作物叶面蒸腾与棵间蒸发分摊系数的计算方法

依据在冬小麦和玉米冠层表面及冠层内部下方土壤表面的净辐射观测资料,建立了一个能较准确地反映叶面蒸腾与棵间土壤蒸发分摊系数物理变化规律的较实用的计算模式,结果表明,分摊系数(α)随叶面积指数(LAI)增加而增加,且具有明显的日变化,α在中午最小、早、晚稍大,这种日变化受叶气孔调节的影响。     

BATS-SAST模式对积雪深度的模拟试验与改进

利用BATS-SAST模式对加拿大Sk-OJP森林站2001/2002,2002/2003,2003/2004年度及Sk_HarvestJP空旷站2003/2004年度4个积雪季节进行模拟.针对Sk-OJP森林站积雪深度模拟偏小的不足,在长波辐射及降水量的计算方案中考虑透过冠层的部分;考虑由雨、雪密度不同引起冠层上单位面积截留量的变化以及风速和冠层温度对冠层积雪卸载过程的影响,对冠层截留模型进行了改进.针对Sk_HarvestJP空旷站积雪深度模拟偏大的不足,对地表积雪覆盖率的计算方案进行了调整.结果表明:模式能够对2种不同下垫面积雪变化过程做出合理描述;调整后的模式对Sk_OJP森林站积雪深度模拟增加;新冠层截留模型通过改变冠层截留量来影响冠层下积雪深度的变化,积雪深度的模拟在融化阶段改进最为显著;调整后的模式对Sk_HarvestJP空旷站积雪覆盖率模拟变小,由于积雪覆盖率与地表反照率之间存在着正反馈关系,地面接收的太阳辐射增大,积雪深度的模拟变小.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区山地苹果林蒸散特征

以黄土丘陵沟壑区的典型代表米脂为研究区,选取苹果林地生态系统为研究对象,揭示苹果林地的蒸腾蒸发耗散规律及其影响机制,为指导有限水资源条件下苹果产业发展科学布局、优化管理措施及充分挖掘苹果林地的生产潜力提供科学依据.运用热扩散茎流计（TDP）、小型蒸发皿测定了组成苹果林地蒸散的果树蒸腾量和土壤蒸发量,运用水量平衡公式计算了冠层截留量,分析了各气象因子与蒸腾速率的关系,并评估了苹果林地的蒸散量,以期正确认识和评价苹果林地生态水文效应.不同生育期的日均蒸腾速率大小依次为果实膨大期>果实着色期>新梢生长及幼果发育期>萌芽开花期,小时尺度下,不同生育期蒸腾速率到达峰值的时间不同.不同天气条件下,晴天状况下树干蒸腾量明显大于阴天,影响苹果林地蒸腾速率的主要气象因子为太阳辐射和空气温度.果实膨大期及果实着色期为果树耗水的主要时期.降水对蒸腾的影响表现出滞后效应.植被蒸腾量、土壤蒸发量、冠层截留量对蒸散的贡献率由大到小依次为58.9%、26.8%、14.3%.试验期间,降水量大于蒸散量,果园水分收支略有盈余,不同月份土壤水分收支情况不同,应加强萌芽开花期、新梢生长及幼果发育期果园的水分管理.      

沙漠人工植被降水截留特征研究

2004年4~10月,选择两种主要固沙(半)灌木为研究对象,观测了植物冠层在自然降水条件下的截留量和穿透冠层的降水量,并模拟了它们与降水参数间的关系.结果表明:试验期间共降水110.9 mm,50%的降水量<2 mm,80%的降水量<6 mm,以短暂而零星的小降水为主,降水次数呈偏态分布.由于植物冠层的截留而使柠条和油蒿冠层下的降水量极显著地小于降水量(P≤0.01).与油蒿相比,具有高大冠层结构的柠条冠层下的降水量在大多数情况下显著高于油蒿的(P≤0.05);两种植物冠层下方不同部位对降水穿透量的影响结果差异不显著(P>0.05)、显著(P≤0.05)和极显著(P≤0.01)约各占1/3;试验期间柠条和油蒿的冠层截留总量分别为10.7 mm和3.7 mm.两种植物冠层下穿透降水量与降水量和降水历时的多元回归方程达到极显著水平(P<0.0001),但逐步回归分析表明穿透降水量与降水历时的关系不明显(P>0.05),因而提出了穿透降水量与降水量间的线性公式(P<0.0001)能更好的表达这种关系;两种植物冠层截留量与降水量呈指数关系(P<0.05),理论上当降水量无穷大时截留量接近于常数项,即柠条冠层的最大截留量为3.5 mm,油蒿冠层的最大截留量为1.0mm.     

