珠江流域主要河流泥沙变化分析

选用珠江流域主要河流的58个泥沙站1956～2000年连续观测的泥沙资料,按河流水系分不同的区域对主要河流含沙量和河流输沙量的时空分布规律进行分析研究。结果表明:大多数河流的含沙量较小,由于径流量大,输沙量较大;含沙量在区域上的分布呈西部大于东部、西南部大于西北部,东南部与东北部差别不大的特征;主要河流西江、北江、东江含沙量沿程变化呈现从上游往下游递减的规律;产沙量最大的区域是南盘江和北盘江,西江上游区域是流域泥沙的主要来源;汛期输沙量占全年的90%以上。虽然各区域不同时期输沙量有所增减,但全流域输沙总量较稳定;西江上游红水河和东江水利工程的兴建对河流泥沙的拦蓄明显,造成下游河段的含沙量明显减小。     

贵州退耕还林以来土壤侵蚀的时空变化及与降水关系

用变差系数作为衡量其变化幅度大小的指标,运用二元定序变量的Spearman相关分析方法,对贵州省2000年退耕还林以来的河流输沙量、输沙模数和泥沙含量的时空变化与降水量的关系进行了分析。结果表明:贵州省退耕还林以来,河流的输沙量、输沙模数与含沙量均呈减少的趋势,三者的年际变化幅度比较小,但是比其降水量的变化幅度大;从空间差异看,贵州长江流域多年的平均输沙量、输沙模数和河流含沙量比贵州珠江流域的大,而河流输沙量、输沙模数与含沙量的年际变化幅度则比贵州珠江流域的小;贵州的输沙量与降水量的Spearman相关系数为0.897,关系密切,其回归统计方程模型为y=x1.223。      

新疆渭干河部分流域河流泥沙分析

木扎提河、卡普斯浪河及克孜尔河3条河流1980—2010年31年多年平均悬移质输沙量之和为883×104t,3条河流的年径流量之和占到渭干河部分流域年径流量86%以上,3条河流的悬移质输沙总量可以代表全流域的多年平均悬移质输沙总量。根据流域泥沙的观测资料情况,对新疆渭干河部分流域河流含沙量的分布及输沙量、悬移质输沙量、河流输沙量的年内分配及年际变化等进行了分析。     

长江中下游河道采砂对入海泥沙的影响

河道采砂可对河道的稳定性、航运安全、生态环境等造成重要影响。河道采砂可能会增加河流的输沙,也可能会减少河流的输沙。长江中下游河道的采砂量虽然很大,但却不是导致入海泥沙减少的主要原因,由河道采砂引起的河流输沙减少的相应比例应该不到采砂量的10%。汉口站和湖口站的来沙减少是造成大通站输沙减少的最主要原因。     

实测悬移质泥沙年输沙量改正方法

在悬移质泥沙测验中,由于无法测到近底层悬移质含沙量(简称近底悬沙),因此使实际测算的输沙率(主要是床沙质部分)与真实值不符,往往相差较大。从而使年输沙量的成果精度受到影响,必须予以改正。改正年输沙量的问题,实质上是如何改正床沙质输沙率的问题。对此,以往研究较多的是解析法。由于解析法理论上不够完善,在运用该法进行计算所引用的天然河道比降,又往往不易准确观测,计算所得输沙率改正值往往误差过大,该法很难实际应用。因此,我们曾对经验法,即根据本站较精密的资料来进行改正计算作了研究,但由于如何计算概化垂线上的测点流速、含沙量与颗粒级配才能使垂线平均与断面平均     

