TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES OVER UNDERGROUND CAVITIES*

Theoretical and practical aspects of a new method for underground cavity localization are presented. The method is based on shallow temperature measurements. It is shown that such measurements can complement the geophysical methods most commonly used for cavity location. The results from finite-difference numerical calculations indicate possible origins of temperature anomalies–the existence of which is confirmed experimentally, primarily by field measurements. Temperature anomalies up to 1°C have been recorded over underground cavities. A satisfactory agreement between measurements and theory is found.     

ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY ANOMALIES OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL FAULTS USING FOURIER TRANSFORMS*

The Fourier transform formula for a two-dimensional fault truncating a horizontal bed at an arbitrary angle of inclination is derived. The amplitude spectrum of the Fourier transform is found to give information about the depth to the top of the upper part of the faulted bed and the inclination of the fault-plane. Under suitable conditions the thickness and the displacement of the bed involved can be obtained. With actual field data, these transforms can be obtained at discrete points by a Fourier analysis of the gravity anomaly. A field example from the Logan fault area near Montreal, Que., Canada, is given.     

REFLECTION-WINDOW MAPPING OF SHALLOW BEDROCK*

A field study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of the high frequency seismic reflection technique for mapping of shallow and irregular bedrock. Bedrock reflections were obtained using a hammer source with both in-line and common offset field layouts. The recording equipment included 12-channel enhancement seismographs, 28 Hz vertical geo-phones and a microcomputer. The latter increased the overall versatility of the seismic system. Field sites for this study are typical of the geological settings of the tin mining areas of Malaysia. The topographical ‘lows’ of the irregular bedrock control the localization of tin ore. The subsurface geology consists of a thin low velocity layer (± 300 m/s) overlying the compact overburden (± 1700 m/s) which in turn lies on bedrock. This paper discusses various criteria for designing an optimum window for obtaining usable reflections between the first arrival and the leading edge of the ground roll cone. Detailed mapping of the overburden and the bedrock interface by the reflection method can be useful in delineating areas for exploratory drilling and for optimum planning of mining operations.     

AUTOMATIC DECONVOLUTION OF GRAVIMETRIC ANOMALIES*

Existing techniques of deconvolution of gravity anomalies are principally based on upward and downward continuation of measured fields. It can be shown that a unique set of linear filters, depending only on geometrical parameters, relates density distribution at a given depth to gravity measured on the surface. A method to compute the filter coefficients is developed. Very accurate reconstitution of theoretical models of intricate shape, prove the validity of the linear relationship. One of these sets of linear filters is applied to a field case of underground quarries.     

海原形变观测资料异常分析

对海原台CZB-1型竖直摆钻孔倾斜仪记录到的地表倾斜方向的异常变化进行了分析,同时对该台YRY-4型分量应变仪依据自检方法表现出的压缩及伸张性异常进行了提取,得出以上两测项观测资料在宁夏南部发生的3次Ms3．0级以上有感地震的2次地震前出现了一定的异常信息,与地震赢救蚺蕴。     

某些短临异常的浅层机制

前言近些年来,我国南北地震带及其东部地区,频繁地发生着强地震,特别是海城、唐山、松潘三次七级以上大震,给我们提供了丰富的前兆资料和宝贵的经验教训。我们必须加速认识上的深化过程,找出孕震的内在规律,尽快实现地震预报。作者在工作中,曾根据临震前井群异常的时、空分布特点,给出孕震短、临阶段地下应力调整、集中的图案,即:     

均衡重力异常和地壳表、浅层地质结构

从理论和试验角度论证了利用均衡重力异常研究地壳表、浅层地质结构的可行性,从而指出:所有合理的地壳均衡模型产生的均衡效应几乎是一样的;地壳均衡模型类型和模型参数的变化,仅使均衡改正值在长波长上发生很小变化,而对均衡重力异常的局部异常影响不大;均衡重力异常与地壳表、浅层地质结构具有明显的对应关系。因此,利用均衡重力异常研究地表和地壳浅层地质结构,以选择简单的地壳均衡模型为好。本方法的优点是不受地形格架影响,便于进行广泛对比和定量研究     