黑河流域山前绿洲灌溉农田蒸散发模拟研究

基于Penman-Monteith蒸散公式, 应用土壤-植被-大气系统水分和能量传输理论对Shuttleworth-Wallace蒸散模型的参数进行改进, 得出解析计算农田作物蒸腾和土壤蒸发的双源模型. 对黑河流域山前绿洲农田春小麦生长期土壤蒸发、作物蒸腾以及总蒸散过程进行了模拟研究. 对模型的计算结果以田间观测和水量平衡方法进行验证, 误差目标NSE=0.98, 说明该模型用于农田蒸发和蒸腾的计算是合理的. 对影响蒸发和蒸腾的主导因子净辐射、叶面积指数、土壤含水量进行了相关性分析, 得出三者的变化对土壤蒸发、作物蒸腾的影响. 通过不同时期日蒸散发量变化特征的分析, 表明土壤、冠层两个界面对能量和水汽传输的交互影响效应显著.     

喷灌条件下冬小麦田间水分运移数学模拟及灌溉模式的研究

为探讨节水高产喷灌模式,用数学模拟和田间试验相结合方法,研究了冬小麦在喷灌条件下田间水分运移规律。数学模拟结果与田间实测土壤含水率吻合良好。在此基础上模拟计算出不同喷灌定额下,消耗于作物蒸腾、表土蒸发和深层渗漏的水量,结果表明40～60mm喷灌定额下的农田水分无效消耗(表土蒸发+深层渗漏)最小,从而得出节水高产的冬小麦喷灌灌溉模式。经田间试验对比,获得相同产量条件下,本文提出的模式比现行喷灌模式节约灌溉水45%。     

干旱区植被盖度增加对降水入渗补给地下水的影响——试验研究与数值模拟

随着西北旱区生态恢复工程的实施,该区生态环境持续改善,植被盖度不断增加。但植被冠层截留与蒸腾耗水加剧了包气带水分的亏空程度,减小了降雨对地下水的补给。采用原位试验方法,分析了植被覆盖区和裸土区不同深度土壤水势的变化规律。结果表明,受蒸发和蒸腾的共同作用,植被覆盖区平均土壤水势(-74k Pa)远低于裸土区(-16k Pa),且变化剧烈,土壤水以向上运动为主。而裸土区土壤水势高,变化小,40cm以下土壤水向下运移,因此可以持续补给地下水。采用Hydrus-1D软件进行了长序列土壤水数值模拟,定量分析了植被盖度增加与地下水补给的关系。数值模拟结果表明,在裸土条件下,降雨对地下水的补给量介于82~333mm/a之间,平均值为197mm/a,平均降水入渗补给系数为0.53。而在植被覆盖的情况下,地下水的补给量几乎为0。最后,从植被蒸腾耗水和冠层降水截留2个方面讨论了旱区植被盖度增加对降雨入渗补给地下水的影响,提出了旱区水与生态和谐发展的建议。     

温室内作物腾发量计算与验证

以彭曼-蒙特斯方程(简称P-M)为基础,根据温室内地表净辐射的规律,推导出了计算温室内地表净辐射公式,同时引进作物冠层高度,对P-M方程中与风速有关的空气动力学项进行修正,导出了适合于计算温室条件下参考作物腾发量的P-M公式(简称P-M-修)。对不同方法的计算值进行了分析比较,并应用试验资料对P-M-修给予了验证。结果表明,P-M-修与实测值较为吻合,累计值平均误差仅为9.1%。     

冬小麦遥感冠层温度监测土壤含水量的试验研究

在冬小麦主要生育期(2002年4月初到5月底),对不灌溉的冬小麦测定了冠层温度、地温、气温以及土壤含水量,计算了冠气温差且分析了冠层温度和冠气温差与不同土层厚度的土壤含水量相关关系。结果表明:14:00的冠层温度能较好地反映20cm土层的土壤含水量变化,但与其它各土层相关性有较大的波动性;14:00的冠气温差能较好地反映40cm以上土层的土壤含水量变化,二者的相关性很高,在20cm、40cm土层,两者相关系数R2分别为0.98866、0.99389,这为用区域遥感数据反演主要生育期冬小麦的冠气温差进而监测区域40cm土壤含水量提供了实验性的依据;拔节期和灌浆期,用14:00冠气温差来拟合各土壤层的土壤含水量有较高的精度,从而为用区域遥感数据监测区域土壤含水量提供了经验性的模型。     

热带人工林SAR散射组成及对遥感估测叶面积指数的影响

基于RADARSAT SAR数据,利用MIMICS(Michigan Microwave Canopy Stattering)模型模拟森林组分(冠层、树干层、地表)雷达后向散射,模拟研究表明在稀疏的人工林地区,地表层与森林冠层的直接散射是影响森林总的后向散射中最重要的两个因素.在同样的地表条件与森林环境假设下,阔叶林的模拟结果与影像的一致性要优于针叶林,针叶林由于受到地形起伏的影响,难以利用模型模拟森林的散射情况.同时,研究发现,利用森林郁闭度可以定量的表示森林冠层直接散射与总散射的相关关系,因而在一定的条件下得到冠层直接散射.最后,对该方法进行了简单的验证.     