嘉陵江不同区域场次洪水输沙规律

对于雨洪河流,河流年输沙量主要来源于1场或几场高强度暴雨洪水过程,开展流域次洪输沙规律研究对认识流域水沙变化特性、提升流域产输沙的预测能力具有重要意义。利用嘉陵江流域小河坝站、罗渡溪站、武胜站及北碚站的历年场次洪量与输沙量资料,基于径流侵蚀功率理论和M-K分析等方法,系统分析了嘉陵江不同区域的次洪输沙特性。结果表明：嘉陵江流域汛期洪量和输沙量主要来自于嘉陵江干流;嘉陵江不同区域场次洪量均呈不显著减少趋势,次洪输沙模数(输沙量)总体呈显著减少趋势,但小河坝站2013—2020年次洪输沙模数(输沙量)呈显著增加趋势;随着径流侵蚀功率的逐渐增加,各区域不同时段的次洪输沙模数(输沙量)的变幅逐渐减小;嘉陵江干流区武胜站场次洪水输沙过程受人类活动影响最大、渠江罗渡溪站次之、涪江小河坝站最小;受汶川地震及强降雨等影响,小河坝站和北碚站2013—2020年次洪输沙量较1999—2012年有一定程度增加,但北碚站增幅小于小河坝站。     

长江流域典型河流水沙过程变异研究

长江水量充沛,输沙量巨大,河道复杂多变.随着三峡工程等一大批水利工程的兴建,水沙条件必将发生巨大变异.本文以嘉陵江流域为典型河流,从水沙地区组成、含沙量变化、来沙系数变化、各流量级含沙量变化、水沙年内变化等方面研究了其水沙过程变异,并分析了变异原因.     

黄河下游输沙水量研究综述

对输沙水量的计算方法,黄河下游汛期、非汛期输沙水量的研究现状,水库对输沙水量的影响,输沙用水总量的研究现状等方面分别作了回顾。分析指出,输沙水量与来水含沙量、来水流量、河道冲淤、河床前期条件等有关。黄河下游各时期输沙水量不同,汛期最小,其余依次为非汛期、冬三月、凌汛期。水库调水调沙的同时也改变着黄河下游的输沙水量。利用水库群调水调沙,使小浪底水库以造床流量、高含沙水流输沙,是目前推荐的黄河下游节水减淤高效输沙入海的主要方式。提出了一些有待进一步研究的问题。     

中国江河水沙变化趋势与主要影响因素

通过选定中国主要河流的代表水文站,分析了中国主要河流代表站总径流量和总输沙量的变化趋势。结果表明,全国主要河流代表站总径流量随时间没有明显的趋势性增加或减小,多年平均径流量为14090亿m3;年总输沙量在1960年前变化不大,1960年后逐渐减小,从20世纪50年代的26.43亿t减小至2001～2008年间的5.95亿t;平均含沙量则从50年代的1.74kg/m3减至2001～2008年间的0.46kg/m3。中国南方主要河流和主要内陆河流的代表站径流量没有明显的增加或减少趋势,北方河流代表站径流量除淮河、松花江外,具有明显的减少趋势;中国各主要河流代表站年输沙量除塔里木河外,都有不同程度的减少,其中北方河流的减小幅度较大。影响中国主要河流水沙变化的主要因素分为自然和人类活动因素,其中自然因素包括流域降雨量变化和流域下垫面条件;人类活动因素包括水土保持措施、水库工程、流域调水调沙及引水引沙、河道采砂等。     

冲积河流泥沙输移幂律函数指数变化规律

冲积河流泥沙输移幂律函数关系与不平衡输沙理论是对河道不平衡输沙同一物理现象的不同描述,两者既有区别也有联系。比较研究发现:对于恒定均匀流不平衡输沙过程,当输沙位于近平衡态时两者含沙量导函数表达式具有一阶近似等价性,当输沙远离平衡态时前者含沙量导函数中隐含考虑有泥沙恢复饱和系数的变化。基于两者等价性,推导建立了幂律函数指数计算表达式,表明指数随泥沙沉速、单宽流量和沿程距离而变化,且随着输移距离的增大呈指数衰减。基于前者含沙量导函数表达式结构特点,分析建立了相应泥沙恢复饱和系数变化的计算表达式。综合以上成果,改进提出了一种变幂指数的泥沙输移幂律函数计算模型。对库里·阿雷克沉沙池沿程断面输沙指数及含沙量计算结果表明,不同距离过水断面输沙指数的变化规律是合理的,含沙量计算值与实测值变化趋势基本符合。     

Investigation and numerical simulation of summer sedimentation in Jiaozhou Bay,China