DELINEATION OF SHALLOW SALT DOMES AND SURFACE FAULTS BY TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS AT A DEPTH OF APPROXIMATELY 2 METRES*

The feasibility of using temperature measurements at a depth of about 2 m for locating and delineating salt domes and faults has been investigated both theoretically and in experimental field surveys. It is shown that measurable temperature anomalies in the soil are to be expected over shallow salt domes. In a field survey over a salt-dome area bordering the Groningen gas field, a large number of temperature measurements were made in small holes (2 m deep, 3 cm in diameter) within a relatively short time (some weeks). The results clearly indicate several temperature anomalies with differential temperatures of about 1°C. Comparison of our thermal contour map with interpretations of available seismic or gravity data, or with direct evidence from wells, showed an excellent correlation. Seismic data even support the shape of the thermal contours. Results in similar agreement with gravity or well data were obtained over salt ridges in a tropical area. Experiments showed that the technique worked as well in lakes and marshes as on dry land. In addition, some experimental evidence collected so far over shallow and surface faults is presented. In several cases, strong thermal anomalies coincided with known surface faults. A thermal model for a surface-fault zone is suggested which accounts satisfactorily for the observed thermal data. It suggests some diagnostic value for the fault's geometry. For shallow faults, however, lack of knowledge of subsurface detail prevented any unambiguous correlation with observed thermal anomalies. Accordingly any geological use of thermal analysis over shallow faults remains debatable. The field technique is simple, needs little correction and can, where useful, easily be included in routine gravity work to provide additional local information.     

西安台地电阻率异常的分析

西安台地电阻率自1975年8月开始观测以来,出现了长趋势的下降异常及在趋势下降的背景上又迭加了两个负异常。趋势下降与西安地区地裂缝活动、西安地区构造性下陷以及承压水位的下降明显相关,两个负异常则与地裂缝的两次加速活动以及构造性运动由下陷转变为抬升有关。     

青海共和地震异常现象分析

通过回忆共和地震前出现的反常现象,认为地震发生前有预兆,并通过这些预兆使人们提高警惕,做好地震预报、地震应急的准备工作。     

断裂带内外温差法在震前红外异常研究中的应用

以2000年姚安MS6.5地震、1997年玛尼MS7.5地震为例,应用断裂带内外卫星红外亮温差(下文简称亮温差)值分析法,研究震中附近活动断裂上震前卫星红外异常的时间演化过程。分析结果表明,在正常时期红河断裂带内外的亮温差值在0～1.5℃范围内波动,而在异常表现很强烈的时段,沿红河断裂带内外的亮温差达到3℃以上,比正常时期高出2℃左右。通过对1997年11月8日玛尼7.5级地震发震断裂——马尔盖茶卡断层东段1996,1997,1998年3年带内平均值和带内外的亮温差值的对比研究发现,由于受大面积降雪的影响,1997年10月初至11月中旬,断裂带内平均亮温比1996和1998年同期亮温都要低,但断裂带内外亮温差值却比1996和1998年同期高出2～3℃左右。地震之后相对亮温差很快回到正常状态。运用同样的方法对华北和川滇近几年未发生强震的几条重要的活动断裂带的卫星红外亮温特征进行了研究,未发现类似震前红外异常的情况     

邢台地震的震后异常分析

对１９６６年３月８日邢台６．８级地震后的异常进行了逐项分析与讨论，发现有些震后异常与后续７．２级主震有比较可信的内在联系。本文在归纳邢台震后异常特征的基础上，提出了６条可能在同类条件下对预报后续地震具有普遍意义的意见。     

THERMAL NEAR-SURFACE EXPRESSION OF SHALLOW GEOLOGICAL FEATURES*

It has been customary in geothermal studies to assume the surface to be an isothermal plane, though difficulties existed to explain the magnitude of thermal anomalies observed in the field under this assumption. Detailed investigations of temperatures at depths between 5 cm and 230 cm show that—after removal of the strong diurnal variations—sizeable anomalies persist right to the surface. Thus, the effective heat transfer (coefficient) at the surface might be lower than commonly assumed.     