Profondeur d'extraction racinaire et signature isotopique de l'eau prélevée par les racines des couverts végétaux

We seek to identify the depth to which water is extracted by the roots in the soil. Indeed, in an isotopic steady-state condition of leaf water, transpiration introduces into the atmosphere a vapour whose isotopic signature is identical to that of root water. In the isotopic models of atmospheric general circulation, it is classically allowed that the signature of transpiration belongs to the meteoric water line. This supposes that the water taken by the roots has escaped with the evaporation of the soil and comes thus from the deep layers of the soil. At the time of experimentation carried out on maize plants (Nemours, Seine-et-Marne, France), this extraction depth was inferred from the comparison between the signature of the water measured on the level of the first internode of the stems of the plants and the isotopic profile of water in the soil. When the flow of transpiration reaches a maximum value, the plant uptakes water resulting from precipitations and which preserves its non-evaporating character after having quickly infiltrated in the deep layers of the soil. This relates to only 55% of the flux transpired by the canopy, the remainder presenting an evaporating character more or less marked according to ambient conditions. This experiment invalidates the classical hypothesis used in isotopic models of general atmospheric circulation in temperate regions. In fact, only half the amount of water vapour transpired by the canopy during the day presents a signature similar to that of the rainwater sampled in deep soil layers. To cite this article: Z. Boujamlaoui et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

热脉冲技术测定树干液流研究进展

热脉冲技术是生态生理学和森林水文学研究树木耗水最为常用的技术之一,该技术具有在树木自然生长状态基本不变的情况下实时测量树干木质部上升液流速度及流量,可以简捷准确地确定树冠蒸腾耗水量,同时具有经济可行,测定准确的优点.综述了热脉冲技术的发展历程,对热脉冲方法测定树干液流理论研究、树干液流时空变异性与环境因子的关系研究以及单株耗水向林分水平的尺度转换研究等方面作了较为详细的总结,据此,对热脉冲技术的发展做了展望.     

植物夜间蒸腾及其生态水文效应研究进展

传统理论认为植物在夜间由于气孔关闭而不会发生蒸腾现象,但是,越来越多的证据显示一些植物在夜间会开启气孔并且有蒸腾失水.夜间蒸腾通常为日间的5%~15%,在干旱和半干旱地区生态系统的夜间蒸腾能够占到日间蒸腾的30%以上.夜间蒸腾的控制具有相当的复杂性,涉及了不同层次的控制变量.除与植物固有的基因因素有关外,夜间蒸腾还受非生物因子的影响,如水汽压差、风速、土壤水分、大气CO₂浓度和根区土壤温度等因素的影响,研究表明水汽压差是夜间蒸腾最重要的环境驱动因子.夜间蒸腾水分损失具有重要的生态水文意义,该过程可降低植物叶片水势,导致黎明前叶片水势和土壤水势不平衡,抑制水力再分配,影响生态水分平衡,增强植物的养分供应,影响植物生产力和生长状况.     

A study of the water and energy transfer at the soil surface in cropped field on the Loess Plateau of northwestern China

In this study, we tried to model the processes of moisture and heat transfers in the soil–vegetation–atmosphere system in an integrated comprehensive way. The purpose of the study is to simulate profiles of soil water content and temperature at root active zone (i.e., 0–50 cm), taking the root water uptake, soil evaporation, and canopy transpiration into account. The water and heat transfer equations are solved by an iterative Newton–Raphson technique and a finite difference method is used to solve the governing equations. Soil water content and soil temperature dynamics could be simulated rather accurately in a cropped field on Loess Plateau area. The water and heat transfer flux predicted by the classical theory of Philip and de Vries (Tans Am Geophys Union 38:222–232, 1957) slightly overestimated near the surface and underestimated at the deeper depths, as a result of the overestimated soil evaporation at the top soil layer (0–10 cm) and underestimated crop canopy transpiration at the deeper depths (10–50 cm). Water content tended to be underestimated for the entire profile at the soil surface (from 0 to 50 cm). Soil temperatures during the simulated period was slightly overestimated in the nighttimes and underestimated in the daytimes, as a result of the underestimated soil water content at the top soil layer (0–10 cm) and overestimated at the deeper depths (10–50 cm). Soil temperatures tended to be underestimated for the entire profile at the soil surface (from 0 to 50 cm). While the sum of the water and heat regimes yielded a much better match with the soil water content and soil temperature obtained from the field observations. The results obtained show that the model coupled water and heat transfer is able to capture the dynamics of soil water content.     