In recent years, development activities have had a significant impact on the environment of the Jiaozhou Bay, China. To ensure the sustainable economic and social development of the Jiaozhou Bay area, it is necessary to strengthen corresponding control measures. The important prerequisite is to properly understand the environmental conditions laws of natural change, especially the dynamic processes of sediment and the characteristics of landform evolution. Based on the data of continuous observation at 6 stations in Jiaozhou Bay for 25 hours, the Hydrodynamic Eutrophication Model (HEM-3D) was used to simulate the sediment erosion and deposition. The results show that the maximum suspended sediment concentration in the sea area of Jiaozhou Bay is about 40 mg/L, which appears in the northwestern area of the bay top and the Cangkou watercourse area, and the low concentration is located in the area of the central Jiaozhou Bay towards the bay mouth. The suspended sediment is 6–10 mg/L. Affected by a decrease in seawater material, the direction of the prevailing current in the Jiaozhou Bay area is different from that of the sediment transport. The velocity of the flood current is higher than that of the ebb current. However, during flood tide, the flux of resuspended seafloor sediment outside and at the mouth of the bay is limited and cannot contribute significantly to the suspended sediment in the bay. During ebb tide, the resuspended sediment at the shallow-water bay head and the east and west sides spreads toward the bay mouth with the ebb current, although it extends beyond the bay through the bay mouth. The research results can provide scientific support for the Jiaozhou Bay project construction and environmental protection.     

Temporal and spatial evolution of surface sediments characteristics in the Dagu River estuary and their dynamic response mechanism

Based on the 39 surface sediment samples collected in the flood season and the dry season in 2012 respectively and the measured hydrological data in October 2012, the sediment grain size characteristics has been analyzed and the response mechanism of surface sediments to estuarine hydrodynamics was revealed by calculating the range of waves and tidal currents. The results show that: (1) The grain size of the surface sediment samples decreased gradually from land to sea in the flood season. The fine sediment was redistributed under marine hydrodynamics in the dry season and the sediments showed coarser tendency ingeneral; (2) tidal current stirring sediment was very obvious in Dagu River estuary area, and wave stirring sediments mainly occurred in the tidal flat area and estuary sand bar area; (3) in the flood season, surface sediment sat the estuary were transported towards south and southeast. In the dry season, surface sediments were transported towards southwest at the north area of Jiaozhou Bay Bridge, and sediments were transported towards northeast area at the south of Jiaozhou Bay Bridge.     

Ecological environment response of benthic foraminifera to heavy metals and human engineering: A case study from Jiaozhou Bay,China

The estuary and coastal zone are the key areas for socio-economic development,and they are also the important channels for pollutants transported to the sea.The construction of the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge changed the hydrodynamic condition of the bay,which made the self-purification capacity of the bay weakened and the pollution in the estuary and adjacent coastal zone become more serious.In this study,55 surface sediment samples were collected from the three seriously polluted estuaries and the adjacent coastal zone of Jiaozhou Bay to comprehensively study how the benthic foraminifera response to heavy metal pollution and human engineering,and to assess the ecological risks of the bay.A total of 80 species,belonging to 42 genera,were identified in this study.The results showed that Cu,Pb,Cr,Hg,Zn,and As had low to median ecological risks in the study area which would definitely affect the ecological system.The construction of the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge has resulted in pollutants accumulated at the river mouth of Loushan River,which has adverse effects on the survival and growth of benthic foraminifera.The lowest population density and diversity as well as the highest FAI(Foraminiferal Abnormality Index)and FMI(Foraminiferal Monitoring Index)occurred at Loushan River Estuary which indicated that the ecological environment of the northeastern part of Jiaozhou Bay(Loushan River Estuary)had been seriously damaged.Licun River and Haipo River estuaries and the adjacent coastal zone were slightly polluted and had low ecological risk.As a consequence,it suggested that the supervision of industrial and domestic waste discharge and the protection of the ecological environment in northeast Jiaozhou Bay should be paid more attention.     