THE INTERPRETATION OF GRADIENT ARRAY CHARGEABILITY ANOMALIES *

Empirical equalities derived from time domain induced polarization scale modelling with the gradient array over simple geometries, and from the potential field functions for equivalent simple charge configurations are similar. The function for the dyke like body is analogous to the magnetic case allowing both total and vertical magnetic field interpretation techniques to be applied to gradient array chargeability anomalies.     

INTERPRETATION OF GRAVITY ANOMALIES BY NON-LINEAR OPTIMISATION*

The interpretation of a gravity anomaly in terms of the shape of the anomalous body is a non-linear problem and may, therefore, be carried out using non-linear optimisation techniques. The formulation is extended to include cases where the density contrast and the regional background are also unknown. For a given model the objective function is provided by the discrepancy between the observed anomaly and the calculated anomaly due to the model. Given an initial model, the optimisation procedure searches for a minimum of the objective function by an iterative adjustment of the parameters. A number of suitable objective functions is given. The behaviour of these functions in the parameter hyperspace is quite complex. Accordingly, direct search methods should be employed at the early stages of the search, changing to gradient methods at later stages. The use of constraints is also necessary to ensure the geological feasibility of the model. The required computer time may be largely reduced by careful programming. Two examples of interpretation by optimisation methods are given.     

CORRELATION METHODS OF TRANSFORMATION AND INTERPRETATION OF GEOPHYSICAL ANOMALIES*

The methods of anomaly transformations considered are based on a system of combined analysis of the geophysical field and a priori) information on the structure of a geological object. The methods involve calculation of a transformative polynomial (describing geophysical noise) which makes it possible to separate the residual field component related to the geological characteristic under study in a correlatively optimal way. The structure of the transformative polynomial is determined by the nature of the geophysical noise that is eliminated by the field transformation. Various correlation methods of anomaly transformations arise, depending on the structure of the transformative polynomial chosen. By way of example, the correlation method employed for separating the geophysical anomalies is shown to be highly effective in investigating the local geological structure.     

临震异常判别的统计分析

本文运用统计分析对地震预报中的临震前兆的异常与误差关系进行了讨论,指出了目前所存在的问题,提出了相应的改进意见。作为方法尝试,还结合楚雄短水准、昌黎地电阻率的资料进行了探讨。     

INTERPRETATION OF MAGNETIC ANOMALIES USING SPECTRAL ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES*

The depth of causative bodies may be derived from the power spectrum of their magnetic anomalies. After a short review of the theoretical basis of the method, several examples of its application to synthetic cases are shown. Disturbing effects due to improper choice of the sampling interval and to anomalies only partially contained in the examined segment of the profile are studied. The spectral method is then applied to real cases; the tapering of the anomalies, the application of non-linear filters and the effects of anomaly superpositions are investigated. In conclusion, an appraisal of the method and of its possible practical impact has been given.     

临震异常判别的统计分析

本文运用统计分析对地震预报中的临震前兆的异常与误差关系进行了讨论,指出了目前所存在的问题,提出了相应的改进意见。作为方法尝试,还结合楚雄短水准、昌黎地电阻率的资料进行了探讨。     

ENHANCEMENT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ANOMALIES BY A CONDUCTING OVERBURDEN*

The effect of a conducting overburden on the electromagnetic response of sulphide ore-bodies has been studied with the help of quantitative electromagnetic model experiments. These experiments were conducted at a fixed, crystal controlled, frequency of 100 kHz using a number of transmitter-receiver configurations, though the results discussed here mostly pertain to a horizontal coplanar system. An analysis of the anomaly profiles—after accounting for the regional anomaly—indicates a general enhancement of the response. This is attributed (a) to the concentration of the current lines in the host-rock effected by the embedded target and (b) to the change in the phase and space orientation of the field vectors, brought about by the conducting overburden. The enhancement is most pronounced in the case of non-symmetrical bodies such as veins and ribbon-like structures represented by sheet models, but is also observed to a lesser degree for isometric structures. These results are expected to pave the way for a more accurate interpretation of the induction prospecting data.