岩石处于固体应力状态的认识之上,采用弹性固体模型代替静止流体模型,比沿袭至今单纯用压力/密度方法得出的深度更符合于实际情况。该文以胶东玲珑-焦家式金矿床为例,介绍了该方法的理论基础和野外地质研究方法——开展变形岩相形迹填图,在室内利用三维变形和古差应力测量,计算差应力时根据样品所处构造     

邻近开挖对既有软土隧道的影响

采用两阶段分析方法,提出了邻近开挖对既有软土隧道纵向受力变形影响的简化计算方法。针对软土隧道开挖情况,第1阶段采用Loganathan和Poulos提出的解析解计算开挖引起的土体自由位移场;针对基坑开挖情况,第1阶段根据Mindlin理论解计算邻近荷载作用引起隧道的附加应力;第2阶段基于Winkler地基模型将既有隧道视为弹性地基无限长梁,将土体自由位移或附加应力施加于隧道,并建立求解该问题的纵向变形方程,从而得到隧道纵向位移和内力的计算表达式。结合离心模型试验结果和工程实例进行分析,验证了方法的有效性。研究成果可为合理制定邻近施工对软土隧道的保护措施提供依据。     

悬挂式防渗墙作用下非均质地层的渗流量研究——以松花江干流群力堤为例

悬挂式防渗墙是当前堤防加固工程中选用较多的一种堤基防渗方式。但由于悬挂式防渗墙未贯穿整个透水层,地下水可以通过防渗墙的底脚进行绕渗。绕渗量的大小与防渗墙的深度以及所在地层的渗透性相关。选用解析法,运用达西定律和等效渗透原理计算了松花江水位变化条件下,通过群力堤防渗墙非均质地层的渗流量,分析了悬挂式防渗墙深度与渗流量大小的相关关系。研究结果表明:不同方案下堤后排水系统的渗流量相差较大,当悬挂式防渗墙深度在16~24m,松花江处于洪水位,堤后强渗层底板高程为115.50m时渗流量最大,为3 202.8~3 639.7m3/d。研究结果不仅能够为工程建设提供参考,同时为更全面、合理地评价悬挂式防渗墙的效果提供理论支撑。     

地下水封油库围岩地下水渗流量计算

为准确地计算特大型地下水封储油岩洞库地下水的渗流量,根据现场调查、测试与监测以及室内外物理力学试验,采用了三维多孔连续介质流-固耦合有限差分数值模拟计算分析软件模拟地下水渗流场。提出了一种适用于特大型地下水封储油岩洞库地下水渗流量计算的合理方法。经与法国专家经验法、大岛洋志经验式、《铁路工程水文地质勘测规范》（TB10049－96）等方法的计算结果进行比较,结果比较接近。该计算方法适用于试验数据和资料匮乏的可行性研究阶段的特大型地下水封储油岩洞库围岩地下水渗流量或涌水量的计算;考虑地下水流-固耦合分析时,单洞室的涌水量比只考虑地下水流动作分析时稍小;考虑流-固耦合作用比不考虑流-固耦合作用时围岩地下水的最大渗流速度稍小。     

粉性土毛管水的力学和工程特性

阐述了毛管水对土体强度、变形和渗流的影响。粉性土既有较高的毛管水头,又有一定的渗透性,水压传递快;毛管水对此类土的地基、基坑和堤坝等工程有明显的影响。研究的主要成果有：①根据试样浸水与否的无侧限抗压强度比较试验及理论分析,证明毛管水张力增高了土体强度,强度增高的数值,试验结果和理论分析相符;②计算分析雨季粉性土地表层毛管水张力消失和土体膨胀的过程;③借砂模试验和电拟试验,分析了毛管水对堤坝渗流流态的影响,毛管水增高了渗流量和出逸点高度;④提出了砂土和粉性土毛管水头hc和渗透系数k新的经验计算式。研究成果可应用于粉性土地基、基坑和堤坝等工程。     

Performance of the horizontal drains in upstream shell of earth dams on the upstream slope stability during rapid drawdown conditions