Flow,stress and sediment resuspension in a shallow tidal channel

In October of 2004, a 3-d observational program to measure flow and sediment resuspension within a coastal intertidal salt marsh was conducted in the North Inlet/Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve located near Georgetown, South Carolina. Current and acoustic backscatter profiles were obtained from a moored acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) deployed in a shallow tidal channel during the spring phase of the tidal cycle under high discharge conditions. The channel serves as a conduit between Winyah Bay, a large brackish estuary, and North Inlet, a saline intertidal coastal salt marsh with little freshwater input. Salinity measurements indicate that the water column is vertically well mixed during flood, but becomes vertically stratified during early ebb. The stratification results from brackish (15 psu) Winyah Bay water entering North Inlet via the tidal channel, suggesting an exchange mechanism that permits North Inlet to receive a fraction of the poor water quality and high discharge flow from upland rivers. Although maximum flood currents exceed maximum ebb currents by 0.2 m s⁻¹, suspended sediment concentrations are highest during the latter ebb phase and persist for a longer fraction of the ebb cycle. Even though the channel is flood-dominated, the higher concentrations occurring over a longer fraction of the ebb phase indicate net particulate transport from Winyah Bay to North Inlet during spring tide accompanied by high discharge. Our evidence suggests that the higher concentrations during ebb result from increased bed friction caused by flow asymmetries and variations in water depth in which the highest stresses occur near the end of ebb near low water despite stronger maximum currents during flood.     

River systems and their sediment flux, Indo-Gangetic plains, Northern Bihar, India

River systems of part of the Himalayan foreland, northern Bihar plains, India, are described in terms of their channel morphology, hydrology and suspended sediment characteristics. A simple classification of the river systems based mainly on the source area characteristics is proposed: (i) mountain-fed, (ii) foothills-fed, (iii) plains-fed and (iv) mixed-fed rivers. Distinct differences are noted between these classes of river systems. Most rivers show evidence of channel movement, mainly by avulsion, but cut-offs also occur locally. The mountain-fed rivers are characterized by very high discharge and low suspended sediment concentration and the plains-fed rivers have relatively low discharge and high suspended sediment concentration. The foothill-fed rivers have moderate values of discharge and suspended sediment concentration. The mountain-fed rivers have built megafans of large extent, whereas the foothills-fed and plains-fed rivers have formed muddy interfan areas. Semi-quantitative estimates of water and sediment flux suggest that about 99·9% of the mass transfer into the plains is water, with the remaining 0·1% being sediment, and that 10% of the latter (0·01% of the total) is retained in the basin, the remainder being transferred to the Bengal Fan.     

辽东湾北部浅海区泥沙输送及其沉积特征

根据实测资料，本文定量分析了辽东湾北部泥沙输送及其分布，并对辽河三角洲沉积区划作了初步讨论。研究表明本区泥沙以纵向搬运为特征。双台子河以西来沙和辽河西水道入海泥沙是区域东部拦门沙体和浅滩发育的主导因素。汛季大潮期，泥沙自西向东运移落淤在河口及毗邻浅水域；小潮期，泥沙除向东扩散外，大部泥沙向海方搬运。调查区可划分六个现代沉积作用区，即潮坪沉积区、辽河水下三角洲细粒沉积区、河口沙洲沉积区、波浪潮流冲蚀沉积区、河口冲积沉积区以及潮汐水道沉积区。     

胶州湾滨海湿地的景观格局变化及环境效应

在湿地景观类型分类基础上,利用RS及GIS技术提取了1986、1995和2010年胶州湾滨海湿地的Landsat卫星假彩色合成影像的空间属性数据,利用斑块动态度、斑块密度指数、景观多样性指数、斑块破碎化指数研究了胶州湾滨海湿地的景观格局变化及累积环境效应。结果表明,1986～2010年胶州湾滨海湿地总面积减少,河流与河口湿地面积稍有增大,潮间带滩涂和潮上带湿地面积和斑块数减小;养殖池面积增大、斑块数增多,盐田面积减小、斑块数基本未变,增加了湿地公园这种新的人工湿地景观类型。期间,湿地的景观斑块密度指数、多样性指数和景观斑块破碎化指数增大了。上述湿地面积和景观格局变化是由围垦、城市化、港口和道路建设、河流径流量和输沙量减少、海岸侵蚀、海水入侵、全球变暖、海面上升等因素引起的,并导致湿地生物多样化水平下降、有害植物入侵、环境净化功能降低、污染和赤潮灾害加重、植被退化演替、渔业资源衰退和湿地生态系统服务价值降低等累积环境效应。为减轻这些不利的累积环境效应,应采取建设湿地自然保护区、控制养殖池和盐田规模、发展工业循环经济和生态农业等措施保护胶州湾滨海湿地。     