Water budget management of a coastal pine forest in a Mediterranean catchment (Marina Romea, Ravenna, Italy)

In Mediterranean coastal catchments, water management for preservation of pine forests and other natural areas faces particular challenges. Limited rainfall, water consumption by vegetation as well as subsidence, drainage and salt water intrusion all play an important role. Traditionally forest and water management are carried out independent of one another and do not consider water budget calculations. We show with this study that is very important to have quantitative information of all the components of the water budget as well as the size of the fresh water lenses in the aquifer to be able to integrate the water- and forest management. We use an integrated hydrologic-ecologic methodology based on easily attainable data to assess the monthly water budget of a coastal catchment, Marina Romea (Ravenna, Italy). We present detailed monthly water table records, rainfall data, drainage data, tree density and tree perimeter and use published sap flow measurements of single pine trees (Pinus Pinea) to quantify the actual transpiration of single pine trees in different periods of the year. Transpiration amounts to 10–30 l per day per tree. These values are confirmed by independent estimates of tree transpiration based on our water budget calculations: 9–34 l/tree/day. Because typically there are so many trees in planted pine forests, the total transpiration rates over the whole watershed take up a large percentage (up to 200 %) of the precipitation. In Marina Romea, four monitoring periods out of twelve, the tree transpiration is larger than precipitation. In nine monitoring periods, drainage in the watershed is larger than precipitation or tree water transpiration. The measurements and calculations show that not much freshwater is left to recharge the fresh water lens underneath Marina Romea. Monthly monitoring of groundwater table elevation and salinity in the pine forest of Marina Romea from March 2007 to February 2008 shows that the groundwater table strongly fluctuates and groundwater salinity is constantly very high (up to 17.7 g/l). Analytical calculations based on the Ghyben Herzberg Dupuit principle suggest that even a small continuous annual recharge of 15 mm could form a 2-m deep freshwater lens in the unconfined aquifer. This freshwater lens is not present in the study area and this is due to the fact that tree water transpiration and drainage take out most of the fresh water coming into the watershed. In catchments like Marina Romea, water consumption by the (natural) vegetation and seasonal differences as well as the fact that fresh water lenses are limited in salty surroundings should be taken into account in water and forest management.     

The role of deuterium excess in determining the water salinisation mechanism: A case study of the arid Tarim River Basin,NW China

Understanding the water salinisation mechanism is the basis for regional salt management. Mineral dissolution, evaporation and transpiration are the main factors controlling natural water salinity in arid inland basins; however, the two are difficult to differentiate. Because deuterium excess decreases during evaporation and is unrelated to the isotopic composition of the initial water, it is a potential tool for determining the contribution of the evapoconcentration of a given water body using the relationship between deuterium excess and salinity rather than between δ¹⁸O (or δ²H) and salinity. In this paper, the relationship between the residual water fraction and deuterium excess was derived from the Rayleigh distillation equation. The contribution of evapoconcentration and mineral dissolution and/or transpiration for a given water body can be determined by comparing the residual water fraction and salinity between the initial water and the evapoconcentrated water. The extremely arid Tarim River Basin in NW China is taken as an example to demonstrate deuterium excess and salinity evolution from the source stream to river water, lake/reservoir water and groundwater. The results show that mineral dissolution contributes most of the salinity (67–77%) for Boston Lake and the Kongque and Tarim rivers relative to the source stream. Mineral dissolution and/or transpiration contribute greater salinity (73–99.6%) to the groundwater recharged by the river water in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River. The study provides a method for determining the salinisation mechanism and is important for salt movement and management.     

Particle manifold method (PMM): A new continuum‐discontinuum numerical model for geomechanics

Particle manifold method (PMM) is a new extension of the numerical manifold method (NMM). PMM uses a mathematical cover system to describe the motion and deformation of a particle‐based physical domain. By introducing the concept of particle into NMM, PMM takes the advantages of easy topological and contact operations with particles. In this article, the methodology, formulations and implementation of the method are presented, together with modelling examples for validation. It is found that good solutions for both continuous and discontinuous problems are obtained by the new developed PMM. Due to the underlying coupled continuum‐discontinuum property of PMM, it has great potential for modelling of geomechanical problems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.