Slope stability analysis during rapid drawdown is an important consideration in the design of embankment dams. During rapid drawdown, the stabilizing effect of the water on the upstream face is lost, but the pore water pressures within the embankment may remain high. As a result, the stability of the upstream face of the dam can be much reduced. Installing horizontal drains is a very efficient and cost-effective method for reducing the pore water pressure and increasing the stability of the upstream slope. The theory of horizontal drains in the upstream shell of earth dams is well established, but there seems to be limited resources available for the design of this type of horizontal drains. Hence, this study is focused on the performance of horizontal drains in the upstream shell of the slope of earth dams on the upstream slope stability during rapid drawdown conditions. The parametric study has been conducted on the variation of horizontal drain parameters such as the number of drains, their length, and their location. In this study, ten scenarios were analyzed based on different drainage configurations and the performance of each scenario is investigated on the seepage and the upstream slope stability during rapid drawdown conditions using finite element and limit equilibrium methods. The results demonstrated that the stability of the upstream slope during rapid drawdown conditions increases by increasing the number of drains. The length of drains extending further from its intersection with the critical failure surface does not provide any significant change in the factor of safety. Finally, the study also found that installing drains in the lower region of the upstream shell of earth dams gives more stability than those installed in higher elevations.     

正反粒序结构条件下滑坡堰塞坝破坏模式研究

滑坡堰塞坝是大型滑坡堆积体堵塞河道形成的土石坝。正、反粒序结构作为大型远程滑坡所特有的2种具有显著差异的地质结构特征,2种情况下坝体的破坏模式差异及稳定性影响因素亟需试验研究。文章通过室内水槽物理模型实验,对比不同粒径、不同结构的滑坡堰塞坝坝体的破坏过程差异,探究了正、反粒序结构条件下堰塞坝的稳定性差异、破坏模式及影响因素。研究结果表明：（1）堰塞坝破坏模式的变化取决于浸润线在下游坡面的出露位置,相比上游水位有一定的延迟性;（2）正、反粒序堰塞坝的破坏模式取决于坡体渗流与下游坡面临界起动坡降的关系;（3）细砂层的位置分布,不同埋深细砂层的起动临界坡降差异和细砂与中粗砂的孔隙率差异是造成正、反粒序坝体破坏差异的主要原因。该研究成果可为大型滑坡堰塞坝的防灾减灾提供理论指导。     

A practical and efficient numerical scheme for the analysis of steady state unconfined seepage flows

The scaled boundary finite‐element method (SBFEM), a novel semi‐analytical technique, is applied to the analysis of the confined and unconfined seepage flow. This method combines the advantages of the finite‐element method and the boundary element method. In this method, only the boundary of the domain is discretized; no fundamental solution is required, and singularity problems can be modeled rigorously. Anisotropic and nonhomogeneous materials satisfying similarity are modeled without additional efforts. In this paper, SBFE equations and solution procedures for the analysis of seepage flow are outlined. The accuracy of the proposed method in modeling singularity problems is demonstrated by analyzing seepage flow under a concrete dam with a cutoff at heel. As only the boundary is discretized, the variable mesh technique is advisable for modeling unconfined seepage analyses. The accuracy, effectiveness, and efficiency of the method are demonstrated by modeling several unconfined seepage flow problems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

滑坡堰塞坝越顶溢流破坏的物理模型实验

滑坡堰塞坝作为结构松散的堆积物,随着上游水位的不断上涨,其稳定性不断降低,并存在突然溃坝的风险。以唐家山滑坡堰塞坝为研究对象,基于相似原理,开展符合坝体颗粒级配的室内水槽物理模型实验,模拟了不同坝后蓄水量、不同水位和不同颗粒物质组成条件下坝体渗流、漫顶破坏的整个过程。监测结果显示：堰塞坝漫顶溃坝主要分为渗流、漫顶、冲刷和溃决4个过程;坝体堆积颗粒级配越差,坝体允许渗流坡降越小;相同材料配比的坝体,上游水位相同时,坝体底部水平位移最大,且漫顶溃坝时溃口尺寸与蓄水量正相关。该研究结果揭示了堰塞坝漫顶破坏规律,可为堰塞坝溃坝防治提供理论参考。     