深海甲烷电化学原位长期监测技术及其在海洋环境调查和天然气水合物勘探中的意义

深海溶解甲烷浓度数据连续获取的方法技术,对于海洋环境和天然气水合物开发过程中甲烷扩散作用及通量的动态监测,具有重要的科学意义和实际应用价值。本文较详细地介绍了依据"海水脱气、气体样品定量输入、电化学高精度检测"技术思路,采用"增压排液整机系统控制的海水循环、减压稳流、气液分离、烃类组分高精度检测技术改进"方法,研发"深海甲烷电化学原位长期监测技术"的关键环节和技术方法。结合原位传感器在胶州湾港口为期94天底水长期监测实验获取的数据成果,对原位传感器的技术性能、数据质量、地质效果进行了研究评价。结果表明:(1)原位传感器量程甲烷指标达到0.01～10 000 nmol/L,灵敏度达到0.01 nmol/L,对烃类组分检测具有较好的稳定性和选择性;(2)监测水域溶解甲烷数值范围19.01～106.87 nmol/L,正常甲烷背景32.41 nmol/L,局部异常甲烷背景80.60 nmol/L,资料显示异常与污水排放过程对海水环境污染有关;(3)实测甲烷数据成果地球化学特征与胶州湾海域海水环境以往调查研究成果符合,证明了实测数据的客观性和科学性;(4)海试监测试验成果证明,原位传感器测试性能可靠、结构设计合理、设计思路科学,基本具备了海洋科学调查中对海水甲烷浓度数据获取的能力,在未来海洋天然气水合物开发过程中对甲烷扩散作用的动态监测及深海甲烷浓度通量的长期监测中,具有实际应用价值和科学意义。     

人类活动影响下的胶州湾近百年来环境演变的沉积记录

本文报道了胶州湾柱状沉积物中各生源要素(C、N、P、BSi)以及重金属(Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Ni、Co、Zn等)的地球化学特征,在210Pb精确定年的基础上计算了各项地球化学参数的埋藏通量,并结合元素间的比值(OC/TN、OC/OP、BSi/N、BSi/P;其中OC为有机碳,TN为总氮,OP为有机磷,BSi为生物源硅)和重金属的某些污染指数,给出了胶州湾环境演变的沉积记录以及人类活动影响因子.结果表明:胶州湾近百年的环境演变大致可以分为三个阶段:1980年以前、1980年到2000年左右和2000年至今,经历了环境的未受污染期污染期治理好转期.这些变化除与自然因素有关外,大部分应该归因于人类活动作用的加强.     

水沙动态图法分析中国主要江河水沙变化

利用《中国河流泥沙公报》数据,采用水沙动态图方法并按平衡水沙比相对应,分析中国主要河流2006年前实测水沙的变化。根据河流下游站历年水沙变化趋势,将中国主要河流大致分为4类:水量不变沙量降低、水量和沙量均降低、水量和沙量同步略降低、几近断流断沙。按地域看,中国淮河及其以南大多数河流年径流量无明显改变,而年沙量呈明显下降趋势;淮河以北地区河流水沙量均呈明显下降趋势,特别是黄河年径流量的近10年平均值仅为多年平均值的1/3,输沙量10年平均值仅为多年平均值的1/4,而海河水系的河流下游几乎是断流断沙。总体上,中国大多数河流的沙量明显下降。大多数河流入海水沙量的明显降低主要是人类活动造成的,淮河及其以南河流沙量的降低多与水库兴建、河道采砂和水土保持工程等有关;北方河流水沙量的降低主要是引水量的大幅增加、水库建设及其运行方式的改变以及水土保持工程的发挥效益等造成的。分析也表明,利用水沙动态图法分析河流的水沙长期变化具有一定的优越性。