Electrical resistivity imaging and dye tracer test for the estimation of water leakage paths from reservoir of Akdeğirmen Dam in Afyonkarahisar,Turkey

The seepage occurrence from the reservoir on the right bank of the Akde?irmen Dam located in Afyonkarahisar province in the Turkey has been investigated. When the reservoir began to fill with water, a large amount of water seepage occurred at the dam. The seepage developed at the base of the spillway and the right downstream slope of the dam. The various attempts have been made to reduce the seepage using grouting. Although the additional grouting operations was reduced the seepage at the base of the spillway, there has not been a reduction in seepage at the water outlet location at the downstream slope. Electrical resistivity measurements along the eight lines with the dipole–dipole array and dye tracer tests were performed in order to identify the seepage locations. The interpretation of electrical resistivity data showed the distribution of strata and the seepage zone along the right downstream of the dam. Groundwater flow rates calculated from dye tests indicated that there is an excessive seepage south-eastwardly on the downstream slope of the dam. Integrated interpretation of resistivity data and dye tests indicate that the seepage paths are in the direction from NW to E and SE.     

河流冲刷对堤岸渗流和变形的影响研究

通过理论分析和有限元技术,建立了综合考虑河流冲刷力、渗透力、自重应力耦合力系下的堤岸（水上、水下）与河床的整体分析模型,直接分析河流冲刷作用对堤岸渗流和变形的影响,并结合强度折减有限元法分析河流冲刷对堤岸边坡整体稳定性的影响。结果表明,渗透流速的最大值出现在堤脚,冲刷作用使堤岸的渗透流速有所提高,并使堤岸坡脚沿外江方向的水平位移明显增加,愈靠近坡脚,外江方向水平位移增加的幅度愈大,在不同水位下堤脚都是最易受到渗流和冲刷影响的地方;河流冲刷进一步加大了堤岸和河床塑性区范围,堤岸的安全系数降低;河流冲刷对堤岸渗流和变形产生的影响随着河水位的上升而加剧,河水位越高,冲刷作用使堤岸稳定性降低的幅度越大。     

Evaluation of the Instability Risk of the Dam Slopes Simulated with Monte Carlo method (Case Study: Alborz Dam)

Embankment dams are one of the most important geotechnical structures that their failures can lead to disastrous damages. One of the main causes of dam failure is its slope instability. Slope Stability analysis has traditionally been performed using the deterministic approaches. These approaches show the safety of slope only with factor of safety that this factor cannot take into account the uncertainty in soil parameters. Hence, to investigate the impact of uncertainties in soil parameters on slope stability, probabilistic analysis by Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method was used in this research. MCS method is a computational algorithm that uses random sampling to compute the results. This method studies the probability of slope failure using the distribution function of soil parameters. Stability analysis of upstream and downstream slopes of Alborz dam in all different design modes was done in both static and quasi-static condition. Probability of failure and reliability index were investigated for critical failure surfaces. Based on the reliability index obtained in different conditions, it can be said that the downstream and upstream slope of the Alborz dam is stable. The results show that although the factor of safety for upstream slope in the state of earthquake loading was enough, but the results derived from probabilistic analysis indicate that the factor of safety is not adequate. Also the upstream slope of the Alborz dam is unstable under high and uncontrolled explosions conditions in steady seepage from different levels under quasi-static terms.

     

关于用稳定流抽水降落曲线q—s关系建立求解水文地质参数(Rs、K、R)新模型的探讨

本文以q/s曲线长度A和单位涌水量q、水位降深s之间关系,用达西渗透公式诱导和假设建立了求地下水向井q/s曲线及q/s曲线段间渗流速度公式,并用q/s曲线段间渗流速度Rs求得含水层渗透系数K,又用渗透系数K建立了反求影响半径R的假设公式。所建立的公式只适用于稳定流抽水试验中计算含水层的K和R的水文地质参数。